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74-656: Roshdi ( Egyptian Arabic : رشدى ) is an upper-class neighborhood in Alexandria , known for its greenery and neighbouring the beautiful Stanley Bridge on the beach side. This geography of Egypt article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Egyptian Arabic language While it is primarily a spoken language, the written form is used in novels, plays and poems ( vernacular literature ), as well as in comics, advertising, some newspapers and transcriptions of popular songs. In most other written media and in radio and television news reporting, literary Arabic

148-425: A W or Y as the last root consonant, which is often reflected in paradigms with an extra final vowel in the stem (e.g. ráma/yírmi "throw" from R-M-Y); meanwhile, hollow verbs have a W or Y as the middle root consonant, and the stems of such verbs appear to have only two consonants (e.g. gá:b/yigí:b "bring" from G-Y-B). Strong verbs are those that have no "weakness" (e.g. W or Y) in the root consonants. Each verb has

222-517: A distinct literary genre. Amongst certain groups within Egypt's elite, Egyptian Arabic enjoyed a brief period of rich literary output. That dwindled with the rise of Pan-Arabism , which had gained popularity in Egypt by the second half of the twentieth century, as demonstrated by Egypt's involvement in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War under King Farouk of Egypt . The Egyptian revolution of 1952 , led by Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser , further enhanced

296-408: A given vowel pattern for Past (a or i) and Present (a or i or u). Combinations of each exist. Form I verbs have a given vowel pattern for past ( a or i ) and present ( a , i or u ). Combinations of each exist: Example: kátab/yíktib "write" Note that, in general, the present indicative is formed from the subjunctive by the addition of bi- ( bi-a- is elided to ba- ). Similarly, the future

370-530: A habitat for a variety of birdlife including the golden eagle and the bearded vulture , which are rarely found in any other areas of the Sahara. The Nile Valley is a central location for bird migration and there are more than 200 species of birds which pass through the western side of the Eastern desert during the migration seasons. The mining of precious metals dates back to Ancient Egyptian times and has carried on in

444-432: A mix of grasses, succulents and herbaceous plants. Perennial vegetation is made up of succulents, grasses and woody shrub species. The vegetation cover on the coastal mountains is more dense than on the coastal desert. There are over 400 plant species within the coastal mountains eco-system, including shrubs, herbs and ferns. The distribution of these species varies subtly as the altitude changes. The plants which grow on

518-732: A modernist, secular approach and disagreed with the assumption that Arabic was an immutable language because of its association with the Qur'an . The first modern Egyptian novel in which the dialogue was written in the vernacular was Muhammad Husayn Haykal 's Zaynab in 1913. It was only in 1966 that Mustafa Musharafa 's Kantara Who Disbelieved was released, the first novel to be written entirely in Egyptian Arabic. Other notable novelists, such as Ihsan Abdel Quddous and Yusuf Idris , and poets, such as Salah Jahin , Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi and Ahmed Fouad Negm , helped solidify vernacular literature as

592-616: A phonology that differs significantly from that of other varieties of Arabic, and has its own inventory of consonants and vowels. In contrast to CA and MSA, but like all modern colloquial varieties of Arabic , Egyptian Arabic nouns are not inflected for case and lack nunation (with the exception of certain fixed phrases in the accusative case, such as شكراً [ˈʃokɾɑn] , "thank you"). As all nouns take their pausal forms, singular words and broken plurals simply lose their case endings. In sound plurals and dual forms, where, in MSA, difference in case

666-420: A preference for using Modern Standard Arabic in his public speeches, his successor, Gamal Abdel Nasser was renowned for using the vernacular and for punctuating his speeches with traditional Egyptian words and expressions. Conversely, Modern Standard Arabic was the norm for state news outlets, including newspapers, magazines, television, and radio. That was especially true of Egypt's national broadcasting company,

740-457: A saline environment. The salt marsh is created as mud builds up on tidal flats and plants grow on the mud, making it a more stable and permanent ecosystem. The two main types of vegetation in this area are mangrove and salt marsh vegetation. Avicennia marina , or grey mangrove is the dominant mangrove plant in the Red Sea area. It grows consistently along a large stretch of the Red Sea coast but

