73-898: Robert Traill Spence Lowell IV ( / ˈ l oʊ əl / ; March 1, 1917 – September 12, 1977) was an American poet. He was born into a Boston Brahmin family that could trace its origins back to the Mayflower . His family, past and present, were important subjects in his poetry. Growing up in Boston also informed his poems, which were frequently set in Boston and the New England region. The literary scholar Paula Hayes believes that Lowell mythologized New England, particularly in his early work. Lowell stated, "The poets who most directly influenced me ... were Allen Tate , Elizabeth Bishop , and William Carlos Williams . An unlikely combination! ... but you can see that Bishop
146-521: A cultivated New England accent , Harvard University , Anglicanism , and traditional British-American customs and clothing. Descendants of the earliest English colonists are typically considered to be the most representative of the Boston Brahmins. They are considered White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs). The phrase "Brahmin Caste of New England" was first coined by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. ,
219-624: A book, With Robert Lowell and His Circle , about her experience studying with Lowell at Boston University in 1959. From 1963 to 1970, Lowell commuted from his home in New York City to Boston to teach classes at Harvard. Scholar Helen Vendler attended one of Lowell's poetry courses and wrote that one of the best aspects of Lowell's informal style was that he talked about poets in class as though "the poets [being studied] were friends or acquaintances". Hamilton quoted students who stated that Lowell "taught 'almost by indirection', 'he turned every poet into
292-563: A definitive pentameter and a small handful also included rhyme. Regarding the issue of meter in these poems, Lowell wrote "My meter, fourteen line unrhymed blank verse sections, is fairly strict at first and elsewhere, but often corrupts in single lines to the freedom of prose." In the Notebook poems, Lowell included the poem "In The Cage," a sonnet that he had originally published in Lord Weary's Castle . He also included revised, sonnet versions of
365-795: A degree in Classics, he worked on a master's degree in English literature at Louisiana State University and taught introductory courses in English for one year before the U.S. entered World War II. Lowell was a conscientious objector during World War II and served several months at the federal prison in Danbury, Connecticut . He explained his decision not to serve in World War II in a letter addressed to President Franklin Roosevelt on September 7, 1943, stating, "Dear Mr President: I very much regret that I must refuse
438-409: A little of it, and said, 'It goes on rather a bit, doesn't it?' And then he read me the opening of Keats's 'Hyperion', the first version, and I thought all of that was sublime." After two years at Harvard, Lowell was unhappy, and his psychiatrist, Merrill Moore , who was also a poet, suggested that Lowell take a leave of absence from Harvard to get away from his parents and study with Moore's friend,
511-493: A means of moral restraint. Most belonged to the Unitarian or Episcopal churches, although some were Congregationalists or Methodists . Politically, they were successively Federalists , Whigs , and Republicans . They were marked by their manners and once distinctive elocution . Their distinctive Anglo-American manner of dress has been much imitated and is the foundation of the style now informally known as preppy . Many of
584-491: A mixed review. Although Jarrell liked the shorter poems, he thought the epic title poem didn't work, stating ""The people [in 'The Mills of the Kavanaughs'] too often seem to be acting in the manner of Robert Lowell, rather than plausibly as real people act . . .I doubt that many readers will think them real." Following The Mills of the Kavanaughs , Lowell hit a creative roadblock and took a long break from publishing. However, by
657-578: A physician and writer, in a January 1860 article in The Atlantic Monthly . The term Brahmin refers to the privileged, priestly caste within the four castes in the Hindu caste system . By extension, it was applied in the United States to the old wealthy New England families of British Protestant origin that became influential in the development of American institutions and culture. The influence of
730-546: A slightly Elizabethan tinge; it nevertheless renders a great deal of the excitement--if not the beauty--which exists in the original." Clurman accepted Lowell's contention that he wrote his version in a meter reminiscent of Dryden and Pope , and while Clurman conceded that the feel of Lowell's version was very different from the feel of French verse, Clurman considered it to be like "a finely fiery English poem," particularly in passages where "Lowell's muse took flame from Racine's shade." Lowell's next book of original verse For
