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60-493: Rot Front (German: Red Front ) may refer to: Roter Frontkämpferbund (Red Front Fighters' League), a German paramilitary organization commonly known as Rotfront Die Rote Front , the newspaper of Rotfrontkämpferbund "Rot Front!", German communist greeting Other [ edit ] Rot Front (confectionery brand) , a confectionery factory in Russia Rot-Front ,

120-426: A cold semi-arid climate (BSk). Using the most current climate data from April 2017 to March 2022, the annual precipitation is 17 mm too much to be classified as a cold semi-arid climate. For example, using the climate data from September 2015 to August 2020, the climate would fulfill the requirements to be classified as a cold semi-arid climate. Notwithstanding, the great variation of annual precipitation between

180-589: A German village in Kyrgyzstan RotFront , a German world music band Antonov RF-8 Rot Front , one version of a Soviet glider developed by Oleg Antonov Russian United Labour Front (ROT Front), a communist party in Russia Rot-Front Poltava, early name of FC Enerhiia Poltava , a football club in Poltava See also [ edit ] Red Front (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

240-461: A center for Pietism , a movement encouraged by King Frederick William I of Prussia (reigned 1713–1740) because it caused the area's large Lutheran population to be more inclined to Fredrick William I's religion ( Calvinism ), as well as more loyal to the Prussian king instead of to the decentralized feudal system. By the 1740s Halle had established many orphanages as well as schools for the wealthy in

300-735: A consequence security measures at Jewish facilities were increased. Halle has a population of about 238,000 and is the largest city in Saxony-Anhalt State. In the East Germany era, Halle had a lot of big industry with many workplaces. At the time Halle was one of the leading cities in East Germany, along with Leipzig and Dresden . Halle reached its highest population in 1991 with about 305,000 people. Since German reunification , Halle's population began to decline due to its loss of industry, with many people moving to former West Germany . Halle

360-456: A demonstration; eight workers were killed and 16 seriously wounded. The KPD announced the formation of the RFB to all its local branches, and soon the first local RFB groups were formed. Most of these first RFB units were located in industrial cities, seaports, and other traditional strongholds of the working class. Over the years the RFB engaged more and more in violent street fights with the police,

420-440: A large factory owned by Orgacid  [ de ] produced mustard gas . Near the end of World War II, there were two bombing raids carried out against the town: the first on 31 March 1945, the second a few days later. The first attack took place between the railway station and the city's centre, and the second bombing was in the southern district. It killed over 1,000 inhabitants and destroyed 3,600 buildings. Among them, are

480-434: A notable number of Olympic gold medallists and world champions, mainly in nautical and watersports, e.g., swimmer Kornelia Ender won four Olympic gold medals in 1976 and Andreas Hajek won four rowing world championships between 1998 and 2001. The basketball team of the club – these days known as Lions and focusing on the woman's team which plays in the national first division – won five men's and 10 women's championships of

540-478: A unique uniform with eighteen silver buttons, were known as Halloren , and this name was later used for the chocolates in the shape of these buttons. The Halloren-Werke , the oldest chocolate factory in Germany, was founded in 1804. Old documents are on display and a chocolate room can be visited. Within East Germany , Halle's chemical industry, now mainly shut down, was of great importance. The two main companies in

600-871: A united front. 40% of local RFB groups had a section of the RJ. Sailors of the Imperial German Navy had a major role in the November Revolution of 1918 . To commemorate this, in May 1925 the RFB founded the Rote Marine (RM) (English: Red Navy ) with sections in all major port cities. The RM was also considered an elite unit. From 1925 the female members were organized in the Roter Frauen und Mädchen Bund (RFMB) (English: Alliance of Red Women and Girls ). The federal leaders were Clara Zetkin and Helene Overlach . At

660-473: Is an important radio hub - Halle Radio Tower is Germany's second-tallest lattice tower, and at night many public German radio stations from all over the country switch to the broadcasting center of Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk in Halle which is responsible for the night program. The Halle tramway is one of the most extensive German tramway networks, and Halle (Saale) Hauptbahnhof is the second-most important hub of

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720-585: Is connected with the harvesting of salt. The name of the river Saale contains the Germanic root for salt, and salt-harvesting has taken place in Halle since at least the Bronze Age (2300–600 BC). From 1965 to 1995, the official name was Halle/Saale . The earliest documented mention of Halle dates from AD 806. It became a part of the Archbishopric of Magdeburg in the 10th century and remained so until 1680, when

