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99-495: Rosario Ferré Ramírez de Arellano (September 28, 1938 – February 18, 2016) was a Puerto Rican writer, poet, and essayist. Her father, Luis A. Ferré , was the third elected Governor of Puerto Rico and the founding father of the New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico . When her mother, Lorenza Ramírez de Arellano , died in 1970 during her father's term as governor, Rosario fulfilled the duties of First Lady until 1972. She

198-543: A plebiscite was held to decide if the people of Puerto Rico desired to become an independent nation, a state of the United States of America, or continue the commonwealth relation established in 1952. The majority of Puerto Ricans opted for the Commonwealth option (see Puerto Rican status referendums ). Disagreement within the then pro-statehood party headed by Miguel A. García Méndez led Ferré and others to found

297-580: A 26-year-old at large House candidate, nominated a future Senate President and Secretary of State, teenager Kenneth McClintock as Puerto Rico delegate to the 1971 White House Conference on Youth , and strengthened college scholarship programs. Before the Congress created the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1971, Ferré had already created Puerto Rico's Environmental Quality Board in 1970, charged with protecting

396-528: A Professor at the University of Puerto Rico and was a contributing editor for The San Juan Star , which was once Puerto Rico's English language newspaper. Ferré has also been a visiting professor at Rutgers University and Johns Hopkins University . Ferré won the first prize in a short story contest of the Ateneo Puertorriqueño in 1974. In 1992, she was the recipient of the "Liberatur Prix" award from

495-695: A blog entitled, "On the NSA", in which he contributed to the ongoing debate regarding the role of NIST and NSA in formulating U.S. cryptography standards. On September 9, 2013, Green received a take-down request for the "On the NSA" blog from interim Dean Andrew Douglas from the Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering . The request cited concerns that the blog had links to sensitive material. The blog linked to already published news articles from The Guardian , The New York Times , and ProPublica.org . Douglas subsequently issued

594-721: A bust of Ferré, which is exhibited in the Ponce Museum of Art . Another Tomás Batista bust of him was unveiled by his widow, Tiody, Senate President Kenneth McClintock and Senate Vice President Orlando Parga in February, 2008 at the Senate of Puerto Rico 's Hall of Governors. In 2004 the historic United States Courthouse and Post Office Building in Ponce, Puerto Rico was named the Luis A. Ferré United States Courthouse and Post Office Building by an Act of

693-656: A collection of her literary essays entitled "Sitio a Eros", which promoted political and social themes. In 1986, she published her first book, "Maldito Amor", which she self-translated into English as "Sweet Diamond Dust." After publishing "Maldito Amor", she began to write the first versions of her other books in English In 2002, she published a bilingual edition of poems "Language Duel/Duelo del language." In order to write her novel, Memorias de Ponce. Autobiografía de Luis A. Ferré , she transcribed audio left by her father describing his childhood in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Ferré worked as

792-404: A cousin of both Catalan cellist Pablo Casals ( whose mother was a Puerto Rico-born Catalan musician) and Carmelita Defilló Sanz (wife to Dominican politician and historian Manuel Arturo Peña Batlle and mother of Dominican paintist Fernando Peña Defilló ). Antonio and María had four sons, Luis, José , Carlos and Hermán Ferré, and two daughters, Rosario and Isolina , this latter would become

891-520: A new biomedical engineering building in the Johns Hopkins University Department of Biomedical Engineering , a new library, a new biology wing, an extensive renovation of the flagship Gilman Hall, and the reconstruction of the main university entrance. These years also brought about the rapid development of the university's professional schools of education and business. From 1999 until 2007, these disciplines had been joined within

990-622: A nun of international prominence. Ferré studied mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , obtaining his bachelor's degree in 1924 and master's degree in 1925, and music at the New England Conservatory of Music . During this time while living in Boston, Ferré developed an admiration for the "American way of democracy". Upon his return to Puerto Rico , Ferré helped transform his father's company into

1089-468: A personal on-line apology to Green. The event raised concern over the future of academic freedom of speech within the cryptologic research community. The first campus was located on Howard Street. Eventually, they relocated to Homewood, in northern Baltimore, the estate of Charles Carroll, son of the oldest surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence . Carroll's Homewood House is considered one of

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1188-524: A petition calling on president Daniels to reconsider the planned police department. The office of public safety issued a statement on June 10 saying "the JHPD does not yet exist. We committed to establishing this department through a slow, careful and fully open process. No other steps are planned at this time, and we will be in close communication with the city and our university community before any further steps are taken". Two days later, president Daniels announced

