79-786: Robert Devereux may refer to: Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1565–1601), favourite of Queen Elizabeth I, executed for treason Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex (1591–1646), son of the above Robert Devereux, 16th Viscount Hereford (1843–1930), English peer. Robert Devereux, 17th Viscount Hereford (1865–1952) Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount Hereford (1932–2004) Roberto Devereux , an 1837 opera by Donizetti Robert Devereux (rugby union) (1897–1974), American rugby union player Robert Devereux (civil servant) (born 1957), British civil servant Robbie Devereux (born 1971), English footballer See also [ edit ] Devereux (surname) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
158-562: A chained library in 1606, though the library had begun making acquisitions by 1596, with a terrestrial globe by the first English globe maker Emery Molineux being its first acquisition. The bookcases in the library (with the books chained to them) projected from the walls between the windows on both sides of the room forming alcoves for study: an arrangement that may still be seen in Duke Humphrey's Library in Oxford . The completion of this room
237-578: A poor campaign in Ireland during the Nine Years' War in 1599. In 1601, he led an abortive coup d'état against the government of Elizabeth I and was executed for treason . Devereux was born on 10 November 1565 at Netherwood near Bromyard , in Herefordshire , the son of Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex , and Lettice Knollys . His maternal great-grandmother Mary Boleyn was a sister of Anne Boleyn ,
316-439: A collection of songs edited by Robert Dowland . There have been many portrayals of Essex throughout the years: The best known biographical work about Robert Devereux is Lytton Strachey 's masterpiece Elizabeth and Essex . At least two fencing treatises are dedicated to Robert, Earl of Essex. They are as follows: Robert Devereux's death and confession became the subject of two popular 17th-century broadside ballads , set to
395-441: A contentious "Royal Loan" was made to Charles I of £600 (around 75% of the money in the school exchequer at the time); a further £47 was lent to the corporation of the town. The loan was acknowledged under seal by the king in the following terms: Charles Rex Trusty and well beloved we greet you well. Whereas ye have, out of your good affection to our present service and towards the supply of our extraordinary occasions, lent unto us
474-466: A dramatic denial, going down on his knees to give thanks to God for the opportunity. The witness whom Essex expected to confirm this allegation, his uncle William Knollys, was called and admitted there had once been read in Cecil's presence a book treating such matters. The book may have been either The book of succession supposedly by R. Doleman but probably by Robert Persons or Persons' A Conference about
553-557: A few landings, the Spanish withdrew. Essex's greatest failure was as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , a post which he talked himself into in 1599. The Nine Years' War (1595–1603) was in its middle stages, and no English commander had been successful. More military force was required to defeat the Irish chieftains, led by Hugh O'Neill, the Earl of Tyrone , and supplied from Spain and Scotland. Essex led
632-505: A force sent to the assistance of King Henry IV of France . In 1596, he distinguished himself by the capture of Cádiz . During the Islands Voyage expedition to the Azores in 1597, with Walter Raleigh as his second-in-command, he defied the queen's orders, pursuing the Spanish treasure fleet without first defeating the Spanish battle fleet. When the 3rd Spanish Armada first appeared off
711-501: A noise nobody could hear it. The incident provoked a mass of litigation in the courts of Chancery and Star Chamber in Westminster. A house (today called Stone Grange) was built for the school in 1617 in the nearby village of Grinshill as a retreat in times of plague. The stone buildings on Castle Gates, including a chapel, dormitories, library and classrooms, were completed by 1630, with Ashton's successor, John Meighen, founding
790-429: A preacher. By his persuasion, he confessed, and made himself guilty." In that same trial, Raleigh also denied that he had stood at a window during the execution of Essex's sentence, disdainfully puffing out tobacco smoke in sight of the condemned man. Essex in the end shocked many by denouncing his sister Penelope, Lady Rich as his co-conspirator: the queen, who was determined to show as much clemency as possible, ignored
869-479: A prosperous tailor, had purchased the Shrewsbury Abbey site after the dissolution) could remember being asked by a cooper in 1556 to witness a bond "at what time he was a scholar in the free school of Shrewsbury" aged about fifteen. In 1608 the town and the school were in fierce dispute about who should be appointed second master. The headmaster, John Meighen, wished to promote the third master, Ralph Gittins;