803-809: A tumultuous marriage—the poet Anthony Hecht characterized it as "a tormented and tormenting one"— that ended in 1948. Shortly thereafter, in 1949, Lowell married the writer Elizabeth Hardwick with whom he had a daughter, Harriet, in 1957. After Hardwick's death in 2007, The New York Times would characterize the marriage as "restless and emotionally harrowing," reflecting the very public portrait of their marriage and divorce as Lowell captured it in his books For Lizzie and Harriet and The Dolphin . After 23 years of marriage to Elizabeth Hardwick, in 1970, Lowell left her for Caroline Blackwood . Blackwood and Lowell were married in 1972 in England where they decided to settle and where they raised their son, Sheridan. Lowell also became
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#1732863035437876-488: A turning point for American poetry in general. Because many of the poems documented details from Lowell's family life and personal problems, one critic, M. L. Rosenthal , labeled these poems "confessional" in a review of Life Studies that first appeared in The Nation magazine. Lowell's editor and friend Frank Bidart notes in his afterword to Lowell's Collected Poems, "Lowell is widely, perhaps indelibly associated with
949-435: A verse journal, first published as Notebook 1967-68 (and later republished in a revised and expanded edition, titled Notebook ). Lowell referred to these fourteen-line poems as sonnets although they sometimes failed to incorporate regular meter and rhyme (both of which are defining features of the sonnet form); however, some of Lowell's sonnets (particularly the ones in Notebook 1967-1968 ) were written in blank verse with
1022-464: A version of himself', [and] 'he told stories [about the poets' lives] as if they were the latest news.'" In March 2005, the Academy of American Poets named Life Studies one of their Groundbreaking Books of the 20th century, stating that it had "a profound impact", particularly over the confessional poetry movement that the book helped launch. The editors of Contemporary Literary Criticism wrote that
1095-467: Is a sort of bridge between Tate's formalism and Williams's informal art." Lowell wrote in both formal, metered verse as well as free verse; his verse in some poems from Life Studies and Notebook fell somewhere in between metered and free verse. After the publication of his 1959 book Life Studies , which won the 1960 National Book Award and "featured a new emphasis on intense, uninhibited discussion of personal, family, and psychological struggles", he
1168-481: Is a summer, an autumn, a winter, a spring, another summer; here the poem ends, except for turned-back bits of fall and winter 1968 ... My plot rolls with the seasons. The separate poems and sections are opportunist and inspired by impulse. Accident threw up subjects, and the plot swallowed them--famished for human chances. I lean heavily to the rational, but am devoted to surrealism . In this same "Afterthought" section, Lowell acknowledges some of his source materials for
1241-483: Is now thought of as a key 'political poem' of the 1960s." Pity the planet, all joy gone from this sweet volcanic cone; peace to our children when they fall in small war on the heels of small war—until the end of time to police the earth, a ghost orbiting forever lost in our monotonous sublime. –From "Waking Early Sunday Morning," Near the Ocean (1967) During 1967 and 1968, Lowell experimented with
1314-487: Is the new breakthrough that came with, say, Robert Lowell's Life Studies , this intense breakthrough into very serious, very personal, emotional experience which I feel has been partly taboo. Robert Lowell's poems about his experience in a mental hospital, for example, interested me very much." In an essay published in 1985, the poet Stanley Kunitz wrote that Life Studies was "perhaps the most influential book of modern verse since T. S. Eliot 's The Waste Land ." During
1387-814: The Iowa Writers' Workshop , together with Paul Engle and Robie Macauley . Later, Donald James Winslow hired Lowell to teach at Boston University , where his students included the poets Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton . Over the years, he taught at a number of other universities including the University of Cincinnati , Yale University , Harvard University , and the New School for Social Research . Numerous poets, critics and scholars, including Kathleen Spivack, James Atlas , Helen Vendler , and Dudley Young, have written essays about Lowell's teaching style and/or about his influence over their lives. In 2012, Spivack also published
1460-701: The New Critics , particularly Lowell's former professors, John Crowe Ransom and Allen Tate. Lowell's first book of poems, Land of Unlikeness (1944) was also highly influenced by Lowell's conversion to Catholicism, leading Tate to call Lowell "a Catholic poet" in his introduction to the volume. The book was published by a small press as a limited edition, but still received some "decent reviews" from major publications like Poetry and Partisan Review . In 1946, Lowell received wide acclaim for his next book, Lord Weary's Castle , which included five poems slightly revised from Land of Unlikeness and thirty new poems. Among