780-545: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Roter Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund The first local branches of the RFB were established in July 1924. The group's inaugural nationwide meeting was held in February 1925 in Berlin , where Ernst Thälmann was elected to lead the federal committee. Die Rote Front ('The Red Front')

840-540: Is exhibited in the Halle State Museum of Prehistory . The city is the birthplace of German-British Baroque composer George Frideric Handel , who was born in the Handel House that has been converted into a music museum. The Handel Monument in Halle is the only monument in Germany dedicated to him. Halle (Saale) is located in the southern part of Saxony-Anhalt in central Germany, along the river Saale which drains

900-578: Is mostly used by suburban S-Bahn trains and unsuitable for the high-speed network) and the route via Halle is shorter, Halle is used as an intermediate stop by many Berlin-Munich trains. Leipzig/Halle Airport (opened in 1927) is an international airport located in Schkeuditz, Saxony, and serves both Leipzig, Saxony, and Halle, Saxony-Anhalt. As of 2018 it is Germany's 11th largest airport by passengers, handling more than 2.57 million mainly with flights to European leisure destinations. In terms of cargo traffic,

960-462: Is now considered one of the poorest cities in Germany. Halle's foreign population began to grow in 2015 after refugees from Syria and other war torn countries moved to Halle. Population of foreign residents: The current mayor of Halle is independent politician Bernd Wiegand since 2012. The most recent mayoral election was held on 13 October 2019, with a runoff held on 27 October, and the results were as follows: The most recent city council election

1020-570: Is one of the main economic and educational centers of Central Germany . The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg , with campuses in Halle and Wittenberg , is the largest university in Saxony-Anhalt and one of the oldest universities in Germany. The university hospital of Halle ( Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale) ) is the largest hospital in the state. The German National Academy of Sciences ( Leopoldina ) has its seat in Halle. Halle

1080-516: Is slightly more populous than the state capital, Magdeburg . With Leipzig, the largest city of Saxony , Halle forms the polycentric Leipzig-Halle conurbation. Leipzig/Halle International Airport lies between the two cities, in Schkeuditz . The Leipzig-Halle conurbation is at the heart of the larger Central German Metropolitan Region . Halle lies in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, in the Leipzig Bay ,

1140-609: Is the Halle (Saale) tramway network . It includes the world's first major electric-powered inner-city tram line, which was opened in 1891. Halle (Saale) Hauptbahnhof is the main railway station. Halle's prominence as a railway centre grew with the arrival of the Erfurt-Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway . Leipzig is also connected to this route, but since it is mostly a terminus station (the Leipzig City Tunnel , opened in 2013,

1200-555: The Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus . (English: Fighting-Alliance Against Fascism ) Others retired from the political scene. After the Nazi takeover in 1933, former RFB members were among the first arrested and incarcerated in Nazi concentration camps . The Nazis sought revenge on their former rivals and many of the RFB died in the Nazi prisons. Of those who survived or avoided arrest, many followed

1260-589: The Stadtsingechor zu Halle  [ de ] , which was founded before the year 1116 and is one of the oldest boys' choirs in the world. The University of Halle was founded here in 1694. It is now combined with the University of Wittenberg and called the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg . The university's medical school was established by Friedrich Hoffmann . Its botanical garden ,

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1320-609: The Botanische Garten der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , dates back to 1698. Halle's German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina is the oldest and one of the most respected scientific societies in Germany. Halle is also home to Germany's oldest Protestant church library, known as the Marienbibliothek  [ de ] , with 27,000 titles. The seat of the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology , one of

1380-647: The Margraviate of Brandenburg annexed it together with Magdeburg as the Duchy of Magdeburg , while it was an important location for Martin Luther 's Reformation in the 16th century. Cardinal Albert of Mainz ( Archbishop of Magdeburg from 1513 to 1545) also impacted on the town in this period. According to historic documents, the city of Halle became a member of the Hanseatic League at least as early as 1281. Halle became

1440-638: The Market Church , St. George Church, the Old Town Hall, the municipal theatre, historic buildings on Bruederstrasse and on Grosse Steinstrasse, and the city cemetery. On 17 April 1945, American soldiers occupied Halle, and the Red Tower was set on fire by artillery and destroyed. The Market Church and the Church of St. George received more hits. However, the city was spared further damage because an aerial bombardment