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#1732886598729948-481: A quarter of an hour to compile a report, which declared that his truce with O'Neill was indefensible and his flight from Ireland tantamount to the desertion of duty. He was committed to the custody of Sir Richard Berkeley in his own York House on 1 October, and he blamed Cecil and Raleigh for the queen's hostility. Raleigh advised Cecil to see to it that Essex did not recover power, and Essex appeared to heed advice to retire from public life, despite his popularity with
1027-524: A series of inconclusive engagements, wasted his funds, and dispersed his army into garrisons, while the Irish won two important battles in other parts of the country. Rather than face O'Neill in battle, Essex entered a truce that some considered humiliating to the Crown and to the detriment of English authority. The queen told Essex that if she had wished to abandon Ireland it would scarcely have been necessary to send him there. In all of his campaigns, Essex secured
1106-565: A special license had been obtained from Mathew Parker , Elizabeth I 's first Archbishop of Canterbury , on the grounds that that Ashton not being available would damage the progress of the school's foundation. Ashton was a contemporary of Roger Ascham at St John's, Cambridge : Ascham was a writer on theories of education and served in the administrations of Edward VI, Mary I , and Elizabeth I, having earlier acted as Elizabeth's tutor in Greek and Latin between 1548 and 1550. Early pupils were taught
1185-426: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex , KG , PC ( / ˈ d ɛ v ə ˌ r uː / ; 10 November 1565 – 25 February 1601) was an English nobleman and a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I . Politically ambitious, and a committed general, he was placed under house arrest following
1264-447: Is not easily available, as the registers and papers between these periods have been lost for many years. Nevertheless, diplomat Richard Hill , Baron Digby Governor of King's County in Ireland, Robert Price , Justice of the Court of Common Pleas , poet and politician Arthur Maynwaring and Thomas Bowers , Bishop of Chichester , attended the school at this time. Celia Fiennes visited
1343-530: The Commonwealth period following the execution of Charles I, Richard Baxter suggested the establishment of a university to serve Wales at Shrewsbury, using the school's premises, but due to lack of financial provision it came to nothing. Had that scheme come to fruition the town of Shrewsbury would have the third oldest university in England behind Oxford and Cambridge. The history of the school between 1664 and 1798
1422-463: The Geneva Bible and is reputed to be the inspiration for the hero of Shakespeare's As You Like It of the same name, had the grant of certain of the abbey's holdings and was involved in the founding petitions. Also involved in the founding petitions was Reginald Corbet (who married Hill's heiress, Alice Gratewood), a justice of the peace for Shropshire and commissioner for chantries in
1501-586: The Public Schools Act 1868 , which ultimately related only to the boarding schools. The school continued in the 1600s buildings on its original site, until it was relocated in 1882, when Moss moved the school from its original town centre location to a new site of 150 acres (61 ha) in Kingsland (an area of land which at one time belonged to the Crown and granted to the Corporation at "a rather remote period,
1580-512: The 1605 Gunpowder Plot ) and entered the city of London in an attempt to force an audience with the queen. Cecil immediately had him proclaimed a traitor. A force under John Leveson placed a barrier across the street at Ludgate Hill . When Essex's men tried to force their way through, Essex's stepfather, Christopher Blount , was injured in the resulting skirmish, and Essex withdrew with his men to Essex House. Essex surrendered after Crown forces besieged Essex House. On 19 February 1601, Essex
1659-435: The 1980s because the structure was by then unsound. In 1798, a specific Act of Parliament, The Shrewsbury School Act, was passed for the better government of the school. The act contains an oath to be taken by the governors, and confirmed Lord Chancellor as visitor (as for all Royal foundations). This statutory scheme was later amended by the Court of Chancery , in 1853. The school had just three headmasters during
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#17328865987291738-504: The 19th century. Samuel Butler was appointed headmaster in 1798. Writing at this time he observed: "This school was once the Eton or the Westminster of Wales and all Shropshire", and under his leadership the school's reputation, which had receded from the Civil War , again grew. In 1839 an incident known as the "Boiled Beef Row" took place, where the boys walked out of the school in protest at