814-665: A special inflectional pattern, as shown in the table. Only a small number of common colors inflect this way: ʔaḥmaṛ "red"; ʔazraʔ "blue"; ʔaxḍaṛ "green"; ʔaṣfaṛ "yellow"; ʔabyaḍ "white"; ʔiswid "black"; ʔasmaṛ "brown-skinned, brunette"; ʔaʃʔaṛ "blond(e)". The remaining colors are invariable, and mostly so-called nisba adjectives derived from colored objects: bunni "brown" (< bunn "coffee powder"); ṛamaadi "gray" (< ṛamaad "ashes"); banafsigi "purple" (< banafsig "violet"); burtuʔaani "orange" (< burtuʔaan "oranges"); zibiibi "maroon" (< zibiib "raisins"); etc., or of foreign origin: beeع "beige" from

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888-700: A spoken language until the 17th century by peasant women in Upper Egypt . Coptic is still the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Coptic Catholic Church . Egyptian Arabic has no official status and is not officially recognized as a language. Standard Arabic is the official language of the state as per constitutional law with the name اللغة العربية al-luġa al-ʿarabiyyah , lit. "the Arabic language". Interest in

962-568: A step further and provided for his Standard Arabic plays versions in colloquial Arabic for the performances. Mahmud Taymur has published some of his plays in two versions, one in Standard, one in colloquial Arabic, among them: Kidb fi Kidb ( Arabic : كذب في كذب , lit.   'All lies', 1951 or ca. 1952) and Al-Muzayyifun ( Arabic : المزيفون , romanized :  Al-Muzayyifūn , lit.   'The Forgers', ca. 1953). The writers of stage plays in Egyptian Arabic after

1036-498: A study of three Egyptian newspapers ( Al-Ahram , Al-Masry Al-Youm , and Al-Dustour ) Zeinab Ibrahim concluded that the total number of headlines in Egyptian Arabic in each newspaper varied. Al-Ahram did not include any. Al-Masry Al-Youm had an average of 5% of headlines in Egyptian, while Al-Dustour averaged 11%. As the status of Egyptian Arabic as opposed to Classical Arabic can have such political and religious implications in Egypt,

1110-442: Is formed from the subjunctive by the addition of ḥa- ( ḥa-a- is elided to ḥa- ). The i in bi- or in the following prefix will be deleted according to the regular rules of vowel syncope: Example: kátab/yíktib "write": non-finite forms Example: fíhim/yífham "understand" Boldfaced forms fíhm-it and fíhm-u differ from the corresponding forms of katab ( kátab-it and kátab-u due to vowel syncope). Note also

1184-410: Is present even in pausal forms, the genitive/accusative form is the one preserved. Fixed expressions in the construct state beginning in abu , often geographic names, retain their -u in all cases. Nouns take either a sound plural or broken plural . The sound plural is formed by adding endings, and can be considered part of the declension. For the broken plural, however, a different pattern for

1258-483: Is rarely seen to the North of the Egyptian city, Hurghada . Rhizophora mucronata , or loop-root mangrove, also grows co-dominantly with A.Marina in some areas along the coast but it is less prevalent. The loop-root mangrove is taller than the grey mangrove and thus, in areas where they do grow together, they form a two-tiered canopy of leaves. Small plants such as Cymodocea ciliata and Halophila oualis typically form

1332-479: Is the case with Parisian French , Cairene Arabic is by far the most prevalent dialect in the country. Egyptian Arabic has become widely understood in the Arabic-speaking world primarily for two reasons: The proliferation and popularity of Egyptian films and other media in the region since the early 20th century as well as the great number of Egyptian teachers and professors who were instrumental in setting up