1500-596: The Nebra sky disk , a significant Bronze-Age find with astronomical significance. Halle Zoo contributes to the EAZA breeding programme, in particular for the Angolan lion and the Malaysian tiger . Halle is also known for its thriving coypu (or nutria) population, which is native to South America. With writers such as Heine , Eichendorff , Schleiermacher , Tieck and Novalis the town

1560-628: The S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland rapid transit network after Leipzig Hauptbahnhof . The Saale-Elster Viaduct , the longest bridge in Germany and longest high-speed rail bridge in Europe, which is part of the Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway , runs through the southern borough of Planena. The Nebra sky disc that was discovered in Nebra in the Unstrut valley between Halle and Erfurt ,

1620-484: The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) or other political organizations. 98% of the RFB belonged to the working class and only 1% had received a higher education. A large part of the RFB were veterans of World War I and some had been actively involved in the November Revolution of 1918 . The number of members grew constantly, peaking with close to 130,000 members at the time of the ban in 1929. At

1680-570: The 15th to the 17th century: Hall in Sachsen ; until the beginning of the 20th century: Halle an der Saale [ˈhalə ʔan deːɐ̯ ˈzaːlə] ; from 1965 to 1995: Halle/Saale ) is the largest city of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt . It is the fifth-most populous city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin , Leipzig , Dresden and Chemnitz , as well as the 31st-largest city of Germany. With around 244,000 inhabitants, it

1740-477: The 1929 ban, the RFMB had about 4,000 members. The RFB's structure was a bottom to top organization . The local groups elected the regional leadership and the regional leaders elected the federal committee. The Bundesführung or "Federal Committee" included: The RFB-Gaue or Regional sections of the RFB included: Plans to form local RFB groups in the cities of Nuremberg and Munich in 1925 were banned by

1800-619: The German Democratic Republic. The Hallescher FC's location is extremely close to a train station. Halle is twinned with: Halle also has friendly relations with: Halle (Saale) and Leipzig are the two centres of the Central German Metropolitan Region with more than 2.4 million people. Magdeburg , which is the 2nd largest city in Saxony-Anhalt and its state capital has a big rivalry with Halle since

1860-663: The KPD's political activities exposed to attacks from the police and right-wing paramilitary organizations such as the nationalist Der Stahlhelm and the Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA). The ninth national conference of the KPD in April 1924 decided to form a new defense organization. It was given the name Roter Frontkämpfer-Bund , with the intent of attracting non-Communist workers as well. Then in Halle on 11 May 1924, police fired on

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1920-413: The KPD's program of Soviet-style Communism . The RFB therefore was soon considered an " enemy of the state ", leading to several temporary bans of its announced parades and meetings. Other RFB events included propaganda marches in rural areas to get poor farmers and agricultural workers to join their cause. Halle (Saale) Halle (Saale) , or simply Halle ( German: [ˈhalə] ; from

1980-491: The KPD, the Rote Hilfe (English: Red Help ), and other " proletarian " organizations such as workers unions. In most cases they provided security services for the various events but also participated in active agitation. Hardened by their harsh work and living conditions, the RFB men engaged in acts of violence against the police and the political rivals who tried to disrupt rallies. Numerous events ended in mass brawls between

2040-457: The RFB and other organizations protested against the spending of billions of Reichsmarks on "pocket battleships" , and demanded the money go instead to relieve poverty. Most RFB public actions were directed against the Weimar government and its involvement with powerful German industrialists. The RFB demanded the preservation of peace and denounced plans for a new war. Most of the RFB also supported

2100-536: The RFB, used on all its insignia, and its registered trademark from 1 March 1926. In May 1926, during a flag parade, activists used it as a sign of rallying to the movement and as an oath to defend the Soviet Union . The KPD depended on the Proletarian Hundreds ( German : Proletarische Hundertschaften ) to protect their meetings and demonstrations, but this organization was banned in 1923. This left

2160-525: The SA, and other political rivals. In 1929, the RFB participated in bloody protests after International Workers' Day was banned in Berlin during what became known as Blutmai (Bloody May). More than 30 people were shot and killed by the police. The RFB was banned and all its assets confiscated by the government. At the time of the ban, the RFB had close to 130,000 members. Many of them continued their activities illegally or in local successor organizations such as

