Philosophers
38-601: Rocksavage or Rock Savage was an Elizabethan mansion in Cheshire , England, which served as the primary seat of the Savage family . The house lies in ruins, at SJ526799 in Clifton (now a district of Runcorn ). Built in the 1560s for Sir John Savage, Rocksavage was one of the great Elizabethan houses of the county, a leading example of the Elizabethan prodigy house ; in 1674, it was
76-537: A Member of Parliament for Cheshire , Mayor of Chester and High Sheriff of Cheshire . James I dined at Rocksavage with his retinue on 21 August 1617 on his way to Vale Royal Abbey and Chester . John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers (1603–1654), declared for the royalist side during the Civil War ; Rocksavage was ransacked by parliamentarian forces, and the roof and part of the walls were destroyed. The first Duke of Monmouth stayed at Rocksavage on 13 September 1682 as
114-421: A chemical plant built by ICI and now owned by Ineos , which in its heyday employed 6,000. 53°18′55″N 2°42′49″W / 53.3153°N 2.7135°W / 53.3153; -2.7135 Elizabethan architecture Elizabethan architecture refers to buildings of a certain medieval style constructed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603. Historically,
152-653: A death occurring). In 2015, pursuant to the 2011 Perth Agreement , the Commonwealth realms changed the rules of succession to the 16 thrones of Elizabeth II to absolute primogeniture, except for male heirs born before the Perth Agreement. The effects are not likely to be felt for many years; the first two heirs at the time of the agreement (Charles, Prince of Wales, later Charles III , and his son William, Prince of Wales ) were already eldest born children, and in 2013 William's first-born son Prince George of Wales became
190-453: A guest of Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers , while touring Cheshire to assess support for a faction opposed to Charles II . The estate passed by marriage to James Barry, Earl of Barrymore in the early 18th century. Further buildings were constructed higher up the hill by Lord Barrymore, possibly by the architect Henry Sephton . Now known as Clifton Hall, these might have been intended as a replacement for Rocksavage or as service buildings for
228-469: A legal sense (according to that form of primogeniture) to the current title-holder. The clearest example occurs in the case of a childless bearer of a hereditary title that can only be inherited by one person. If at any time the title bearer were to produce children, those children would rank ahead of any person who had formerly been heir presumptive. Many legal systems assume childbirth is always possible regardless of age or health. In such circumstances
266-578: A number of Italian artists. Unlike Henry, Elizabeth built no new palaces, instead encouraging her courtiers to build extravagantly and house her on her summer progresses. The style they adopted was more influenced by the Northern Mannerism of the Low countries than Italy, among other features it used versions of the Dutch gable , and Flemish strapwork in geometric designs. Both of these features can be seen on
304-437: A person may be, in a practical sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive. Indeed, when Queen Victoria succeeded her uncle King William IV , the wording of the proclamation even gave as a caveat : ...saving the rights of any issue of his late Majesty King William IV, which may be born of his late Majesty's consort. This provided for the possibility that William's wife, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen ,
342-692: A single person. Most monarchies refer to the heir apparent of their thrones with the descriptive term of crown prince or crown princess , but they may also be accorded with a more specific substantive title : such as Prince of Orange in the Netherlands, Duke of Brabant in Belgium, Prince of Asturias in Spain (also granted to heirs presumptive), or the Prince of Wales in England and Wales; former titles include Dauphin in
380-486: A system of absolute primogeniture that disregards gender, female heirs apparent occur. As succession to titles, positions, or offices in the past most often favoured males, females considered to be an heir apparent were rare. Absolute primogeniture was not practised by any modern monarchy for succession to their thrones until the late twentieth century, with Sweden being the first to adopt absolute primogeniture in 1980 and other Western European monarchies following suit. Since
418-728: A wide range of architectural exemplars, fueled by the archaeology of Ancient Rome which inspired myriad printed designs of increasing elaboration and abstraction. As church building turned to the construction of great houses for courtiers and merchants, these novelties accompanied a nostalgia for native history as well as huge divisions in religious identity, plus the influence of continental mercantile and civic buildings. Insular traditions of construction, detail and materials never entirely disappeared. These varied influences on patrons who could favor conservatism or great originality confound attempts to neatly classify Elizabethan architecture. This era of cultural upheaval and fusions corresponds to what
SECTION 10
#1732881489239456-528: Is heir apparent to the Norwegian throne, and Victoria herself has a female heir apparent in her elder child, Princess Estelle . Victoria was not heir apparent from birth (in 1977), but gained the status in 1980 following a change in the Swedish Act of Succession . Her younger brother Carl Philip (born 1979) was thus heir apparent for a few months (and is a rare example of an heir apparent losing this status without