1406-521: Is the easternmost part of the Eastern Desert, running between Eritrea and the Gulf of Suez. The distance between the coastline and the base of the mountain range varies between 30 and 175 kilometres (19 and 109 mi). The Eastern Desert has a semi-arid/arid/hyper-arid climate. On average, the region usually receives less than 25 millimetres (0.98 in) of rainfall per year in infrequent patterns. Most of

1480-598: Is today. The vegetation growing in the Eastern Desert is classified as either ephemeral or perennial. Ephemeral vegetation are plants which usually have a single season lifespan due to their dependence on rain. Perennial plants live for two or more years. There are three main ecosystems within the coastal region of the Eastern Desert: littoral salt marsh , coastal desert and coastal mountains. The presence of sea spray, tidal movements and salt water seepage means that vegetation in these areas must be well adapted to living in

1554-424: Is used to specify grammatical concepts such as causative , intensive , passive , or reflexive , and involves varying the stem form. For example, from the root K-T-B "write" is derived form I kátab/yíktib "write", form II káttib/yikáttib "cause to write", form III ká:tib/yiká:tib "correspond", etc. The other axis is determined by the particular consonants making up the root. For example, defective verbs have

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1628-602: Is used. Literary Arabic is a standardized language based on the language of the Qur'an , i.e. Classical Arabic . The Egyptian vernacular is almost universally written in the Arabic alphabet for local consumption, although it is commonly transcribed into Latin letters or in the International Phonetic Alphabet in linguistics text and textbooks aimed at teaching non-native learners. Egyptian Arabic's phonetics, grammatical structure, and vocabulary are influenced by

1702-522: The Arab Radio and Television Union , which was established with the intent of providing content for the entire Arab world , not merely Egypt, hence the need to broadcast in the standard, rather than the vernacular, language. The Voice of the Arabs radio station, in particular, had an audience from across the region, and the use of anything other than Modern Standard Arabic was viewed as eminently incongruous. In

1776-542: The Coptic language ; its rich vocabulary is also influenced by Turkish and by European languages such as French , Italian , Greek , and English . Speakers of Egyptian Arabic generally call their vernacular 'Arabic ' ( عربى , [ˈʕɑrɑbi] ) when juxtaposed with non-Arabic languages; " Colloquial Egyptian " ( العاميه المصريه , [el.ʕæmˈmejjæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ] ) or simply " Aamiyya " ( عاميه , colloquial ) when juxtaposed with Modern Standard Arabic and

1850-794: The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 include No'man Ashour , Alfred Farag , Saad Eddin Wahba  [ ar ] , Rashad Roushdy , and Yusuf Idris . Thereafter the use of colloquial Egyptian Arabic in theater is stable and common. Later writers of plays in colloquial Egyptian include Ali Salem , and Naguib Surur . Novels in Egyptian Arabic after the 1940s and before the 1990s are rare. There are by Mustafa Musharrafah  [ ar ] Qantarah Alladhi Kafar ([قنطرة الذي كفر ] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |lable= ( help ) , Cairo, 1965) and Uthman Sabri's ( Arabic : عثمان صبري , romanized :  ʻUthmān Ṣabrī ; 1896–1986) Journey on

1924-483: The Egyptian dialect ( اللهجه المصريه , [elˈlæhɡæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ] ) or simply Masri ( مَصرى , [ˈmɑsˤɾi] , Egyptian ) when juxtaposed with other vernacular Arabic dialects . The term Egyptian Arabic is usually used synonymously with Cairene Arabic , which is technically a dialect of Egyptian Arabic. The country's native name, مصر Maṣr , is often used locally to refer to Cairo itself. As

1998-1330: The Nile Mission Press . By 1932 the whole New Testament and some books of the Old Testament had been published in Egyptian Arabic in Arabic script. The dialogs in the following novels are partly in Egyptian Arabic, partly in Standard Arabic: Mahmud Tahir Haqqi 's Adhra' Dinshuway ( Arabic : عذراء دنشواي ; 1906), Yaqub Sarruf 's Fatat Misr ( Arabic : فتاة مصر , romanized :  Fatāt Miṣr ; first published in Al-Muqtataf 1905–1906), and Mohammed Hussein Heikal 's Zaynab (1914). Early stage plays written in Egyptian Arabic were translated from or influenced by European playwrights. Muhammad 'Uthman Jalal translated plays by Molière , Jean Racine and Carlo Goldoni to Egyptian Arabic and adapted them as well as ten fables by Jean de La Fontaine . Yaqub Sanu translated to and wrote plays on himself in Egyptian Arabic. Many plays were written in Standard Arabic, but performed in colloquial Arabic. Tawfiq al-Hakim took this