1533-535: The 1960s, Lowell was the most public, well-known American poet; in June 1967, he appeared on the cover of Time as part of a cover story in which he was praised as "the best American poet of his generation." Although the article gave a general overview of modern American poetry (mentioning Lowell's contemporaries like John Berryman and Elizabeth Bishop), Lowell's life, career, and place in the American literary canon remained
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#17328630354371606-418: The 1962 Bollingen Poetry Translation Prize. However, critical response to Imitations was mixed and sometimes hostile (as was the case with Vladimir Nabokov 's public response to Lowell's Mandelstam translations). In a review of Lowell's Collected Poems , the poet Michael Hofmann wrote that although he thought Life Studies was Lowell's best book, Imitations was Lowell's most "pivotal book," arguing that
1679-515: The Boston State House." Paula Hayes observes that, in this volume, "Lowell turned his attention toward ecology, Civil Rights, and labor rights ... often to the effect of combining the three concerns." For the Union Dead was Lowell's first book since Life Studies to contain all original verse (since it did not include any translations), and in writing the poems in this volume, Lowell built upon
1752-1212: The Brahmin families trace their ancestry back to the original 17th- and 18th-century colonial ruling class consisting of Massachusetts governors and magistrates, Harvard presidents, distinguished clergy, and fellows of the Royal Society of London , a leading scientific body, while others entered New England aristocratic society during the 19th century with their profits from commerce and trade, often marrying into established Brahmin families. Patrilineal line: Other notable relatives: Originally from Boston and Britain : Boylston Family Bradlee Family Direct line: Brinley Family of Boston, Newport, Rhode Island , and Shelter Island, New York : Originally from Boston and Britain : Originally of Hingham, Massachusetts : Originally of Newbury and Nantucket : Descendants by marriage: Originally of Hingham, Massachusetts : Descendant by marriage: Dana Family Delano Family Dudley Family Dwight Family Eliot Family Emerson Family Endicott Family Salem : Dedham : Everett Family Descendants through
1825-666: The Cabots talk only to God. Many 19th-century Brahmin families of large fortune were of common origin; fewer were of an aristocratic origin. The new families were often the first to seek, in typically British fashion, suitable marriage alliances with those old aristocratic New England families that were descended from land-owners in England to elevate and cement their social standing. The Winthrops, Dudleys, Saltonstalls, Winslows, and Lymans (descended from English magistrates, gentry, and aristocracy) were, by and large, happy with this arrangement. All of Boston's "Brahmin elite", therefore, maintained
1898-547: The Complete Correspondence between Elizabeth Bishop and Robert Lowell in 2008) and thereby influenced one another's work. Bishop's influence over Lowell can be seen at work in at least two of Lowell's poems: "The Scream" (inspired by Bishop's short story "In the Village") and " Skunk Hour " (inspired by Bishop's poem "The Armadillo"), and the scholar Thomas Travisano notes, more broadly, that "Lowell's Life Studies and For
1971-613: The Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1947 to 1948 (a position now known as the U.S. Poet Laureate ). In 1951, Lowell published The Mills of the Kavanaughs , which centered on its epic title poem and failed to receive the high praise that his previous book had received. Although it received a generally positive review in The New York Times , Randall Jarrell gave the book
2044-848: The Federal Judge John Lowell . His mother was a descendant of William Samuel Johnson , a signer of the United States Constitution ; Jonathan Edwards , the Calvinist theologian (about whom Lowell wrote the poems "Mr. Edwards and the Spider", "Jonathan Edwards in Western Massachusetts", "After the Surprising Conversions", and "The Worst Sinner"); Anne Hutchinson , the Puritan preacher and healer; Robert Livingston (who
2117-458: The French verse play Phèdre by 17th century playwright Jean Racine . Lowell changed the spelling of the title of the play to Phaedra . This translation was Lowell's first attempt at translating a play, and the piece received a generally positive review from The New York Times . Broadway director and theater critic Harold Clurman wrote that Lowell's Phaedra was "a close paraphrase of Racine with
2190-611: The National Book Award, he won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1947 and 1974, the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1977, and a National Institute of Arts and Letters Award in 1947. He is "widely considered one of the most important American poets of the postwar era." His biographer Paul Mariani called him "the poet-historian of our time" and "the last of [America's] influential public poets." Lowell