1287-519: A rare books collection. The Johns Hopkins University Press is the publishing division of the Johns Hopkins University. It was founded in 1878 and holds the distinction of being the oldest continuously running university press in the United States. To date the Press has published more than 6,000 titles and currently publishes 65 scholarly periodicals and over 200 new books each year. Since 1993,

1386-545: A state funeral and burial in that city. His funeral and ceremonies honoring him were attended by numerous politicians. He is interred at the Las Mercedes Memorial Park in Ponce. Among the awards that were bestowed on Luis A. Ferré was the Presidential Medal of Freedom , an honor which was also subsequently bestowed on his sister Sor Isolina Ferre . The sculptor Tomás Batista was also commissioned to make

1485-405: A student, Ferré began her writing career as the founder, editor and publisher of the journal "Zona de Carga y Descarga" along with her cousin, Olga Nolla . The Journal was also published along with the poet Luis Cesar Rivera. In “Zona de Carga y Descarga”, Ferré published some of her own poetry along with short stories. The journal was devoted to publishing the works of new writers and to promoting

1584-462: A successful business from which he earned a fortune. In 1948, he acquired El Día , a fledgling newspaper that was later renamed El Nuevo Día, becoming the newspaper with the largest circulation in Puerto Rico at the time. In the 1950s, Ferré's Empresas Ferré (Ferre Enterprises) acquired Puerto Rico Cement and Ponce Cement , which capitalized on the economic boom which Puerto Rico enjoyed based on

1683-443: A two-term limit. The alumni select 12 trustees. Four recent alumni serve 4-year terms, one per year, typically from the graduating class. The bylaws prohibit students, faculty or administrative staff from serving on the board, except the president as an ex-officio trustee. The Johns Hopkins Health System has a separate board of trustees, many of whom are doctors or health care executives. The full-time, four-year undergraduate program

1782-418: Is "most selective" with low transfer-in and a high graduate co-existence. The Princeton Review rates the selectivity of Johns Hopkins as 99/99. The cost of attendance per year is approximately $ 77,400. However, 51% of full-time undergraduates receive financial aid covering 100% of their need. The admit rate of Hopkins undergraduates to medical school is 80% and to law school is 97%, some of the highest rates in

1881-606: Is credited with having rescued from oblivion the painting Flaming June by the Victorian painter Frederic Lord Leighton – purchasing it in 1963, when it was considered "too old fashioned" and getting it prominently displayed at the Museo of Arte de Ponce. El Centro de Bellas Artes , the center for performing arts in Santurce, Puerto Rico also bears his name, as well as the main highway connecting San Juan and Ponce. He also assisted in

1980-817: Is in Baltimore , Johns Hopkins also maintains ten divisions on campuses in other Maryland locations, including Laurel , Rockville , Columbia , Aberdeen , California , Elkridge , and Owings Mills . The two undergraduate divisions, the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering are located on the Homewood campus in Baltimore's Charles Village neighborhood. The medical school , nursing school , Bloomberg School of Public Health , and Johns Hopkins Children's Center are located on

2079-533: Is one of the distinguishing characteristics of Hopkins's undergraduate education. About 80 percent of undergraduates perform independent research, often alongside top researchers. In fiscal year 2020, Johns Hopkins spent nearly $ 3.1 billion on research, more than any other U.S. university for over 40 consecutive years. Johns Hopkins has had seventy-seven members of the Institute of Medicine , forty-three Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, seventeen members of

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2178-432: Is the primary campus for master's degrees in a variety of STEM fields. The Johns Hopkins entity is structured as two corporations, the university and The Johns Hopkins Health System, formed in 1986. The president is JHU's chief executive officer and the university is organized into nine academic divisions. JHU's bylaws specify a board of trustees of between 18 and 65 voting members. Trustees serve six-year terms subject to

2277-502: The American Physical Society , the classical scholars Basil Gildersleeve , and Charles D. Morris; the economist Richard T. Ely ; and the chemist Ira Remsen , who became the second president of the university in 1901. Gilman focused on the expansion of graduate education and support of faculty research. The new university fused advanced scholarship with such professional schools as medicine and engineering. Hopkins became

2376-674: The COVID-19 pandemic by compiling data from hundreds of sources around the world. This led to the university becoming one of the most cited sources for data about the pandemic. In February 2019, Johns Hopkins University requested permission from the Maryland General Assembly to create a private police force to patrol in and around the three Baltimore campuses, a move that was immediately opposed by several neighboring communities, 75% of Johns Hopkins undergraduate students, and at least 90 professors who signed on to an open letter opposing