2072-493: The 21st century the number of books published in Egyptian Arabic has increased a lot. Many of them are by female authors, for example I Want to Get Married! ( عايزه أتجوز , ʻĀyzah atgawwiz , 2008) by Ghada Abdel Aal and She Must Have Travelled ( شكلها سافرت , Shaklahā sāfarit , 2016) by Soha Elfeqy. Sa'īdi Arabic is a different variety than Egyptian Arabic in Ethnologue.com and ISO 639-3 and in other sources, and

2146-560: The Ancient Egyptians, and used during the Roman and Islamic periods. As well as precious materials, valuable building and sculpting materials have also been mined from the Eastern desert such as limestone, granite and marble. Today, most of the mining that occurs in and around the Eastern Desert is for crude oil and natural gas. The earliest signs of humans in the desert was found in the form of flint tools from 250,000 BC. Around 25,000 BC,

2220-780: The Arabian Desert ) is the part of the Sahara Desert that is located east of the Nile River . It spans 223,000 square kilometres (86,000 sq mi) of northeastern Africa and is bordered by the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea to the east, and the Nile River to the west. It extends through Egypt , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and the Sudan . The Eastern Desert consists of a mountain range which runs parallel to

2294-420: The Arabic word meaning fifty, as the storms occur on an average of fifty days per year. Carbon dating of samples of fossil tufas , a type of limestone which is deposited in the presence of high groundwater levels, has revealed that there have historically been two periods when the Eastern Desert was significantly wetter than it is today. These occurred in the late Pleistocene age, around 100,000 years ago, and

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2368-612: The Bird';; 1994), Baha' Awwad's ( Arabic : بهاء عواد , romanized :  Bahāʾ ʿAwwād ) Shams il-Asil ( شمس الاصيل , Shams il-ʿAṣīl , 'Late Afternoon Sun'; 1998), Safa Abdel Al Moneim 's Min Halawit il-Ruh ( من حلاوة الروح , Min Ḥalāwit il-Rōḥ , 'Zest for Life', 1998), Samih Faraj's ( Arabic : سامح فرج , romanized :  Sāmiḥ Faraj ) Banhuf Ishtirasa ( بانهوف اشتراسا , Bānhūf Ishtirāsā , 'Bahnhof Strasse', 1999); autobiographies include

2442-746: The Burden from the Language of the People of Cairo") by the traveler and lexicographer Yusuf al-Maghribi ( يوسف المغربي ), with Misr here meaning "Cairo". It contains key information on early Cairene Arabic and the language situation in Egypt in the Middle Ages . The main purpose of the document was to show that while the Cairenes' vernacular contained many critical "errors" vis-à-vis Classical Arabic, according to al-Maghribi, it

2516-524: The Cat';, 2001) by Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi is exceptional in its use of Saʽidi Arabic . 21st-century journals publishing in Egyptian Arabic include Bārti (from at least 2002), the weekly magazine Idhak lil-Dunya ( اضحك للدنيا , Iḍḥak lil-Dunyā , 'Smile for the World';, from 2005), and the monthly magazine Ihna    [ ar ] ( احنا , Iḥna , 'We', from 2005). In

2590-509: The Desert. In this same sequence of land movements, a rift which is now the Red Sea was opened up. The mountain range of the Eastern Desert runs between 80 and 137 kilometres (50 and 85 mi) inland from and parallel to the Red Sea Coast. It has peaks around 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level. The southern mountains are predominantly composed of igneous rock while the mountains to