1817-508: The English folk tunes Essex Last Goodnight and Welladay . Numerous ballads lamenting his death and praising his military feats were also published throughout the 17th century. Shrewsbury School Shrewsbury School is a public school in Shrewsbury . Founded in 1552 by Edward VI by Royal Charter , to replace the town's Saxon collegiate foundations which were disestablished in
1896-471: The English coast in October 1597, the English fleet was far out to sea, with the coast almost undefended, and panic ensued. This further damaged the relationship between the queen and Essex, even though he was initially given full command of the English fleet when he reached England a few days later. Fortunately, a storm dispersed the Spanish fleet. A number of ships were captured by the English and though there were
1975-526: The Next Succession to the Crown of England , works which favoured a Catholic successor friendly to Spain. Knollys denied hearing Cecil make the statement. Thanking God again, Cecil expressed his gratitude that Essex was exposed as a traitor while he was found an honest man. Essex was found guilty and, on 25 February 1601, was beheaded on Tower Green , the last person to be beheaded in the Tower of London . It
2054-574: The Whole has the Face of a College." A wing was added to the buildings on the original site during the Georgian period, connected to Rigg's Hall and spanning the old town wall. Although this building was listed at grade two it was demolished around 100 years after the school had vacated the building when Shropshire County Council, who operated the buildings as a public library were engaged in major restorations works in
2133-480: The basis of the dedication of "The Earl of Essex's Galliard", an instrumental version of the same song. Dowland also sets the opening verses of Essex's poem "The Passion of a Discontented Mind" ("From silent night") in his 1612 collection of songs. Orlando Gibbons set lines from the poem in the same year. Settings of Essex's poems " Change thy minde " (set by Richard Martin) and " To plead my faith " (set by Daniel Bacheler ) are published in A Musicall Banquet (1610),
2212-584: The borough bailiffs (mayors after 1638) had the power to appoint masters, with Ashton's old St John's College, Cambridge having an academic veto. Shrewsbury has retained links with the college, with the continued appointment of Johnian academics to the Governing Body, and the historic awarding of "closed" Shrewsbury Exhibitions. Scholars from the school were from time to time employed by the local community to draw and witness bonds for illiterate tradesmen in this period; for instance Richard Langley (whose father,
2291-610: The buildings, but after the arrival of Dr Kennedy football was permitted, for which the school acquired a ground in Coton Hill (north of Castle Gates). Under Butler and Kennedy, Shrewsbury was one of three provincial schools among the nine studied by the Clarendon Commission of 1861–64 (the schools considered being Eton , Charterhouse , Harrow , Rugby , Westminster , and Winchester , and two day schools: St Paul's and Merchant Taylors ). Shrewsbury went on to be included in
2370-581: The catechism of Calvin . The school attracted large numbers of pupils from Protestant families in Shropshire, North Wales and beyond, with 266 boys on its roll at the end of 1562. Early pupils lodged with local families. For example, Sir Philip Sidney (who had a well-known correspondence with his father about his schooling) lodged in the castle ward with George Leigh , who had been Member of Parliament for Shrewsbury . In this period Elizabeth I's favourite Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester also visited
2449-565: The charge. Some days before the execution, Captain Thomas Lee was apprehended as he kept watch on the door to the queen's chambers. His plan had been to confine her until she signed a warrant for the release of Essex. Captain Lee, who had served in Ireland with the Earl, and who acted as a go-between with the Ulster rebels, was tried and put to death the next day. Essex's conviction for treason meant that
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2528-511: The citizens of London to join them in their treason, and endeavoured to get the City of London into their possession and power, and wounded and killed many of the queen's subjects then and there assembled for the purpose of quelling such rebellion." Essex was charged also with holding the Lord Keeper and the other Privy Councillors in custody "for four hours and more." Part of the evidence showed that he
2607-582: The county, who was paid ten shillings in 1548 "for a supplication exhibited to the Lord Chancellor to obtain a free school." Significantly, there was also a receipt for 20 pence to bribe the Lord Chancellor 's servant to win his ear. Shrewsbury School was founded by charter granted by King Edward VI on 10 February 1552. The school began operation in a house and land purchased from John Proude in 1551, together with three rented half-timbered buildings, which included Riggs Hall, built in 1450. These are now