2475-641: The Frankfurt Book Fair for "Kristallzucker", the German translation of "Maldito Amor". In 1997, she was also awarded an honorary doctorate from Brown University . Ferré was a Guggenheim Fellowship recipient in 2004. She is also recognized at Ponce's Tricentennial Park for her contributions in the field of literature. Upon finishing school, Ferré married Benigno Trigo González, a businessman, by whom she has three children: Rosario Lorenza, Benigno, and Luis Alfredo. They divorced ten years later. While studying at

2574-515: The Humboldtian model of higher education , the German education model of Wilhelm von Humboldt , it became dedicated to research. It was especially Heidelberg University and its long academic research history on which the new institution tried to model itself. Johns Hopkins thereby became the model of the modern research university in the United States. Its success eventually shifted higher education in

2673-637: The Max Planck Society in the number of total citations published in Thomson Reuters-indexed journals over 22 fields in America. In 2020, Johns Hopkins University ranked 5 in number of utility patents granted out of all institutions in the world. In 2000, Johns Hopkins received $ 95.4 million in research grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), making it

2772-589: The National Academy of Engineering , and sixty-two members of the National Academy of Sciences . As of October 2019, 39 Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the university as alumni, faculty members or researchers, with the most recent winners being Gregg Semenza and William G. Kaelin . Between 1999 and 2009, Johns Hopkins was among the most cited institutions in the world. It attracted nearly 1,222,166 citations and produced 54,022 papers under its name, ranking third globally after Harvard University and

2871-542: The New Progressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party , which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín 's PPD's hold on

2970-576: The School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, D.C. , and the Peabody Institute in Baltimore were incorporated into the university. The early decades of the 21st century saw expansion across the university's institutions in both physical and population sizes. Notably, a planned 88-acre expansion to the medical campus began in 2013. Completed construction on the Homewood campus has included

3069-558: The U.S. Department of Defense , NASA , and other government and civilian research agencies. Among other projects, it has designed, built, and flown spacecraft for NASA to the asteroid Eros, and the planets Mercury and Pluto. It has developed more than 100 biomedical devices, many in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. Akin to the Washington, D.C. campus for the School of Arts and Sciences, APL also

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3168-578: The University of Maryland where she graduated with a PhD in Latin American Literature . Her doctoral thesis was titled: "La filiación romántica de los cuentos de Julio Cortázar " ( The romantic link between the stories of Julio Cortázar ). Ferré began her literary career writing in Spanish. In 1976, Ferré published her first collection of short stories , "Papeles de Pandora." In 1977, she published

3267-510: The 1801 Homewood House , still stands and serves as an on-campus museum. The brick and marble Federal style of Homewood House became the architectural inspiration for much of the university campus versus the Collegiate Gothic style of other historic American universities. In 1909, the university was among the first to start adult continuing education programs and in 1916 it founded the nation's first school of public health . Since

3366-576: The 1910s, Johns Hopkins University has famously been a "fertile cradle" to Arthur Lovejoy 's history of ideas . Since 1942, the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) has served as a major governmental defense contractor. In tandem with on-campus research, Johns Hopkins has every year since 1979 had the highest federal research funding of any American university. Professional schools of international affairs and music were established in 1950 and 1977, respectively, when

3465-628: The 2019 Garland Hall sit-in. The group proceeded to shut down the first town hall. According to reporting by the Baltimore Sun, the event "was moved to an online-only format after a crowd of chanting protesters took over the meeting stage." The MOU finalized on December 2, 2022, grants the JHPD primary jurisdiction over areas "owned, leased, or operated by, or under the control of" JHU as well as adjacent public property. Despite continued protest from university faculty calling for more oversight and clearly defined jurisdictional boundaries in accordance with

3564-569: The 30th year in a row, according to a National Science Foundation (NSF) ranking. These totals include grants and expenditures of JHU's Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. In 2013, the Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships program was established by a $ 250 million gift from Michael Bloomberg . This program enables the university to recruit fifty researchers from around the world to joint appointments throughout

3663-548: The Baltimore Police Department. A draft MOU was made public on September 19, 2022 in advance of three scheduled town halls and a 30-day period to solicit feedback from the community. A message posted the same day as the draft MOU said that the document "will be modified to reflect what we hear and learn from our community." However, community members remained skeptical that the university is operating in good faith. A September 2022 article from Inside Higher Ed portrays