2664-454: The Eastern Desert until present day. From the early Pharaonic era (3000 BC), copper and gold were mined from the Desert and used to make tools and for jewellery and embellishment. It was not until much later, around 1000 BC, that iron was also discovered and began to be mined. Wadis were used as routes to cart the mined materials back to the civilisation. There were also mines for precious rocks such as emeralds and amethysts that were discovered by

2738-501: The French; bamba "pink" from Turkish pembe . Verbal nouns of form I are not regular. The following table lists common patterns. Egyptian Arabic object pronouns are clitics , in that they attach to the end of a noun, verb, or preposition, with the result forming a single phonological word rather than separate words. Clitics can be attached to the following types of words: With verbs, indirect object clitic pronouns can be formed using

2812-464: The Nile ( Egyptian Arabic : رحلة في النيل , romanized:  Riḥlah fī il-Nīl , 1965) (and his Bet Sirri ( بيت سري , Bēt Sirri , 'A Brothel', 1981) that apparently uses a mix of Standard Arabic and Egyptian Arabic ). Prose published in Egyptian Arabic since the 1990s include the following novels: Yusuf al-Qa'id 's Laban il-Asfur ( لبن العصفور , Laban il-ʿAṣfūr , 'The Milk of

2886-725: The Nile Valley such as Qift in Upper Egypt through pre-Islamic trade with Nabateans in the Sinai Peninsula and the easternmost part of the Nile Delta . Egyptian Arabic seems to have begun taking shape in Fustat , the first Islamic capital of Egypt, now part of Cairo . One of the earliest linguistic sketches of Cairene Arabic is a 16th-century document entitled Dafʿ al-ʾiṣr ʿan kalām ahl Miṣr ( دفع الإصر عن كلام أهل مصر , "The Removal of

2960-556: The Red Sea, including the Suez Canal . Between 100 and 35 million years ago the area that is now the Eastern Desert was underwater, covered by the Tethys Ocean . During the Oligocene period, around 34 million years ago, the land began to tilt and the coastline was pushed back to the north and west. Concurrently, the basement complex to the east was uplifted, forming the mountain range of

3034-506: The coast (known as the Red Sea Hills ), wide sedimentary plateaus extending from either side of the mountains and the Red Sea coast . The rainfall, climate, vegetation and animal life sustained in the desert varies between these different regions. The Eastern Desert has been a mining site for building materials, as well as precious and semi-precious metals, throughout history. It has historically contained many trade routes leading to and from

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3108-433: The consonants, along with prefixes and/or suffixes, specify grammatical functions such as tense, person, and number, in addition to changes in the meaning of the verb that embody grammatical concepts such as causative , intensive , passive or reflexive . Each particular lexical verb is specified by two stems, one used for the past tense and one used for non-past tenses along with subjunctive and imperative moods. To

3182-550: The country. The dialect of the Fellah in Northern Egypt is noted for a distinct accent, replacing the urban pronunciations of / ɡ / (spelled ج gīm ) and / q / ( ق qāf ) with [ ʒ ] and [ ɡ ] respectively, but that is not true of all rural dialects, a lot of them do not have such replacement. The dialect also has many grammatical differences when contrasted to urban dialects. Egyptian Arabic has

3256-411: The desert through the wadis and then set up once they reached the port to embark on expeditions. The Ancient Egyptians exploited the desert resources of copper, gold, iron and precious stones. As well as for trade, they used these resources to improve their society and in their burials. Commercial trade increased further during the Roman period (30 BC–AD 395) and more trade routes were established across

3330-600: The desert. Red Sea ports were points of embarkation for trade with India. During the Ptolemaic and Roman period the chief port was Berenice Troglodytica , and the Via Hadriana led from Berenice to Antinoöpolis on the Nile. Items being traded diversified during this period to include goods such as fabrics and pearls. "Imperial Porphyry" was quarried at Mons Claudianus into the Byzantine era. The Romans set up multiple ports along

