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39-633: He was born to a French noble family with connections to the House of Armagnac . In 1542 he joined the Knights Hospitaller and became a full knight some four years later after completing his military and religious studies. He quickly made a name for himself as a good fighter with incredible stamina. He became a knight of the Order in December 1546 and served most of his life commanding its galleys . He soon became

78-816: A period of great difficulty between them and enabling the former to become a significant religious order in the Catholic Church. Gregory XIII was a generous patron of the Jesuit colleges in Rome. The Roman College of the Jesuits grew substantially under his patronage, and became the most important centre of learning in Europe for a time. It is now named the Pontifical Gregorian University . Pope Gregory XIII also founded numerous seminaries for training priests, beginning with

117-665: A powerful feudatary through the acquisition of the Duchy of Sora , on the border between the Papal States and the Kingdom of Naples . To raise funds for his endeavours, Gregory confiscated a large proportion of the houses and properties throughout the states of the Church. This measure enriched his treasury for a time, but alienated a great body of the nobility and gentry, revived old factions, and created new ones, and caused economic and social chaos in

156-551: A prominent part, leading several thousand knights and soldiers in the defense of the Great Harbor. When the siege ended, he immediately returned to raiding Muslim shipping, continuing to build his reputation as a fearless warrior and defender of Christendom . At the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, Romegas served on the Papal flagship under the command of admiral Marcantonio Colonna . Romegas

195-521: A servant in the employ of his sister-in-law Laura Ferro. The future Pope explains in detail the circumstances of the boy's conception, which took place in 1547 in Bologna after the Council of Trent had moved to that city; his motive was to assure his inheritance rights following the death (in 1546) of his father Cristoforo Boncompagni." He also served as a legate to Philip II of Spain (1556–1598), being sent by

234-568: A ship and an army of 800 men to land in Ireland to aid the Catholics against the Protestant plantations. To his dismay, Stukeley joined his forces with those of King Sebastian of Portugal against Sultan Abdul Malik of Morocco instead. Another papal expedition sailed to Ireland in 1579 with a mere 50 soldiers under the command of Fitzmaurice, accompanied by Sanders as papal legate . They took part in

273-407: A shipwreck in 1555. His galley was capsized during a violent storm in a harbor of Malta. When the storm had passed, knocking was heard from inside the overturned vessel. A hole was punched into its bottom and from it emerged Romegas, with his pet monkey, having somehow managed to stand for hours up to his chest in water in an air bubble under the keel of the ship. Grand Master de Valette witnessed

312-609: A year or two. Austria and Hungary followed in 1587. However, more than a century passed before Protestant Europe accepted the new calendar. Denmark-Norway , the remaining states of the Dutch Republic, and the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire and Switzerland adopted the Gregorian reform in 1700–01. By that time, the calendar trailed the seasons by 11 days. Great Britain , its American colonies and Ireland adopted

351-666: The Council of Trent . In the year 1552, Ugo Boncompagni confirmed the paternity of his son Giacomo (or Jacopo). As stated in the online Archivio Digitale Boncompagni Ludovisi: "One of the most valuable items to emerge from the new archival finds from the Villa Aurora is an autograph declaration in Latin and Italian dated 22 December 1552 by Ugo Boncompagni (1502–1585, from 1572 Pope Gregory XIII). Here Ugo confirms his paternity of Giacomo (or Jacopo) Boncompagni (1548–1612) by Maddalena de' Fucchinis,

390-622: The Council of Trent . He mandated that cardinals reside in their sees without exception, and designated a committee to update the Index of Forbidden Books . Gregory XIII was also the patron of a new and greatly improved edition of the Corpus juris canonici . In a time of considerable centralization of power, Gregory XIII abolished the Cardinals Consistories , replacing them with Colleges and appointing specific tasks for these colleges to work on. He

429-632: The German College at Rome , and put them in the charge of the Jesuits. In 1575, he gave official status to the Congregation of the Oratory , a community of priests without vows, dedicated to prayer and preaching (founded by Saint Philip Neri ). In 1580 he commissioned artists, including Ignazio Danti , to complete works to decorate the Vatican and commissioned The Gallery of Maps . Gregory also transformed