3762-1230: The Department for Hispanic Studies of the University of Puerto Rico , she met her second husband, Jorge Aguilar Mora, a writer and Professor of Mexican literature ; they divorced after a few years. Ferré met her third husband, Agustín Costa Quintana, a Puerto Rican architect, while living in Washington, D.C. They later moved to Puerto Rico, where they resided. Ferré died of natural causes, surrounded by family on February 18, 2016, in her home in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Some of Ferré's works are: 1st (1943): Inés Mendoza 2nd (1965): Conchita Dapena 3rd (1967): Jeannette Ramos 4th (1969): Lorenza Ramírez 5th (1970): Rosario Ferré 6th (1973): Lila Mayoral 7th (1977): Kate de Romero 8th (1985): Lila Mayoral 9th (1993): Maga Nevares de Rosselló 10th (2001): Sila María and María Elena González 11th (2005): Luisa Gándara 12th (2009): Lucé Vela 13th (2013): Wilma Pastrana 14th (2017): Beatriz Rosselló 15th (2019): Jorge Díaz Reverón Luis A. Ferr%C3%A9 Luis Alberto Ferré Aguayo

3861-686: The East Baltimore facility occupies several city blocks spreading from the Johns Hopkins Hospital trademark dome. In 2019, Hopkins announced its purchase of the Newseum building on Pennsylvania Avenue , three blocks from the United States Capitol , to house its Washington, D.C. programs and centers. The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), in Laurel, Maryland , specializes in research for

3960-648: The Eisenhower library's six stories are above ground, though the building was designed so that every level receives natural light. The design accords with campus lore that no structure can be taller than Gilman Hall, the flagship academic building. A four-story expansion to the library, known as the Brody Learning Commons, opened in August 2012. The expansion features an energy-efficient, state-of-the-art technology infrastructure and includes study spaces, seminar rooms, and

4059-560: The Homewood Faculty Assembly unanimously passed a resolution requesting that the administration refrain from taking any further steps "toward the establishment of a private police force" until it could provide responses to several questions concerning accountability and oversight of the proposed police department, fears of Black faculty that the police department would target people of color, and alleged corruption involving Mayor Pugh. The Community Safety and Strengthening Act passed

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4158-593: The John Work Garrett Library at Evergreen House , and the George Peabody Library at the Peabody Institute campus. The main library, constructed in the 1960s, was named for Milton S. Eisenhower , former president of the university and brother of former U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower . The university's stacks had previously been housed in Gilman Hall and departmental libraries. Only two of

4257-605: The Johns Hopkins University Press has run Project MUSE , an online collection of over 250 full-text, peer-reviewed journals in the humanities and social sciences. The Press also houses the Hopkins Fulfilment Services (HFS), which handles distribution for a number of university presses and publishers. Taken together, the three divisions of the Press—Books, Journals (including MUSE) and HFS—make it one of

4356-487: The Maryland General Assembly and was signed into law in April 2019, granting Johns Hopkins University permission to establish a private police department. In response to perceived corruption, a group of protestors staged a sit-in of Garland Hall, the building housing the office of university president Ronald J. Daniels . After a month-long sit-in, the protestors "took over the building – locking its doors with chains." They held

4455-707: The Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore. The university also consists of the Peabody Institute , Applied Physics Laboratory , School of Advanced International Studies , School of Education , Carey Business School , and various other facilities . Founded in 1883, the Blue Jays men's lacrosse team has captured 44 national titles and plays in the Big Ten Conference as an affiliate member. The university's other sports teams compete in Division III of

4554-515: The NCAA as members of the Centennial Conference . On his death in 1873, Johns Hopkins , a Quaker entrepreneur and childless bachelor, bequeathed $ 7 million (equivalent to $ 162 million in 2023) to fund a hospital and university in Baltimore . At the time, this donation, generated primarily from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of

4653-575: The New Progressive Party's negotiating team while Congress considered Puerto Rico political status legislation introduced by Senator J. Bennett Johnston . Ferré was also a talented pianist who recorded several albums of his piano music. On January 3, 1959 he founded the Museo de Arte de Ponce , in his hometown of Ponce. The museum initially displayed 71 paintings from his personal collection and today displays over 3,000 pieces. Among other things, Ferré

4752-527: The Office of Admissions accepted about 4.9% of its 33,236 Regular Decision applicants and about 6.4% of its total 38,725 applicants. In 2022, 99% of admitted students graduated in the top 10% of their high school class. Over time, applications to Johns Hopkins University have risen steadily; as a result, the selectivity of Johns Hopkins University has also increased. Early Decision I is an option at Johns Hopkins University for students who wish to demonstrate that