2263-547: The Union Dead (1964) was widely praised, particularly for its title poem, which invoked Allen Tate's " Ode to the Confederate Dead ." Helen Vendler states that the title poem in the collection "honors not only the person of [the Civil War hero] Robert Gould Shaw , but also the stern and beautiful memorial bronze bas-relief [depicting Shaw and the all-black 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment] ... which stands opposite
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2336-538: The Union Dead and later republished in a revised sonnet version for his book, Notebook 1967–1968 . Lowell received his high school education at St. Mark's School , a prominent prep school in Southborough, Massachusetts. There he met and was influenced by the poet Richard Eberhart , who taught at the school, and as a high school student, Lowell decided that he wanted to become a poet. At St. Mark's, he became lifelong friends with Frank Parker, an artist who later created
2409-525: The Union Dead , his most enduringly popular books, were written under Bishop's direct influence." Lowell also maintained a close friendship with Randall Jarrell from their 1937 meeting at Kenyon College until Jarrell's 1965 death. Lowell openly acknowledged Jarrell's influence over his writing and frequently sought out Jarrell's input regarding his poems before he published them. In a letter to Jarrell from 1957, Lowell wrote, "I suppose we shouldn't swap too many compliments, but I am heavily in your debt." Lowell
2482-579: The White House Festival of the Arts from President Lyndon Johnson in a letter that he subsequently published in The New York Times , stating, "We are in danger of imperceptibly becoming an explosive and suddenly chauvinistic nation, and may even be drifting on our way to the last nuclear ruin." Ian Hamilton notes that "throughout [1967], [Lowell] was in demand as a speaker and petition signer [against
2555-561: The act "a terrible piece of youthful callousness". After spending time with the Tates in Nashville (and attending some classes taught by John Crowe Ransom at Vanderbilt), Lowell decided to leave Harvard. When Tate and John Crowe Ransom left Vanderbilt for Kenyon College in Ohio, Lowell followed them and resumed his studies there, majoring in Classics, in which he earned an A.B. , summa cum laude . He
2628-416: The article's focus. Lowell married the novelist and short-story writer Jean Stafford in 1940. Before their marriage, in 1938, Lowell and Stafford were in a serious car crash, in which Lowell was at the wheel, that left Stafford permanently scarred, while Lowell walked away unscathed. The impact crushed Stafford's nose and cheekbone and required her to undergo multiple reconstructive surgeries. The couple had
2701-776: The better-known poems in the volume are "Mr. Edwards and the Spider" and " The Quaker Graveyard in Nantucket ." Lord Weary's Castle was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1947. That year, Lowell also was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship. Randall Jarrell gave Lord Weary's Castle high praise, writing, "It is unusually difficult to say which are the best poems in Lord Weary's Castle : several are realized past changing, successes that vary only in scope and intensity--others are poems that almost any living poet would be pleased to have written ... [and] one or two of these poems, I think, will be read as long as men remember English." Following soon after his success with Lord Weary's Castle , Lowell served as
2774-410: The book "exerted a profound influence on subsequent American poets, including other first generation confessionalists such as Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton." In a 1962 interview, Sylvia Plath stated that Life Studies had influenced the poetry she was writing at that time (and which her husband, Ted Hughes , would publish posthumously as Ariel a few years later): "I've been very excited by what I feel
2847-542: The book "marks the entry into his work of what one might term 'international style', something coolly open to not-quite-English." In the book's introduction, Lowell explained that his idiosyncratic translations should be thought of as "imitations" rather than strict translations since he took many liberties with the originals, trying to "do what [his] authors might have done if they were writing their poems now and in America." Also in 1961, Lowell published his English translation of
2920-483: The book also shows Lowell returning once again to writing loose translations (including verse approximations of Dante , Juvenal , and Horace ). The best-known poem in this volume is "Waking Early Sunday Morning," which was written in eight-line tetrameter stanzas (borrowed from Andrew Marvell 's poem "Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland") and showed contemporary American politics overtly entering into Lowell's work. Ian Hamilton noted that "'Waking Early Sunday Morning'
