Basque dialects are linguistic varieties of the Basque language which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar from each other and from Standard Basque . Between six and nine Basque dialects have been historically distinguished:
16-672: Roncalese (in Basque: erronkariera , in Roncalese dialect: Erronkariko uskara ) is an extinct Basque dialect once spoken in the Roncal Valley in Navarre , Spanish Basque Country . It is a subdialect of Eastern Navarrese in the classification of Koldo Zuazo . It had been classified as a subdialect of Souletin (otherwise spoken in the province of Soule in the French Basque Country ) in
32-457: A larger or lesser extent. The grapheme j (historically /j/) displays by far the most noticeable divergence, followed by the fricatives and affricates. Hualde (1991) describes the following: There have been various attempts throughout history to promote standardised forms of Basque dialects to the level of a common standard Basque. Souletin Souletin or Zuberoan ( Basque : Zuberera )
48-529: Is continuous from the Stone Age). This language-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Basque dialect In modern times, however, both Lower Navarrese and Lapurdian are considered part of a Navarrese–Lapurdian dialect , so there would be five dialects, divided into 11 subdialects and 24 minor varieties. The boundaries of all these dialects do not coincide directly with current political or administrative boundaries. It
64-568: Is the Basque dialect spoken in Soule , France. Souletin is marked by influences from Occitan (in particular the Béarnese dialect ), especially in the lexicon. Another distinct characteristic is the use of xuka verb forms, a form of address including in third person verbs the interlocutor marker embedded in the auxiliary verb: jin da → jin düxü (s/he came → s/he came to you). In English sources,
80-420: Is used. The smaller-type instances are cases of the name being recorded for a particular area, the larger-type instances show super-regional forms common throughout the dialect area in question: Comparing the forms of the Basque verb used in the different Basque dialects also gives a good overview over some of the differences and common features. Basque dialects all diverge from this standard inventory to
96-450: The Basque dialect spoken formerly in Álava which appears to mix Western and Navarrese features. Key distinguishing features in Basque dialect phonology include: Modern Basque dialects show a high degree of dialectal divergence. However, cross-dialectal communication even without prior knowledge of either Standard Basque or the other dialect is normally possible to a reasonable extent, with
112-405: The 19th-century classification of Louis Lucien Bonaparte , and as a separate dialect in the early-20th-century classification of Resurrección María de Azkue . The last speaker of the Roncalese, Fidela Bernat , died in 1991. Roncalese preserves historical nasals which have been lost from other dialects, a fact which has proven valuable in discrediting the aizkora theory (that Basque vocabulary
128-468: The Basque-based term Zuberoan is sometimes encountered. In Standard Basque , the dialect is known as zuberera (the province name Zuberoa and the language-forming suffix -era ). Various local forms are üskara , xiberera and xiberotarra . In French, it is known as souletin . In Spanish , the dialect is called souletino or suletino . The southern dialect Roncalese
144-498: The dialects diverged from each other since then as a result of the administrative and political division that happened in the Basque Country . One of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, regarding the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte , a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte . His original dialect map, Carte des Sept Provinces Basques , was published in 1863 along with his Le Verbe Basque en Tableaux
160-538: The five vowels present in all other Basque dialects, Zuberoan also has a close front rounded vowel /y/ (written ü ), which is markedly noticeable to speakers of other varieties. All six vowels can be nasalized ( /õ/ is absent in some Souletin varieties), with nasalization being phonemic. It is likely that the sixth vowel arose influenced by the Béarnese vowel shift some centuries ago instead of being an ancient vowel lost in other dialects of Basque. Souletin features
176-540: The notable of exception of Zuberoan (also called Souletin ), which is regarded as the most divergent Basque dialect. The names for the language in the dialects of Basque ( Euskara in Standard Basque) for example exemplify to some degree the dialectal fragmentation of the Basque speaking area. The most divergent forms are generally found in the Eastern dialects. The following map shows the approximate areas where each word
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#1732876798028192-643: The scholar collected the last live evidence in areas extending as far south as Tafalla . In 1998, Koldo Zuazo , Professor of Basque Philology at the University of the Basque Country , redefined the dialect classifications slightly. For example, he changed the name of Biscayan to Western, Gipuzkoan to Central, Upper Navarrese to Navarrese. He also grouped Lapurdian with Lower Navarrese, distinguished Eastern Navarrese as an independent dialect, and recognised several mixed areas: Some research has also been carried out on
208-521: The voiceless aspirated stops /pʰ/,/tʰ/,/kʰ/ , which contrast with their unaspirated counterparts. The alveolar tap /ɾ/ present in other dialects has been lost in Souletin. The voiced fricatives /z̻/,/z̺/ are found almost exclusively in loanwords, they are present in other varieties only as allophones of their unvoiced counterparts. The phoneme /ʒ/ (written as j ) corresponds to /x/ in other varieties. The voiceless nasal glottal approximant /h̃/
224-522: Was believed that the dialect boundaries between Bizkaian, Gipuzkoan and Upper Navarrese showed some relation to some pre-Roman tribal boundaries between the Caristii , Varduli and Vascones . However, main Basque dialectologists now deny any direct relation between those tribes and Basque dialects. It seems that these dialects were created in the Middle Ages from a previously quite unified Basque language, and
240-571: Was regarded as the authoritative guide in Basque dialectology for a century. He collected his data in fieldwork between 1856 and 1869 in five visits to the Basque Country . By then, the Basque language was in retreat throughout the territory in which it had been commonly spoken. In Álava , Basque had all but vanished from the Plains and the Highlands, remaining only in the stronghold of Aramaio and bordering fringes of Biscay and Gipuzkoa , while in Navarre
256-649: Was sometimes included within Zuberoan. A Basque language variety close to Zuberoan may have extended more to the east, into the Central Pyrenees , as attested by placenames and historical records about the Basque peoples ( Wascones, qui trans Garonnam et circa Pirineum montem habitant , ' Vascons , who reside beyond [river] Garonne and around the Pyrenees ' in the Royal Frankish Annals ). In addition to
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