4851-593: The Puerto Rican police using brute force, something about which Ferré had mixed feelings. Hernández played the youth card in his campaign (when elected he was the youngest Puerto Rican governor). All these issues, along with the reunification of the People's Party and the PDP, contributed to a PDP win over Ferré in the election. Ferré remained active in politics and in 1976, he was elected to the Senate of Puerto Rico . Ferré served as

4950-615: The School of Professional Studies in Business and Education (SPSBE), itself a reshuffling of several earlier ventures. The 2007 split, combined with new funding and leadership initiatives, has led to the simultaneous emergence of the Johns Hopkins School of Education and the Carey Business School . On November 18, 2018, it was announced that Michael Bloomberg would make a donation to his alma mater of $ 1.8 billion, marking

5049-594: The U.S. Congress. The segment of Las Américas Avenue that includes the Museo de Arte de Ponce and the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico was renamed the Luis A. Ferré Boulevard in November, 2010, in his honor. Johns Hopkins University The Johns Hopkins University (often abbreviated as Johns Hopkins , Hopkins , or JHU ) is a private research university in Baltimore , Maryland, United States. Founded in 1876, Johns Hopkins

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5148-698: The US. The university is one of fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities (AAU); it is also a member of the Consortium on Financing Higher Education (COFHE) and the Universities Research Association (URA). As of 2024–25, Johns Hopkins University is ranked the 6th best university in the nation (tied) and 13th best globally by U.S. News & World Report . The university's undergraduate programs are highly selective: in 2021,

5247-413: The United States from a focus on teaching revealed and/or applied knowledge to the scientific discovery of new knowledge. The trustees worked alongside four notable university presidents, Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University , Andrew D. White of Cornell University , Noah Porter of Yale College , and James B. Angell of University of Michigan . They each supported Daniel Coit Gilman to lead

5346-588: The United States, and endowment was then the largest in America. Until 2020, Hopkins was assumed to be a fervent abolitionist , until research done by the school into his United States Census records revealed he claimed to own at least five household slaves in the 1840 and 1850 decennial censuses. The first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins comes from the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins. They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins. Samuel named one of his sons for his father, and that son became

5445-549: The ambitious industrialization projects undertaken in association with the Operation Bootstrap . Ferré's brother, José, had moved to Miami with his family. His son Maurice expanded a successful business there, selling bagged pre-mixed cement and sand under the name Mezcla Lista. Maurice Ferré was elected Mayor of Miami. Ferré became active in politics in the 1940s. He unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Ponce in 1940 and Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico in 1948. In 1948, Puerto Ricans were allowed to elect their governor; previously

5544-419: The body politic of the territory of Puerto Rico as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . Ferré was elected as a member of the Constitutional Assembly . That same year Ferré was elected representative in the Puerto Rico House of Representatives. He ran under the Republican Statehood Party ("Partido Estadista Republicano) and officially assumed his duties as representative on January 11, 1953. On July 23, 1967,

5643-452: The building for a week until May 8, 2019, when "[a]t 5:50 a.m., at the request of Johns Hopkins University," Baltimore police surrounded the building and arrested "three community members, one undergraduate and one graduate student" who were occupying the building. In the wake of the May 2020 killing of George Floyd and the subsequent protests , a group of Hopkins faculty along with 2,500 Hopkins staff, students, and community members signed

5742-441: The ceding of lands by the university for the public Wyman Park and Wyman Park Dell and the Baltimore Museum of Art , coalescing in the contemporary area of 140 acres (57 ha). Prior to becoming the main Johns Hopkins campus, the Homewood estate had initially been the gift of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Maryland , a planter and signer of the Declaration of Independence , to his son Charles Carroll Jr. The original structure,

5841-459: The city as public park. A solution was achieved by a team of prominent locals who acquired the estate in north Baltimore known as the Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University . On February 22, 1902, this land was formally transferred to the university. The flagship building, Gilman Hall, was completed in 1915. The School of Engineering relocated in Fall of 1914 and the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences followed in 1916. These decades saw

5940-450: The creation of the Casals Festival and the Puerto Rico Conservatory of Music . He was a member of Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity. As a sportsman, Ferré practiced fencing, and is honored annually with the "Campeonato Nacional de Esgrima" in Puerto Rico. His philanthropic deeds and defense for democracy earned him the Presidential Medal of Freedom , awarded by President George H. W. Bush on November 18, 1991. On September 29, 2003, Ferré

6039-432: The decision to "pause for at least the next two years the implementation of the JHPD." Despite this announcement, the next summer Johns Hopkins announced the appointment of Dr. Branville Bard Jr. to the newly created position of vice president for public safety. The Community Safety and Strengthening Act requires the university to establish a civilian accountability board as well as a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) with