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468-679: The Second Desmond Rebellion . All of the soldiers and sailors on board, as well as the women and children who accompanied them, were beheaded or hanged on landing in Kerry in the Smerwick Massacre . In 1580, he was persuaded by English Jesuits to moderate or suspend the Bull Regnans in Excelsis (1570), which had excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England. Catholics were advised to obey

507-763: The Counts of Armagnac in the Late Middle Ages - abstract of a paper analyzing the household expenses of Count Bernard VII, from the Société Internationale des Médiévistes . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count_of_Armagnac&oldid=1233249886 " Category : Counts of Armagnac Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Gregory XIII Pope Gregory XIII ( Latin : Gregorius XIII ; Italian : Gregorio XIII ; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni ,

546-667: The Dominican studium founded in the 13th century at Rome into the College of St. Thomas in 1580, as recommended by the Council of Trent. This college was the precursor of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas Angelicum . Pope Gregory XIII is best known for commissioning the Gregorian calendar , initially authored by the physician/astronomer Aloysius Lilius and aided by Jesuit priest/astronomer Christopher Clavius , who made

585-571: The General Convent deposed La Cassiere and placed him in confinement in Fort St. Angelo , making Romegas the de facto Grand Master. The Pope sent a special envoy, Gaspare Visconti, to investigate and, simultaneously, to administer the Order until the dispute could be settled. La Cassiere and Romegas were both summoned to Rome to explain their conduct and plead their case. La Cassiere arrived in Rome on 26 October 1581 and, on orders of Pope Gregory XIII ,

624-711: The Gregorian calendar and has been almost universally adopted. Much of the populace bitterly opposed this reform; they feared it was an attempt by landlords to cheat them out of a week and a half's rent. However, the Catholic countries of Spain , Portugal , Poland-Lithuania , and the Italian states complied. France , some states of the Dutch Republic and various Catholic states in the Holy Roman Empire and Switzerland (both countries were religiously split) followed suit within

663-511: The Hunchbacked 1373–1384 Jean III 1384–1391 Bernard VII 1391–1418 Jean IV 1418–1450 Jean V 1450–1473 Charles I 1473–1497 House of Alençon [ edit ] Charles II 1509–1525 House of Albret [ edit ] Henri I 1527–1555 Jeanne of Albret 1555–1572 Henry II (king of France as Henry IV 1572–1589) House of Lorraine [ edit ] Henry de Lorraine,

702-638: The Papal States. The pope canonized four saints during his pontificate and in 1584 beatified his predecessor Pope Gregory VII . During his pontificate, the pope created 34 cardinals in eight consistories; this included naming his nephew Filippo Boncompagni to the cardinalate in the pope's first consistory in 1572. Gregory XIII also named four of his successors as cardinals all in 1583: Giovanni Battista Castagna (Urban VII), Niccolò Sfondrati (Gregory XIV), Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti (Innocent IX), and Alessandro de' Medici (Leo XI). The pope suffered from

741-516: The Penon de Velez, several Maltese galleys, under Romegas and de Giou, attacked and after a very bloody battle captured a large and heavily armed Ottoman galleon , under the command of Bairan Ogli Reis and with 200 Janissaries on board, near Kefalonia . The owner of the ship was Kustir Agha, the chief eunuch of the Sultan’s Seraglio , and the merchandise it carried, valued at about 80,000 ducats,

780-661: The Pope to investigate the Archbishop of Toledo Bartolomé Carranza . He formed a lasting and close relationship with the Spanish king, which aided his foreign policy aims as Pope. After Pope Pius V (1566–1572) died, the conclave chose Cardinal Boncompagni, who assumed the name of Gregory XIII in homage to Gregory the Great , a 6th-century reforming pope. It was a very brief conclave, lasting less than 24 hours. Many historians have attributed this to

819-740: The Vatican. In Rome, Gregory XIII built the Gregorian chapel in the Basilica of St. Peter and extended the Quirinal Palace in 1580. He also turned the Baths of Diocletian into a granary in 1575. He appointed his illegitimate son Giacomo , born to his mistress at Bologna before his papacy, castellan of Sant'Angelo and Gonfalonier of the Church ; Venice , anxious to please the Pope, enrolled his son among its nobles, and Philip II of Spain appointed him general in his army. Gregory also helped his son to become