2220-563: The airport is the fifth-busiest in Europe and the second-busiest in Germany after Frankfurt Airport . The football team Hallescher FC Wacker 1900 had some regional importance before World War II. In the German Championship Wacker reached the semi-finals in 1921, and the quarter-finals in 1928. The successor team became East German champions in 1949 and 1952 under the names of ZSG Union and BSG Turbine Halle . From these evolved today's Turbine Halle and Hallescher FC . In

2280-776: The call of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). They joined the Centuria Thälmann of the International Brigades to fight against the Nationalist rebels . During World War II former Red Front fighters fought in the Soviet Red Army against Nazi Germany. After World War II, former RFB members such as Erich Honecker and Erich Mielke were actively involved in

2340-411: The capital of the administrative district ( Bezirk ) of Halle. When Saxony-Anhalt was re-established as a Bundesland in 1990, Magdeburg , not Halle, became the capital. On 9 October 2019, two people were killed in a shooting incident at a synagogue in Halle. The Federal Prosecutor (Generalbundesanwalt) classified the attack as an act of right-wing terrorism stemming from antisemitism ; as

2400-721: The city), which is now in the Museum Ludwig in Cologne. This painting appeared on a 55 eurocent stamp on 5 December 2002 as a part of the series "Deutsche Malerei des 20. Jahrhunderts" (German painting of the 20th century). Ludwig Wucherer made Halle an important rail hub in central Germany. In 1840 he opened the Magdeburg-Halle-Leipzig line , completing a connection between Magdeburg and Dresden . From 1841 to 1860, other lines to Erfurt , Kassel and Berlin followed. The centrepiece of Halle's urban public transport system

2460-892: The creation of the first police and military units of the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany). The Arbeiterkampfgruppen (English: Combat Groups of the Working Class ) and the Nationale Volksarmee (English: National People's Army ) claimed to carry on the traditions of the RFB, while the Federal Republic of Germany in West Germany enforced the ban of 1929 and prosecuted former Red Front fighters who admitted to their RFB activities. While many RFB groups were led by KPD members, most Red Front fighters were not party members. Some were even members of

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2520-519: The eastern suburbs. In 1815 Halle became part of the Prussian Province of Saxony . During World War II , KZ-Außenlager Birkhahn , a subcamp of Buchenwald was in Halle, where prisoners from Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union , France, Netherlands and other nations were forced to work in the Siebel aircraft plants, making combat aircraft. The plant was later dismantled. In Ammendorf ,

2580-491: The era of the German Democratic Republic, the latter club (as Chemie Halle ) was a mainstay in the first division and won the Cup tournament in 1956 and 1962. The most prominent player was 72-times international Bernd Bransch , who was with Chemie in the 1960s and 1970s. These days, Hallescher FC usually plays in the third division. The general sports club SV Halle  [ de ] , originating from Chemie Halle , created

2640-504: The formation of the Bund on Reich level, Jakob Boulanger founded an RFB-Gau Nordbayern with subsequent local groups in Nuremberg , Würzburg , Aschaffenburg , Sulzbach , Bamberg , Hof and Bayreuth . In the summer of 1928, 14 local groups with 800 members, 350 of them in Nuremberg were registered. A large part of the RFB activities were directed at supporting the political propaganda work of

2700-598: The police and the RFB, leaving injured on both sides and in some cases dead. Arrested RFB members could depend on the Rote Hilfe for legal support and also, in case of sentencing to prison, for financial support of their families while they were unable to work. Until the RFB was banned, its rivalry with hostile organizations such as the SA, the Stahlhelm , and the Reichsbanner grew constantly and violence intensified. Since

2760-568: The region were Buna-Werke and Leuna , and Halle-Neustadt was built in the 1960s to accommodate the employees of these two factories. Baroque composer Georg Friedrich Händel (later George Frideric Handel ) was born in Halle in 1685 and spent the first 17 years of his life in the city. The house where he lived is now a museum about his life. To celebrate his music, Halle has staged a Handel Festival since 1922, annually in June since 1952. The Franckesche Stiftungen (Francke Foundations) are home to

2820-415: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Rot Front . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rot_Front&oldid=1249021040 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2880-553: The sober style Pietism encouraged. This Halle education was the first time the "modern education" system was established. The Halle Pietists also combatted poverty. During the War of the Fourth Coalition , French and Prussian forces clashed in the Battle of Halle on 17 October 1806. The fighting moved from the covered bridges on the city's west side, through the streets and market place, to