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6138-555: The eighth president of the Senate from 1977 to 1981 and continued serving as senator until 1985. Years after leaving La Fortaleza, he married Tiody De Jesús, a nurse who later became a physician. After serving as senator, Ferré continued to be active in politics, especially representing the United States Republican Party on the island. Between 1989 and 1991, Ferré served with former Governor Carlos Romero Barceló , former representative Benny Frankie Cerezo , PNP leader Kenneth McClintock and former congressional staffer David Gerken as

6237-412: The emerging field of academic medicine, including William Osler , William Halsted , Howard Kelly , and William Welch . During this period the university further made history by becoming the first medical school to admit women on an equal basis with men and to require a Bachelor's degree , based on the efforts of Mary E. Garrett , who had endowed the school at Gilman's request. The school of medicine

6336-457: The fact that her father was pro-statehood (and, later, she too became an advocate of statehood.) Upon graduating from high school she went to the United States where she gained her Bachelor of Arts degree in English and French from Manhattanville College . She was a member of Mu Alpha Phi sorority . Ferré returned to Puerto Rico where in the 1970s she enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico to study for her master's degree. During her time as

6435-490: The finest examples of Federal residential architecture. The estate then came to the Wyman family, which participated in making it the park-like main campus of the schools of arts and sciences and engineering at the start of the 20th century. Most of its architecture was modeled after the Federal style of Homewood House . Homewood House is preserved as a museum. Most undergraduate programs are on this campus. Collectively known as Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (JHMI) campus,

6534-422: The first successful blue baby operation in 1944. Despite such cases, racial diversity did not become commonplace at Johns Hopkins institutions until the 1960s and 1970s. Hopkins's most well-known battle for women's rights was the one led by daughters of trustees of the university; Mary E. Garrett , M. Carey Thomas , Mamie Gwinn, Elizabeth King, and Julia Rogers. They donated and raised the funds needed to open

6633-436: The full financial need of all admitted students. The Johns Hopkins University Library system houses more than 3.6 million volumes and includes ten main divisions across the university's campuses. The largest segment of this system is the Sheridan Libraries, encompassing the Milton S. Eisenhower Library (the main library of the Homewood campus ), the Brody Learning Commons, the Hutzler Reading Room ("The Hut") in Gilman Hall,

6732-558: The governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in an economic boom at 7% GDP growth and the unemployment at 10%. https://grupocne.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/FLMM.pdf His work as governor of Puerto Rico included defending the federal minimum wage and granting workers a Christmas bonus. He visited Puerto Rican troops in Vietnam . In 1970, his first wife, Lorencita, died at La Fortaleza after being bed-ridden for years. Their daughter, Rosario Ferré , an acclaimed novelist and writer, stepped into

6831-449: The heart of Washington, D.C. , with plans to locate all of its Washington, D.C.-based graduate programs there. In an interview with The Atlantic , the president of Johns Hopkins stated that, "the purchase is an opportunity to position the university, literally, to better contribute its expertise to national- and international-policy discussions." In late 2019, the university's Coronavirus Research Center began tracking worldwide cases of

6930-414: The idea that the two were mutually exclusive: "The best teachers are usually those who are free, competent and willing to make original researches in the library and the laboratory," he stated. To implement his plan, Gilman recruited internationally known researchers including the mathematician James Joseph Sylvester ; the biologist H. Newell Martin ; the physicist Henry A. Rowland , the first president of

7029-401: The ideas of the independence movement. The journal ran for 9 issues, the first being published in 1972, and the last being published in 1975. Among the novelists and short story writers of Puerto Rico to share Ferré's commitment to satire were Ana Lydia Vega and Giannina Braschi . Ferré also published poems and wrote a biography of her father. Upon earning her master's degree, Ferré enrolled in

7128-517: The interest, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first home was thus in Downtown Baltimore, delaying plans to site the university in Clifton. In the early 20th century, the university outgrew its buildings and the trustees began to search for a new home. Developing Clifton for the university was too costly, and 30 acres (12 ha) of the estate had to be sold to

7227-510: The islands' environment. In the elections of 1972 he sought reelection but lost to Rafael Hernández Colón of the PPD. The PPD had claimed that many corruption scandals (rather minor compared to similar ones in the various administrations following Ferré's) had been overlooked by the Ferré administration. A bloody student strike at the University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras in 1971 had been neutralized by