3404-587: The education systems of various countries in the Arabian Peninsula and also taught there and in other countries such as Algeria and Libya . Also, many Lebanese artists choose to sing in Egyptian. Arabic was spoken in parts of Egypt such as the Eastern Desert and Sinai before Islam. However, Nile Valley Egyptians slowly adopted Arabic as a written language following the Muslim conquest of Egypt in

3478-417: The former stem, suffixes are added to mark the verb for person, number, and gender, while to the latter stem, a combination of prefixes and suffixes are added. (Very approximately, the prefixes specify the person and the suffixes indicate number and gender.) Since Arabic lacks an infinitive , the third person masculine singular past tense form serves as the "dictionary form" used to identify a verb. For example,

3552-605: The inland plateaus vary greatly in their distribution and species due to the difference in sandstone and limestone rock bases and the varying amount of rain and runoff water from the wadis. The wildlife of the Eastern Desert is quite different from that of the Western Desert, as the presence of the Nile River and the Red Sea Mountains provide variable eco-regions. Small mammals such as the fennec fox , golden spiny mouse , bushy-tailed jird , jerboa and other rodents live in

3626-594: The land underwent significant climatic change which transformed the grassy plains into desert. This made the land much less habitable and, as a result of this change, nomads which had inhabited the land that is now the Eastern Desert were driven towards the Nile River. Trade routes from the Nile to the Red sea were established through the Desert. Notably, there was a route between the Nile River and Mersa Gawasis , an Ancient Egyptian port. There were also many mines and quarries along this route. Boats were carried in pieces across

3700-427: The littoral salt marsh and the base of the coastal mountains. In comparison to the littoral salt marsh area, the soil is non-saline and arid. The growing vegetation relies on the drainage of water from the mountains via wadis. As a result, growth of plants is seasonal, unlike in the littoral salt marsh. A greater variety of vegetation also grows in the area compared to the salt marsh area. The ephemeral vegetation includes

3774-493: The local vernacular began in the 1800s (in opposition to the language of the ruling class, Turkish) , as the Egyptian national movement for self-determination was taking shape. For many decades to follow, questions about the reform and the modernization of Arabic were hotly debated in Egyptian intellectual circles. Proposals ranged from developing neologisms to replace archaic terminology in Modern Standard Arabic to

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3848-456: The mid Holocene age, around 6,000 years ago. The most recent wet period is known to have been a result of summer monsoonal rains that moved over the Desert from the Indian Ocean. During these times, some areas of the land were swamp. The mountains and desert plateaus were also able to sustain more vegetation and animals. In between these periods the desert climate has remained mostly arid, as it

3922-455: The mountains. In general, the northern sections of these plateaus have a limestone base while the southern sections are sandstone . The plateau between the Nile River and the mountains is also known as the inland Eastern Desert and is subdivided into four sections: The Cairo-Suez Desert, The Limestone Desert, The Sandstone (Idfu-Kom Ombo) Desert, and the Nubian Desert . The Red Sea coastland

3996-688: The north are composed of limestone . Separating the mountains are wide wadis which allow for the runoff of rainfall from the mountains to the Red Sea and the Nile River. The mountain range's highest peak is Gebel Shayeb EI-Banat at 2,184 metres (7,165 ft) above sea level. Other significant peaks include Jebel Erba (2,217 metres (7,274 ft)) Jabal Oda (2,160 metres (7,090 ft)), Jabal Shaib al Banat (2,087 metres (6,847 ft)), Jebel Hamata (1,961 metres (6,434 ft)), Gebel Amm Anad (1,782 metres (5,846 ft)), South Galala (1,464 metres (4,803 ft)), and North Galala (1,274 metres (4,180 ft)). Sedimentary plateaus run on either side of

4070-503: The on the plateaus of the Desert. Other larger mammals include the hyrax , Egyptian mongoose and the Egyptian wolf . The Red Sea Hills provide a unique mountainous habitat which increases the diversity of fauna in the Eastern Desert. Species found in the mountains include the aoudad , a mountain dwelling species of sheep, the Nubian ibex and the Dorcus gazelle. The mountain range also provides