2993-480: The end of the decade, he started writing again and changed stylistic direction with his next book of verse, Life Studies (1959), which won the National Book Award for poetry in 1960 and became the most influential book that Lowell would ever publish. In his acceptance speech for the National Book Award, Lowell famously divided American poetry into two camps: the "cooked" and the "raw." This commentary by Lowell
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3066-459: The featured speakers at the event. Norman Mailer , who was also a featured speaker at the rally, introduced Lowell to the crowd of protesters. Mailer described the peace march and his impression of Lowell that day in the early sections of his non-fiction novel The Armies of the Night . Lowell was also a signer of the anti-war manifesto "A Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority" circulated by members of
3139-518: The height of the Cold War . In 1964, Lowell also wrote three one-act plays that were meant to be performed together as a trilogy, titled The Old Glory . The first two parts, "Endecott the Red Cross" and "My Kinsman, Major Molineux" were stage adaptations of short stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne , and the third part, "Benito Cereno," was a stage adaptation of a novella by Herman Melville . The Old Glory
3212-411: The looser, more personal style of writing that he had established in the final section of Life Studies . Lowell also wrote about a number of world historical figures in poems like "Caligula," "Jonathan Edwards in Western Massachusetts," and "Lady Raleigh's Lament," and he combined personal and public concerns in poems like the title poem and "Fall 1961" which addressed Lowell's fear of nuclear war during
3285-753: The marriage of Sarah Preston Everett (1796–1866) and noted journalist Nathan Hale (1784–1863): Of Marblehead and Salem : Forbes Family Gardner Family Originally of Essex county : Hallowell Family Holmes Family Jackson Family Knowles Family Lawrence Family Descendant by marriage: Abbott Lawrence Lowell (1856–1943), president of Harvard University Lodge Family Minot Family Norcross family Original from Watertown, Massachusetts Oakes family Otis family Paine Family Palfrey Family Parkman Family Peabody Family Perkins Family Phillips Family Mordecai Myers (New York politician) Too Many Requests If you report this error to
3358-533: The name of Yaddo as widely as possible" using his connections in the literary sphere and Washington. The Yaddo board voted to drop all charges against Ames. Lowell's letter to the president was his first major political act of protest, but it would not be his last. During the mid to late 1960s, Lowell actively opposed the Vietnam War . In response to American air raids in Vietnam in 1965, Lowell rejected an invitation to
3431-486: The new form so much that he reworked and revised many of the poems from Notebook and used them as the foundation for his next three volumes of verse, all of which employed the same loose, fourteen-line sonnet form. Boston Brahmin The Boston Brahmins , or Boston elite , are members of Boston 's historic upper class . From the late 19th century through the mid-20th century, they were often associated with
3504-513: The old American gentry has been reduced in modern times, but some vestiges remain, primarily in the institutions and the ideals that they championed in their heyday. The nature of the Brahmins is referenced in the doggerel "Boston Toast" by Holy Cross alumnus John Collins Bossidy: And this is good old Boston, The home of the bean and the cod , Where the Lowells talk only to Cabots , And
3577-510: The opportunity you offer me in your communication of August 6, 1943 for service in the Armed Force." He explained that after the bombing at Pearl Harbor , he was prepared to fight in the war until he read about the American terms of unconditional surrender that he feared would lead to the "permanent destruction of Germany and Japan." Before Lowell was transferred to the prison in Connecticut, he
3650-532: The poems "Caligula" and "Night-Sweat" (originally published in For the Union Dead ) and of "1958" and "To Theodore Roethke: 1908-1963" (originally published in Near the Ocean ). In his "Afterthought" at the end of Notebook 1967-1968 , Lowell explained the premise and timeline of the book: This is not my diary, my confession, not a puritan's too literal pornographic honesty, glad to share private embarrassment, and triumph. The time
3723-454: The poems, writing, "I have taken from many books, used the throwaway conversational inspirations of my friends, and much more that I idly spoke to myself." Some of the sources and authors he cites include Jesse Glenn Gray 's The Warriors , Simone Weil 's Half a Century Gone , Herbert Marcuse , Aijaz Ahmad , R. P. Blackmur , Plutarch , Stonewall Jackson , and Ralph Waldo Emerson . Steven Gould Axelrod wrote that, "[Lowell's concept behind