2940-423: The southernmost part of the North German Plain , and is the largest city on the River Saale (a tributary of the Elbe ), which is the third-longest river flowing entirely in Germany after the Weser and the Main . The White Elster flows into the Saale in the southern borough of Silberhöhe. Halle is the fourth-largest city in the Thuringian - Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz. Halle

3000-429: The state of Bavaria . Until 1928 there were no official RFB groups in Bavaria. Only after the end of the ban of the local group Dortmund by the Reichsgericht on April 2, 1928, RFB groups could at least formally be founded also in Bavaria. But there was a constant threat of a ban on events, especially since Bavaria had been pressing for a nationwide ban of RFB since the decision of the Reichsgericht. On April 13, 1928, after

3060-474: The strategy of the SA was to fight and provoke, violent encounters between the RFB and SA soon became a part of everyday life. The SA achieved some strength in working-class districts, although these areas supported either the SPD or the KPD but not the "brown" Nazi Party the SA stood for. The RFB members also fought to stop landlords from evicting tenants. Its statutes defined the RFB as anti-militarist, and therefore it opposed German re-armament. For instance,

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3120-416: The surrounding plains and the greater part of the neighboring Free State of Thuringia just to its south, and the Thuringian basin, northwards from the Thuringian Forest . Leipzig, one of Germany's major cities, is only 35 kilometres (22 mi) away. Its area is 135.01 km (52.13 sq mi). Köppen climate classification classifies its climate as oceanic (Cfb). However, it is close to being

3180-416: The time of the ban in 1929, only 30% of the RFB were actually KPD members. 70% were non-party or members of other parties. For its younger members (between the ages of 16 and 21), the RFB formed the Roter Jungsturm (English: Red Young Storm ). It was renamed Rote Jungfront (RJ) (English: Red Young Front ) in 1925 to avoid similarities with the Nazi Jungsturm and to underline their goal of

3240-471: The world's largest social anthropological research institutions and a part of the Max Planck Society , is in Halle. Halle was a centre of German Pietism and played an important role in establishing the Lutheran church in North America, when Henry Muhlenberg and others were sent as missionaries to Pennsylvania in the mid-18th century. Muhlenberg is now called the first Patriarch of the Lutheran Church in America. He and his son, Frederick Muhlenberg , who

3300-435: The years allows agriculture and large trees to grow, surviving recurring drought periods and years like in the summers of 2018 and 2019 with severe drought because of regularly occurring wet periods and years and absence of extremely high temperatures - never reaching 40 °C (104 °F). With its vegetation, Halle is far from the steppe or semi-desert vegetation typical of cold semi-arid climates. Halle's early history

3360-412: Was a vibrant scene of the German Romanticism . Also Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a regular guest at the house of his close friend Johann Friedrich Reichardt . German-American expressionist painter Lyonel Feininger worked in Halle on an invitation by the city from 1929 to 1931. As one of eleven views of the city termed Halle Cycle , he painted in 1931 Die Türme über der Stadt (The towers above

3420-435: Was canceled, after former naval officer Felix von Luckner negotiated the city's surrender to the American army. In July, the Americans withdrew and the city was occupied by the Red Army . After World War II, Halle served as the capital of the short-lived administrative region of Saxony-Anhalt until 1952, when the East German government abolished its "Länder" (states). As a part of East Germany (until 1990), it functioned as

3480-499: Was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows: Salt, also known as white gold , was extracted from four "Borns" (well-like structures). The four Borns/brine named Gutjahrbrunnen, Meteritzbrunnen, Deutscher Born and Hackeborn, were located around the Hallmarket (or "Under Market"), now a market square with a fountain, just across from the TV station, MDR . The brine was highly concentrated and boiled in Koten , simple structured houses made from reed and clay. Salters, who wore

3540-401: Was the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , were graduates of Halle University. The Silver Treasure of the Halloren is displayed occasionally at the Technical Museum Saline. It is a unique collection of silver and gold goblets dating back to 1266. The ancient craft of "Schausieden" (boiling of the brine) can be observed there too. The State Museum of Prehistory houses

3600-407: Was the newspaper of the RFB. The greeting of "Rot Front!" (English: Red Front! ) while giving a clenched fist salute gave rise to the expression Rotfront , often used among friends and foes to refer to the organization instead of its full title. The clenched fist "protecting the friend, fighting off the enemy" ( German : "schützend den Freund, abwehrend den Feind" ) was the symbol of

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