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858-658: The Young 1607–1666 Louis de Lorraine 1666–1718, son of the above; Charles de Lorraine 1718–1751, son of the above. Notes [ edit ] ^ Bulletin de la Section de géographie , Vol.15, 131. ^ Bulletin de la Section de géographie , Vol.15, 131-132. ^ Bulletin de la Section de géographie , Vol.15, 132. References [ edit ] Bulletin de la Section de géographie , Vol.15, Ed. Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques , Imprimerie Nationale, 1900. External links [ edit ] The Households of

897-551: The dangers of the Protestants . He encouraged the plans of Philip II to dethrone Elizabeth I of England (reigned from 1558 to 1603), resulting in English Protestants suspecting Catholics as potential traitors and subversives. In 1578, to further the plans of exiled English and Irish Catholics such as Nicholas Sanders , William Allen , and James Fitzmaurice FitzGerald , Gregory outfitted adventurer Thomas Stukeley with

936-676: The event and remained a close friend of Romegas' for the remainder of his life. Serving with the Order’s General of the Galleys, Gozon de Melac, Romegas battled repeatedly with the galleys of Turgut Reis , captured Penon de Velez in 1564, on the North African coast opposite Malaga, a major stronghold of the Barbary Pirates , and enraged the Ottoman emperor Suleiman. Shortly after the capture of

975-467: The final modifications. This calendar is more accurate than the Julian calendar , which treats each year as 365 days and 6 hours in length, even though the actual length of a year is slightly less (365 days, 5 hours, and 49 minutes). As a result, the date of the vernal equinox had slowly, over the course of 13 centuries, slipped to 10 March, while the computus (calculation) of the date of Easter still followed

1014-1251: The 💕 French noble title [REDACTED] Coat of arms of the County of Armagnac (before 1304). [REDACTED] Coat of arms of the County of Armagnac (after 1304). The following is a list of rulers of the County of Armagnac : House of Armagnac [ edit ] William Count of Fézensac and Armagnac ?–960 Bernard the Suspicious , first count privative of Armagnac 960–? Gerald I Trancaléon  ?–1020 Bernard II Tumapaler 1020–1061 Gerald II 1061–1095 Arnauld-Bernard II (associated 1072 for about ten years) Bernard III 1095–1110 Gerald III 1110–1160 Bernard IV 1160–1188 Gerald IV Trancaléon 1188–1215 Gerald V 1215–1219 Bernart Arnaut d'Armagnac 1217–1226, in opposition Pierre-Gerald 1219–1241 Bernard V 1241–1245 Mascarose I (countess) 1245 Arnauld II , Count of Lectoure and Lomagne 1245–1249 Mascarose II 1249–1256 Eskivat de Chabanais , Lord of Chabannais 1249–1256 Gerald VI 1256–1285 Bernard VI 1285–1319 Jean I 1319–1373 Jean II

1053-456: The influence and backing of the Spanish king. Charles Borromeo and the cardinals wishing reform accepted Boncompagni's candidature and so supported him in the conclave, while the Spanish faction also deemed him acceptable due to his success as a nuncio in Spain. Once in the chair of Saint Peter , Gregory XIII dedicated himself to reform of the Catholic Church. He implemented the recommendations of

1092-490: The last Pope to have left issue. At the age of 36 he was summoned to Rome by Pope Paul III (1534–1549), under whom he held successive appointments as first judge of the capital, abbreviator , and vice-chancellor of the Campagna e Marittima . Pope Paul IV (1555–1559) attached him as datarius to the suite of Cardinal Carlo Carafa . Pope Pius IV (1559–1565) made him Cardinal-Priest of San Sisto Vecchio and sent him to

1131-565: The queen outwardly in all civil matters until such time as a suitable opportunity presented itself for her overthrow. After the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacres of Huguenots in France in 1572, Pope Gregory signaled his approval and celebrated a Te Deum mass. Three frescoes in the Sala Regia hall of the Vatican depicting the events were commissioned and painted by Giorgio Vasari . A commemorative medal