7326-491: The largest of America's university presses. The Johns Hopkins University also offers the Center for Talented Youth program, a nonprofit organization dedicated to identifying and developing the talents of the most promising K-12 grade students worldwide. As part of the Johns Hopkins University, the "Center for Talented Youth" or CTY helps fulfill the university's mission of preparing students to make significant future contributions to

7425-452: The largest private donation in modern history to an institution of higher education and bringing Bloomberg's total contribution to the school in excess of $ 3.3 billion. Bloomberg's $ 1.8 billion gift allows the school to practice need-blind admission and meet the full financial need of admitted students. In January 2019, the university announced an agreement to purchase the Newseum , located at 555 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, in

7524-508: The law, officer recruitment and training began in spring of 2024, with officers starting active duty in the summer of 2024. Hopkins was a prominent abolitionist who supported Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War . After his death, reports said his conviction was a decisive factor in enrolling Hopkins's first African-American student, Kelly Miller , a graduate student in physics, astronomy and mathematics. As time passed,

7623-465: The leading recipient of NASA research and development funding. In FY 2002, Hopkins became the first university to cross the $ 1 billion threshold on either list, recording $ 1.14 billion in total research and $ 1.023 billion in federally sponsored research. In FY 2008, Johns Hopkins University performed $ 1.68 billion in science, medical and engineering research, making it the leading U.S. academic institution in total R&D spending for

7722-440: The medical school, and required Hopkins's officials to agree to their stipulation that women would be admitted. The nursing school opened in 1889 and accepted women and men as students. Other graduate schools were later opened to women by president Ira Remsen in 1907. Christine Ladd-Franklin was the first woman to earn a PhD at Hopkins, in mathematics in 1882. The trustees denied her the degree for decades and refused to change

7821-467: The national trendsetter in doctoral programs and the host for numerous scholarly journals and associations. The Johns Hopkins University Press , founded in 1878, is the oldest American university press in continuous operation. With the completion of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1889 and the medical school in 1893, the university's research-focused mode of instruction soon began attracting world-renowned faculty members who would become major figures in

7920-470: The new university and he became the university's first president. Gilman, a Yale -educated scholar, had been serving as president of the University of California, Berkeley prior to this appointment. In preparation for the university's founding, Gilman visited University of Freiburg and other German universities. Gilman launched what many at the time considered an audacious and unprecedented academic experiment to merge teaching and research. He dismissed

8019-530: The nine divisions and research centers. Each professor must be a leader in interdisciplinary research and be active in undergraduate education . Directed by Vice Provost for Research Denis Wirtz , there are currently thirty two Bloomberg Distinguished Professors at the university, including three Nobel Laureates , eight fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , ten members of

8118-419: The plan. In early March, it was revealed that "on January 9, 2019, nine senior administrators and one retired hospital CEO...contributed a total of $ 16,000" to then Baltimore Mayor Catherine Pugh 's re-election campaign, shortly after which a bill to institute a Johns Hopkins private police force was introduced into the Maryland General Assembly at "request [of] Baltimore City Administration." On April 8, 2019,

8217-530: The policy about admitting women. In 1893, Florence Bascomb became the university's first female PhD. The decision to admit women at undergraduate level was not considered until the late 1960s and was eventually adopted in October 1969. As of 2009–2010, the undergraduate population was 47% female and 53% male. In 2020, the undergraduate population of Hopkins was 53% female. On September 5, 2013, cryptographer and Johns Hopkins university professor Matthew Green posted

8316-495: The position was filled by appointment by the United States president. Luis Muñoz Marín was elected governor of Puerto Rico. A movement began which aimed to adopt a commonwealth relationship with the United States of America. In 1951, a referendum was held to decide whether to approve or not the option granted by the United States Congress to draft Puerto Rico's first constitution. Ferré abstained from participating in

8415-494: The presidency, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to, as it has been paraphrased, "build men, not buildings." In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , which would have generated most of

8514-471: The process; the pro-statehood party to which he belonged favored the 1951 referendum . He believed that the process would mean "an acceptance of a colony and condemn the people to a perpetual condition of second class citizenship". Ferré later participated in the constitutional assembly created by the referendum , which drafted the constitution. In 1952 the Constitution of Puerto Rico was adopted, renaming

8613-616: The role of First Lady . During his governorship, he paid special attention to youth affairs and bringing young Puerto Ricans into public service. He successfully had the Puerto Rico Constitution amended to lower the voting age to 18, strongly supported the New Progressive Party Youth organization as party president, and appointed then-young statehooders such as Antonio Quiñones Calderón and Francisco "Pompi" González to high-level administration jobs, campaigned for