4144-447: The one by Ahmed Fouad Negm , by Mohammed Naser Ali  [ ar ] Ula Awwil ( اولى أول , Ūlá Awwil , 'First Class Primary School'), and Fathia al-Assal 's Hudn il-Umr ( حضن العمر , Ḥuḍn il-ʿUmr , 'The Embrace of a Lifetime'). The epistolary novel Jawabat Haraji il-Gutt ( Sa'idi Arabic : جوابات حراجى القط , romanized:  Jawābāt Ḥarājī il-Guṭṭ , lit.   'Letters of Haraji

4218-424: The perfect with / i / , for example for فهم this is faham instead of fihim . Other examples for this are لَبَس , labas , 'to wear', نَزَل , nazal , 'to descend', شَرَب , sharab , 'to drink', نَسَى , nasá , 'to forget', رَجَع, طَلَع, رَكَب. Port Said 's dialect (East Delta) is noted for a "heavier", more guttural sound, compared to other regions of

4292-488: The postposition of demonstratives and interrogatives, the modal meaning of the imperfect and the integration of the participle. The Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic variety of the western desert differs from all other Arabic varieties in Egypt in that it linguistically is part of Maghrebi Arabic . Northwest Arabian Arabic is also distinct from Egyptian Arabic. Egyptian Arabic varies regionally across its sprachraum , with certain characteristics being noted as typical of

4366-417: The preposition li- plus a clitic. Both direct and indirect object clitic pronouns can be attached to a single verb: agíib "I bring", agíb-hu "I bring it", agib-húu-lik "I bring it to you", m-agib-hu-lkíi-ʃ "I do not bring it to you". Verbs in Arabic are based on a stem made up of three or four consonants. The set of consonants communicates the basic meaning of a verb. Changes to the vowels in between

4440-459: The pronunciation of the origin of the term, the British guinea ). The speech of the older Alexandrians is also noted for use of the same pre-syllable (ne-) in the singular and plural of the first person present and future tenses, which is also a common feature of Tunisian Arabic and also of Maghrebi Arabic in general. The dialects of the western Delta tend to use the perfect with / a / instead of

4514-505: The question of whether Egyptian Arabic should be considered a "dialect" or "language" can be a source of debate. In sociolinguistics , Egyptian Arabic can be seen as one of many distinct varieties that, despite arguably being languages on abstand grounds, are united by a common Dachsprache in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). During the early 1900s many portions of the Bible were published in Egyptian Arabic. These were published by

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4588-624: The rainfall occurs during the winter months around the mountains. The presence of the mountains can create a rain shadow for the rest of the Desert, contributing to the arid environment. Average temperatures are between 14 and 21 °C (57 and 70 °F) in winter (November–March) and 23.1 and 23.1 °C (73.6 and 73.6 °F) in summer (May–September).  The weather is typically sunny; however, sandstorms can occur, usually between March and June. The storms ( khamsins ) are caused by tropical air moving up from Sudan, accompanied by strong winds and higher temperatures. The term khamsin comes from

4662-410: The revolutionary government heavily sponsored the use of the Egyptian vernacular in films, plays, television programmes, and music, the prerevolutionary use of Modern Standard Arabic in official publications was retained. Linguistic commentators have noted the multi-faceted approach of the Egyptian revolutionaries towards the Arabic language. Whereas Egypt's first president , Mohammed Naguib exhibited

4736-486: The seventh century. Until then, they had spoken either Koine Greek or Egyptian in its Coptic form. A period of Coptic-Arabic bilingualism in Lower Egypt lasted for more than three centuries. The period would last much longer in the south. Arabic had been already familiar to Valley Egyptians since Arabic had been spoken throughout the Eastern Desert and Sinai . Arabic was also a minority language of some residents of