494-432: Is mainly seen in the great houses of courtiers, but lower down the social scale large numbers of sizeable and increasingly comfortable houses were built in developing vernacular styles by farmers and townspeople. Civic and institutional buildings were also becoming increasingly common. Renaissance architecture had achieved some influence in England during the reign of, and mainly in the palaces of, Henry VIII , who imported
532-603: Is often termed Mannerism and Late Cinquecento in Italy, French Renaissance architecture in France, and the Plateresque style in Spain . In contrast to her father Henry VIII , Elizabeth commissioned no new royal palaces, and very few new churches were built, but there was a great boom in building domestic houses for the well-off, largely due to the redistribution of ecclesiastical lands after
570-508: Is often widely spread around the country. Important examples of Elizabethan architecture include: In England, the Renaissance first manifested itself mainly in the distinct form of the prodigy house , large, square, and tall houses such as Longleat House , built by courtiers who hoped to attract the queen for a ruinously expensive stay, and so advance their careers. Often these buildings have an elaborate and fanciful roofline , hinting at
608-546: The Kingdom of France , and Tsesarevich in Imperial Russia . The term is also applied metaphorically to an expected successor to any position of power, e.g. a political or corporate leader. This article primarily describes the term heir apparent in a hereditary system regulated by laws of primogeniture —it may be less applicable to cases where a monarch has a say in naming the heir (performed either while alive, e.g. crowning
646-512: The Perpendicular style in church building, the fenestration, vaulting techniques, and open truss designs of which often affected the detail of larger domestic buildings. However, English design had become open to the influence of early printed architectural texts (namely Vitruvius and Leon Battista Alberti ) imported to England by members of the church as early as the 1480s. Into the 16th century, illustrated continental pattern-books introduced
684-694: The Weaver Viaduct over the M56 in Runcorn ; they are designated by Historic England as Grade II- listed . The 18th-century Clifton Hall was originally a U-shaped brick building with prominent stone pilasters . One arm of the has been demolished and the remnants are now surrounded by farm buildings. The house gave its name to a riverside area downstream of Clifton, now within the Weston area of Runcorn . In this area are Rocksavage Power Station and Rocksavage Works,
722-572: The marquessate . The design of the Elizabethan mansion was a quadrangle of four bays in the local red sandstone, built around a central courtyard, and was symmetrical but not classical. The main entrance was a gateway flanked by octagonal towers with domed tops and bridged by a crenellated wall. The towers are prominent in an engraving of the ruins, after Peter de Wint , which dates from around 1818 and appears in George Ormerod 's The History of
760-580: The County Palatine and City of Chester . Brereton Hall , built some twenty years later by Sir John Savage's ward and son-in-law Sir William Brereton , was modelled on Rocksavage and copied its paired octagonal towers. Unlike Brereton Hall, the string courses of the Rocksavage towers extended around the adjoining walls. The last major remnant of the house fell in around 1980. Only the orchard gateposts and fragments of garden and orchard walls now remain near
798-502: The Dissolution. The most characteristic type, for the very well-off, is the showy prodigy house , using styles and decoration derived from Northern Mannerism , but with elements retaining signifies of medieval castles, such as the normally busy roof-line. The Elizabethan era saw growing prosperity, and contemporaries remarked on the pace of secular building among the well-off. The somewhat tentative influence of Renaissance architecture
SECTION 20
#1732881489239836-542: The English or British throne; several times an heir apparent has died, but each example has either been childless or left a son or sons. However, there have been several female heirs apparent to British peerages (e.g. Frances Ward, 6th Baroness Dudley , and Henrietta Wentworth, 6th Baroness Wentworth ). In one special case, however, England and Scotland had a female heir apparent. The Revolution settlement that established William and Mary as joint monarchs in 1689 only gave
874-487: The adoption of absolute primogeniture by most of the Western European monarchies, examples of female heirs apparent include Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, and Princess Elisabeth of Belgium; they are, respectively, the oldest children of Kings Carl XVI Gustaf , Willem-Alexander , and Philippe . Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway is heir apparent to her father, who
912-605: The era sits between the long era of the dominant architectural style of religious buildings by the Catholic Church , which ended abruptly at the Dissolution of the Monasteries from c. 1536 , and the advent of a court culture of pan-European artistic ambition under James I (1603–1625). Stylistically, Elizabethan architecture is notably pluralistic. It came at the end of insular traditions in design and construction called
950-484: The evolution from medieval fortified architecture. It was also at this time that the long gallery became popular (for the Aristocracy) in English houses. This was apparently mainly used for walking in, and a growing range of parlours and withdrawing rooms supplemented the main living room for the family, the great chamber . The great hall was now mostly used by the servants, and as an impressive point of entry to