8712-490: The sentiment from the community, quoting a Johns Hopkins physician and professor who said "Hopkins engineers very closed and stage-managed town halls and does not execute any changes based on these town halls." The Baltimore Sun reported that the Coalition Against Policing by Hopkins planned to continue to obstruct the formation of JHPD, but that it must resort to "shutting down more university events," referring to

8811-404: The university adopted a "separate but equal" stance more like other Baltimore institutions. The first black undergraduate entered the school in 1945 and graduate students followed in 1967. James Nabwangu, a British-trained Kenyan, was the first black graduate of the medical school. African-American instructor and laboratory supervisor Vivien Thomas was instrumental in developing and conducting

8910-559: The university is their first choice. These students, if admitted, are required to enroll. This application is due November 1. There is also another binding Early Decision II application due January 3. Many students, however, apply Regular Decision, which is a traditional non-binding round. These applications are due January 3 and students are notified in mid-March. The cost to apply to Hopkins is $ 70, though fee waivers are available. In 2014, Johns Hopkins ended legacy preference in admissions. Johns Hopkins practices need-blind admission and meets

9009-552: The university's benefactor. Milton Eisenhower , a former university president, once spoke at a convention in Pittsburgh where the master of ceremonies introduced him as "President of John Hopkins". Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in Pitt burgh". The original board opted for an entirely novel university model dedicated to the discovery of knowledge at an advanced level, extending that of contemporary Germany. Building on

9108-797: The world. The Johns Hopkins Digital Media Center (DMC) is a multimedia lab space as well as an equipment, technology and knowledge resource for students interested in exploring creative uses of emerging media and use of technology. Johns Hopkins offers a number of degrees in various undergraduate majors leading to the BA and BS and various majors leading to the MA, MS and PhD for graduate students. Because Hopkins offers both undergraduate and graduate areas of study, many disciplines have multiple degrees available. Biomedical engineering , perhaps one of Hopkins's best-known programs, offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees. The opportunity to participate in important research

9207-404: Was America's first coeducational, graduate-level medical school, and became a prototype for academic medicine that emphasized bedside learning, research projects, and laboratory training. In his will and in his instructions to the trustees of the university and the hospital, Hopkins requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed

9306-747: Was born in the southern city of Ponce, Puerto Rico on February 17, 1904. Ferré's grandfather Maurice Ferré Perotín was a French engineer who was involved in the construction of the Panama Canal before settling in Cuba . Ferré's father, Antonio Ferré Bagayado or "Bacallao", was born in Havana , Cuba and grew up there. As a young man he immigrated to Puerto Rico, where he founded the company Puerto Rico Iron Works , in Barrio Playa de Ponce , Ponce, Puerto Rico. In Puerto Rico, Antonio Ferré met and married María Aguayo Casals,

9405-405: Was hospitalized with a urinary tract infection and underwent surgery for an intestinal blockage on October 1. While in the hospital, he developed pneumonia before finally succumbing to respiratory failure on the morning of October 21, 2003. He was 99 years old. His body lay in state in Puerto Rico's capitol building in San Juan, then transported to his museum in Ponce, before being taken for

9504-473: Was inaugurated as Johns Hopkins's first president on February 22, 1876, led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U.S. by integrating teaching and research. In 1900, Johns Hopkins became a founding member of the American Association of Universities . The university has led all U.S. universities in annual research and development expenditures for over four consecutive decades ($ 3.18 billion as of fiscal year 2021). While its primary campus

9603-638: Was the first American university based on the European research institution model. The university also has graduate campuses in Italy, China, and Washington, D.C. The university was named for its first benefactor, the American entrepreneur and Quaker philanthropist Johns Hopkins . Hopkins's $ 7 million bequest (equivalent to $ 162 million in 2023) to establish the university was the largest philanthropic gift in U.S. history up to that time. Daniel Coit Gilman , who

9702-415: Was the niece of the late Sor Isolina Ferré , recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Ferré received her primary education at Ponce, Puerto Rico. In 1951, she was sent to Wellesley , Massachusetts and attended Dana Hall School . Ferré began writing professionally at age 14, publishing articles in Puerto Rico's El Nuevo Día newspaper. In her youth, Ferré was an advocate of independence, despite

9801-459: Was the recipient of the "Liberatur Prix" award from the Frankfurt Book Fair for "Kristallzucker", the German translation of "Maldito Amor". Rosario Ferré (birth name: Rosario Ferré Ramírez de Arellano ) was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico , into one of Puerto Rico 's wealthiest families. Her parents were the former First Family of Puerto Rico Luis A. Ferré (Governor) and Lorenza Ramírez de Arellano She

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