1170-493: The reformed calendar in 1752, where Wednesday 2 September 1752 was immediately followed by Thursday 14 September 1752; they were joined by the last Protestant holdout, Sweden , on 1 March 1753. The Gregorian calendar was not accepted in eastern Christendom for several hundred years, and then only as the civil calendar. Though he feared the invasion of Europe by the Turks , Gregory XIII's attentions were more consistently directed to

1209-679: The terror of Muslims on the waters and shores of the Mediterranean , continually raiding along the Barbary Coast , the Levant and the Aegean Sea and capturing numerous ships and slaves. At the request of the Pope he even waged a short, but vicious campaign against the Protestant Huguenot forces in parts of southern France. He first gained fame by virtue of a seemingly miraculous escape from

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1248-457: The traditional date of 21 March. Clavius verified this phenomenon. Gregory subsequently decreed, by the papal bull Inter gravissimas of 24 February 1582, that the day after Thursday, 4 October 1582 would be the fifteenth, not the fifth, of October. The new calendar replaced the Julian calendar, which had been used since 45 BC. Because of Gregory's involvement, the new calendar came to be known as

1287-404: Was eventually tripped up by the intrigues and machinations of several senior members of the Order who sought to use his prestige and influence for their own ends. Much resentment had built up within the Order and in the General Convent against Grand Master Jean de la Cassiere over a series of perceived humiliations suffered by the Order during his rule. In 1581, this led to a virtual mutiny, when

1326-859: Was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 May 1572 to his death in April 1585. He is best known for commissioning and being the namesake for the Gregorian calendar , which remains the internationally accepted civil calendar to this day. Ugo Boncompagni was born the son of Cristoforo Boncompagni (10 July 1470 – 1546) and of his wife, Angela Marescalchi, in Bologna , where he studied law and graduated in 1530. He later taught jurisprudence for some years, and his students included notable figures such as Cardinals Alexander Farnese , Reginald Pole and Charles Borromeo . He had an illegitimate son after an affair with Maddalena Fulchini, Giacomo Boncompagni , but before he took holy orders, making him

1365-508: Was his and that of a number of the sultan’s ladies, including his favorite daughter. Among the prisoners they took were the governor of Cairo, the governor of Alexandria, and the former nurse of Suleiman's daughter. This event led Suleiman the Magnificent to mobilize the great force that landed on Malta on 18 May 1565 to begin the Great Siege of Malta . During the siege itself, Romegas played

1404-563: Was issued with Gregory's portrait and on the obverse a chastising angel, sword in hand and the legend UGONOTTORUM STRAGES ("Overthrow of the Huguenots"). Gregory XIII was visited by the Tenshō embassy of Japan, becoming the first Pope to have received such an embassy. On behalf of the Japanese ruler Oda Nobunaga , they gifted him with the so-called Azuchi Screens , which were put on display within

1443-568: Was renowned for fierce independence; some confidants noted that he neither welcomed interventions nor sought advice. The power of the papacy increased under him, whereas the influence and power of the cardinals substantially decreased. Gregory XIII also established the Discalced Carmelites , an offshoot of the Carmelite Order , as a distinct unit or "province" within the former by the decree "Pia consideratione" dated 22 June 1580, ending

1482-555: Was the superintendent of the papal galleys. He again fought with distinction and after the battle was invited by Colonna to join him in Rome to celebrate the victory. In 1575 Romegas was appointed General of the Order’s Galleys and soon afterwards Grand Prior of Toulouse . In 1577 he was elected Lieutenant to the Grand Master. With his record of valor and success, he seemed destined to be elected Grand Master in due course, but he

1521-443: Was treated with much deference and ceremony. By contrast, Romegas was treated with extreme coldness and much disdain. He died, alone and with broken spirit, within a week, on 4 November 1581. La Cassiere was honorably acquitted of all charges against him and restored to the position of Grand Master. He did not live long enough, however, to enjoy his triumph, dying in Rome on 21 December 1581. Count of Armagnac From Misplaced Pages,

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