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#17328630354373796-442: The poet-professor Allen Tate who was then living in Nashville and teaching at Vanderbilt University . Lowell traveled to Nashville with Moore, who took Lowell to Tate's house. Lowell asked Tate if he could live with him and his wife, and Tate joked that if Lowell wanted to, Lowell could pitch a tent on Tate's lawn; Lowell then went to Sears to purchase a tent that he set up on Tate's lawn and lived in for two months. Lowell called
3869-640: The prints that Lowell used on the covers of most of his books. Lowell attended Harvard College for two years. While he was a freshman at Harvard, he visited Robert Frost in Cambridge and asked for feedback on a long poem he had written on the Crusades; Frost suggested that Lowell needed to work on his compression. In an interview, Lowell recalled, "I had a huge blank verse epic on the First Crusade and took it to him all in my undecipherable pencil-writing, and he read
3942-409: The prose piece "91 Revere Street", Lowell wrote that he was "thick-witted, narcissistic, thuggish". As a teenager, Lowell's peers gave him the nickname "Cal" after both the villainous Shakespeare character Caliban and the tyrannical Roman emperor Caligula , and the nickname stuck with him throughout his life. Lowell later referenced the nickname in his poem "Caligula", first published in his book For
4015-626: The radical intellectual collective RESIST . In 1968, Lowell publicly supported the Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy in his campaign for the Democratic nomination for president in a three-way primary against Robert F. Kennedy and Hubert Humphrey . Lowell spoke at numerous fundraisers for McCarthy in New York that year, but "[his] heart went out of the race" after Robert Kennedy's assassination . From 1950 to 1953, Lowell taught in
4088-448: The received culture of the old English gentry, including cultivating the personal excellence that they imagined maintained the distinction between gentlemen and freemen, and between ladies and women. They saw it as their duty to maintain what they defined as high standards of excellence, duty, and restraint. Cultivated, urbane, and dignified, a Boston Brahmin was supposed to be the very essence of enlightened aristocracy . The ideal Brahmin
4161-507: The sonnet form] was to achieve the balance of freedom and order, discontinuity and continuity, that he [had] observed in [Wallace] Stevens's late long poems and in John Berryman's Dream Songs , then nearing completion. He hoped that his form ... would enable him 'to describe the immediate instant,' an instant in which political and personal happenings interacted with a lifetime's accumulation of memories, dreams, and knowledge." Lowell liked
4234-458: The stepfather to Blackwood's young daughter, Ivana, for whom he would write the sonnet "Ivana," published in his book The Dolphin . Lowell had a close friendship with the poet Elizabeth Bishop that lasted from 1947 until Lowell's death in 1977. Both writers relied upon one another for critiques of their poetry (which is in evidence in their voluminous correspondence, published in the book Words in Air:
4307-412: The subject for some of Lowell's most influential poetry, as in his book Life Studies . When he was fifty, Lowell began taking lithium to treat the condition. Saskia Hamilton , the editor of Lowell's Letters , notes, "Lithium treatment relieved him from suffering the idea that he was morally and emotionally responsible for the fact that he relapsed. However, it did not entirely prevent relapses... And he
4380-518: The term 'confessional,'" though Bidart questions the accuracy of this label. But for better or worse, this label stuck and led to Lowell being grouped together with other influential confessional poets like Lowell's former students W. D. Snodgrass , Sylvia Plath, and Anne Sexton. Lowell followed Life Studies with Imitations (1961), a volume of loose translations of poems by classical and modern European poets, including Rilke , Montale , Baudelaire , Pasternak , and Rimbaud , for which he received
4453-427: The thrill of economic success quite attractive. The Brahmins warned each other against avarice and insisted upon personal responsibility. Scandal and divorce were unacceptable. This culture was buttressed by the strong extended family ties present in Boston society. Young men attended the same prep schools, colleges, and private clubs, and heirs married heiresses. Family not only served as an economic asset, but also as
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#17328630354374526-559: The war]. He was vehemently opposed to the war, but equivocal about being identified too closely with the 'peace movement': there were many views he did not share with the more fiery of the 'peaceniks' and it was not in his nature to join movements that he had no wish to lead." However, Lowell did participate in the October 1967 March on the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. against the war and was one of