4810-446: The significance of Pan-Arabism, making it a central element of Egyptian state policy. The importance of Modern Standard Arabic was reemphasised in the public sphere by the revolutionary government, and efforts to accord any formal language status to the Egyptian vernacular were ignored. Egyptian Arabic was identified as a mere dialect, one that was not spoken even in all of Egypt, as almost all of Upper Egypt speaks Sa'idi Arabic . Though

4884-427: The simple division. The language shifts from the eastern to the western parts of the Nile Delta , and the varieties spoken from Giza to Minya are further grouped into a Middle Egypt cluster. Despite the differences, there are features distinguishing all the Egyptian Arabic varieties of the Nile Valley from any other varieties of Arabic. Such features include reduction of long vowels in open and unstressed syllables,

4958-551: The simplification of syntactical and morphological rules and the introduction of colloquialisms to even complete "Egyptianization" ( تمصير , tamṣīr ) by abandoning the so-called Modern Standard Arabic in favor of Masri or Egyptian Arabic. Proponents of language reform in Egypt included Qasim Amin , who also wrote the first Egyptian feminist treatise, former President of the Egyptian University , Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed , and noted intellectual Salama Moussa . They adopted

5032-488: The speech of certain regions. The dialect of Alexandria (West Delta) is noted for certain shibboleths separating its speech from that of Cairo (South Delta). The ones that are most frequently noted in popular discourse are the use of the word falafel as opposed to طعميّة taʿmiyya for the fava-bean fritters common across the country and the pronunciation of the word for the Egyptian pound ( جنيه ginēh [ɡeˈneː] ), as [ˈɡeni] , closer to

5106-469: The stem is used. The sound plural with the suffix ـِين , -īn is used for nouns referring to male persons that are participles or follow the pattern CaCCaaC. It takes the form ـيِين , -yīn for nouns of the form CaCCa and the form ـيِّين , -yyīn for nisba adjectives. A common set of nouns referring to colors, as well as a number of nouns referring to physical defects of various sorts ( ʔaṣlaʕ "bald"; ʔaṭṛaʃ "deaf"; ʔaxṛas "dumb"), take

5180-441: The syncope in ána fhím-t "I understood". Example: dárris/yidárris "teach" Boldfaced forms indicate the primary differences from the corresponding forms of katab : Example: sá:fir/yisá:fir "travel" The primary differences from the corresponding forms of darris (shown in boldface) are: Defective verbs have a W or Y as the last root consonant. Eastern Desert The Eastern Desert (known archaically as Arabia or

5254-538: The two varieties have limited mutual intelligibility . It carries little prestige nationally but continues to be widely spoken, with 19,000,000 speakers. The traditional division between Upper and Lower Egypt and their respective differences go back to ancient times. Egyptians today commonly call the people of the north بَحَارْوَه , baḥārwah ( [bɑˈħɑɾwɑ] ) and those of the south صَعَايْدَه , ṣaʿāydah ( [sˤɑˈʕɑjdɑ] ). The differences throughout Egypt, however, are more wide-ranging and do not neatly correspond to

5328-404: The undergrowth of the mangrove community. The salt marsh vegetation is made up of a mix of shrub, succulent and grass species. The growth of these plants often creates the coastal dunes as the root systems hold the sand in place when other areas are left exposed to wind erosion. Shrub communities Succulent communities Grass communities Coastal desert vegetation grown in the band between

5402-432: The verb meaning "write" is often specified as kátab , which actually means "he wrote". In the paradigms below, a verb will be specified as kátab/yíktib (where kátab means "he wrote" and yíktib means "he writes"), indicating the past stem ( katab- ) and non-past stem ( -ktib- , obtained by removing the prefix yi- ). The verb classes in Arabic are formed along two axes. One axis (described as "form I", "form II", etc.)

5476-574: Was also related to Arabic in other respects. With few waves of immigration from the Arabian peninsula such as the Banu Hilal exodus, who later left Egypt and were settled in Morocco and Tunisia, together with the ongoing Islamization and Arabization of the country, multiple Arabic varieties, one of which is Egyptian Arabic, slowly supplanted spoken Coptic. Local chroniclers mention the continued use of Coptic as

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