988-429: The heir as a rex iunior , or through the monarch's will ). In a hereditary system governed by some form of primogeniture , an heir apparent is easily identifiable as the person whose position as first in the line of succession to a title or office is secure, regardless of future births. An heir presumptive , by contrast, can always be "bumped down" in the succession by the birth of somebody more closely related in
1026-484: The house. Heirs apparent Works An heir apparent is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person. A person who is first in the current order of succession but could be displaced by the birth of a more eligible heir is known as heir presumptive . Today these terms most commonly describe heirs to hereditary titles (e.g. titles of nobility) or offices, especially when only inheritable by
1064-497: The late 1370s, when the family acquired lands at Clifton by the marriage of John Savage (d. 1386) to Margaret Danyers. Sir John Savage (d. 1597) built a new house at Clifton, which came to be known as Rock Savage, on a hillside overlooking the River Weaver . Started in around 1565, the sandstone house was completed in 1568 and was one of the great Elizabethan prodigy houses of Cheshire. Hearth-tax assessments of 1674 show that it
1102-532: The main mansion. A few years after these buildings were erected, Rocksavage was abandoned after the 4th earl 's daughter and heiress, Lady Penelope Barry , married into the Cholmondeley family and the principal seat of the combined estate became Cholmondeley House ; the empty house soon decayed and was already in ruins by 1782. The Marquesses of Cholmondeley use the courtesy title Earl of Rocksavage , one of their subsidiary titles , for heirs apparent to
1140-420: The next apparent successor. But even in legal systems that apply male-preference primogeniture, female heirs apparent are by no means impossible: if a male heir apparent dies leaving no sons but at least one daughter, then the eldest daughter would replace her father as heir apparent to whatever throne or title is concerned, but only when it has become clear that the widow of the deceased is not pregnant. Then, as
1178-458: The power to continue the succession through issue to Mary II, elder daughter of the previous king, James II . William, by contrast, was to reign for life only, and his (hypothetical) children by a wife other than Mary would be placed in his original place (as Mary's first cousin) in the line of succession—after Mary's younger sister Anne . Thus, after Mary's death William continued to reign, but he had no power to beget direct heirs, and Anne became
Rocksavage - Misplaced Pages Continue
1216-463: The representative of her father's line she would assume a place ahead of any more distant relatives. For example, had George, Prince of Wales (the future George IV) predeceased his father, King George III , between 1796 and 1817, the former's daughter, Princess Charlotte , being his only legitimate child, would have become heir apparent to the British throne. Such a situation has not to date occurred with
1254-401: The right to a place somewhere in the order of succession, but when it comes to what that place is, a female will rank behind her brothers regardless of their ages or her age. Thus, normally, even an only daughter will not be heir apparent, since at any time a brother might be born who, though younger, would assume that position. Hence, she is an heir presumptive. For example, Queen Elizabeth II
1292-602: The second largest house in Cheshire. James I visited in 1617. The house was abandoned after it passed into the Cholmondeley family early in the 18th century, and by 1782 only ruins remained. Rocksavage comprised a sandstone quadrangle around a central courtyard, with paired octagonal towers flanking the main entrance. Only fragments of its garden and orchard walls are still standing; they are listed as Grade II . The Savage family were important Cheshire landowners from
1330-520: The towers of Wollaton Hall and again at Montacute House . Flemish craftsmen succeeded the Italians that had influenced Tudor architecture; the original Royal Exchange, London (1566–1570) is one of the first important buildings designed by Henri de Paschen , an architect from Antwerp . However, most continental influences came from books, and there were a number of English "master masons" who were in effect architects and in great demand, so that their work
1368-482: Was heir presumptive during the reign of her father, King George VI ; had George fathered a legitimate son, then that child would have displaced Elizabeth in the line of succession and become heir apparent. However, a granddaughter could for example be heir apparent if she were the only daughter of the deceased eldest son of the sovereign (e.g. Queen Elizabeth II would have been heir apparent to George V if her oldest uncle and father both had died before their father). In
1406-417: Was pregnant at the moment of his death, since such a posthumous child, regardless of its sex, would have displaced Victoria from the throne. Adelaide was 44 at the time, so pregnancy was possible even if unlikely. Daughters (and their lines) may inherit titles that descend according to male-preference primogeniture, but only in default of sons (and their heirs). That is, both female and male offspring have
1444-468: Was the second largest house in the county, its fifty hearths being surpassed only by Cholmondeley House . An early 17th-century description praised the mansion's "magnificent fabric". The medieval family seat of Clifton Hall stood nearby, and was retained as farm and service buildings. John Savage's son, also named John (1554–1615) was the Seneschal of Halton Castle , and also served at various times as
#238761