4599-630: Was also an ancestor on Lowell's paternal side); Thomas Dudley , the second governor of Massachusetts; and Mayflower passengers James Chilton and his daughter Mary Chilton . Lowell's parents share a common descent from Philip Livingston , the son of Robert Livingston, and were sixth cousins. As well as a family history steeped in Protestantism , Lowell had notable Jewish ancestors on both sides of his family, which he discusses in Part II ("91 Revere Street") of Life Studies . On his father's side, Lowell
4672-440: Was born to United States Navy Cmdr. Robert Traill Spence Lowell III and Charlotte Winslow in Boston , Massachusetts. The Lowells were a Boston Brahmin family that included poets Amy Lowell and James Russell Lowell ; clergymen Charles Russell Lowell Sr. and Robert Traill Spence Lowell ; Civil War general and war hero Charles Russell Lowell III (about whom Lowell wrote his poem "Charles Russell Lowell: 1835-1864"); and
4745-460: Was considered an important part of the confessional poetry movement. However, much of Lowell's work, which often combined the public with the personal, did not conform to a typical "confessional poetry" model. Instead, Lowell worked in a number of distinctive stylistic modes and forms over the course of his career. He was appointed the sixth Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress , where he served from 1947 until 1948. In addition to winning
4818-443: Was elected to Phi Beta Kappa his junior year and was valedictorian of his class. He settled into the so-called "writer's house" (a dorm that received its nickname after it had accrued several ambitious young writers) with fellow students Peter Taylor , Robie Macauley and Randall Jarrell . Partly in rebellion against his parents, Lowell converted from Episcopalianism to Catholicism. After Lowell graduated from Kenyon in 1940 with
4891-534: Was held in a prison in New York City that he later wrote about in the poem "Memories of West Street and Lepke" in his book Life Studies , inspired by a prison encounter with notorious gangster Lepke Buchalter . While at Yaddo in 1949 Lowell became involved in the Red Scare and accused then director, Elizabeth Ames, of harboring communists and being romantically involved with another resident, Agnes Smedley . If Ames were not fired immediately, Lowell vowed to "blacken
4964-581: Was hospitalized many times throughout his adult life due to bipolar disorder , the mental condition then known as "manic depression". On multiple occasions, Lowell was admitted to the McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, and one of his poems, " Waking in the Blue ", references his stay in this large psychiatric facility. While bipolar disorder was often a great burden to the writer and his family, it also provided
5037-571: Was made in reference to the popularity of Allen Ginsberg and the Beat Generation poets and was a signal from Lowell that he was trying to incorporate some of their "raw" energy into his own poetry. The poems in Life Studies were written in a mix of free and metered verse, with much more informal language than he had used in his first three books. It marked both a turning point in Lowell's career and
5110-423: Was not only wealthy, but displayed what was considered suitable personal virtues and character traits. The Brahmin were expected to maintain the customary English reserve in dress, manner, and deportment, and cultivate the arts, support charities such as hospitals and colleges, and assume the role of community leaders. Although the ideal called on him to transcend commonplace business values, in practice many found
5183-519: Was produced off-Broadway at the American Place Theatre in New York City in 1964 and directed by Jonathan Miller . It won five Obie Awards in 1965 including an award for "Best American Play." The play was published in its first printing in 1965 (with a revised edition following in 1968). In 1967, Lowell published his next book of poems, Near the Ocean . With this volume, Lowell returned to writing more formal, metered verse. The second half of
5256-582: Was the great-great-grandson of Maj. Mordecai Myers (father of Theodorus Bailey Myers , Lowell's great-granduncle), a soldier in the War of 1812 and later mayor of Kinderhook and Schenectady ; and on his mother's side, he was descended from the German-Jewish Mordecai family of Raleigh, North Carolina , who were prominent in state affairs. As a youth, Lowell had a penchant for violence and bullying other children. Describing himself as an 8½-year-old in
5329-674: Was troubled and anxious about the impact of his relapses on his family and friends until the end of his life." Lowell died from a heart attack in a taxicab in Manhattan on September 12, 1977, at the age of 60, while on his way to see his ex-wife, Elizabeth Hardwick. He was buried in Stark Cemetery in Dunbarton, New Hampshire . Lowell's early poetry was "characterized by its Christian motifs and symbolism, historical references, and intricate formalism." His first three volumes were notably influenced by
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