2686-513: The ear, prompting him to half draw his sword on her. In 1589, he took part in Francis Drake 's English Armada , which sailed to Spain in an unsuccessful attempt to press home the English advantage following the defeat of the Spanish Armada , but the queen had ordered him not to take part. The English Armada was defeated with 40 ships sunk and 15,000 men lost. In 1591, he was given command of
2765-428: The earldom was forfeit and his son did not inherit the title. However, after the queen's death, King James I of England reinstated the earldom in favour of the disinherited son, Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex . There is a widely repeated romantic legend about a ring given by Elizabeth to Essex. There is a possible reference to the legend by John Webster in his 1623 play The Devil's Law Case suggesting that it
2844-546: The early eighteenth century, Daniel Defoe also visited the school, noting: "Here is a good Free-school, the most considerable in this Part of England; founded by King Edward VI and endowed by Queen Elizabeth, with a very sufficient Maintenance for a Chief or Headmaster, and three Under-masters or Ushers. The Buildings, which are of Stone, are very spacious, particularly the Library, which has a great many Books in it. The School-masters have also very handsome Houses to dwell in; for that
2923-453: The exact date of which appears not to be known", but apparently before 1180 ), on the south bank of the River Severn overlooking the town. A legacy of this move can be seen in the school premises being referred to as "The Site". In the later Renaissance , this land had been devoted to elaborate performances, with grand arbours being built by the guilds. Some of the arbours survive, such as
3002-553: The food, and the praepostors were all removed from office. In this period (1818–1825) Charles Darwin attended the school. Butler was succeeded by his pupil Benjamin Hall Kennedy (of Latin Primer fame) in 1836, who in turn gave way to Henry Whitehead Moss in 1866. The school's original Castle Gates premises had little in way of provision for games. Under Dr Butler, there were two fives courts and playgrounds in front of and behind
3081-679: The for the Shoemakers (now in the Quarry Park ). The school was relocated in the current Main School Building which dates from 1765 and had at different times housed a foundling hospital and the Shrewsbury workhouse , before translating to this current use. In order to meet this new purpose, it was remodelled by Sir Arthur Blomfield (whose other educational commissions include Marlborough College and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford ). At this time,
3160-639: The friendship circle comprising Robert, Sir Fulke Greville and Sir Phillip Sidney, Mary Sidney, by then Countess of Pembroke , and Robert's sister Penelope who inspired the "Stella" of Phillip Sidney's Astrophel and Stella sonnet sequence. Essex performed military service under his stepfather in the Netherlands , before making an impact at court and winning the queen's favour. In 1590, he married Frances Walsingham , daughter of Sir Francis Walsingham and widow of Sir Philip Sidney , by whom he had several children, three of whom survived into adulthood. Elizabeth
3239-459: The headmaster's side and preferring Gittins on the basis that only the son of a burgess could serve as second master. Jamming the school benches against the doors, they barricaded themselves in the school until the following Saturday, passing a "great hammer" between themselves which had been used to gain entry to the school. The authorities sought to read the Statute on Rebellion, but the women made such
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3318-578: The largest expeditionary force ever sent to Ireland —16,000 troops —with orders to put an end to the rebellion. He departed London to the cheers of the queen's subjects, and it was expected the rebellion would be crushed instantly, but the limits of Crown resources and of the Irish campaigning season dictated otherwise. Essex had declared to the Privy Council that he would confront O'Neill in Ulster . Instead, he led his army into southern Ireland, where he fought
3397-412: The loyalty of his officers by conferring knighthoods, an honour the queen dispensed sparingly, and by the end of his time in Ireland more than half the knights in England owed their rank to him. The rebels were said to have joked that, "he never drew sword but to make knights", but his practice of conferring knighthoods could in time enable Essex to challenge the powerful factions at Cecil's command. He
3476-463: The mother of Queen Elizabeth I, making him a first-cousin-twice-removed of the queen. He was brought up on his father's estates at Chartley Castle , Staffordshire, and at Lamphey , Pembrokeshire , in Wales . He was educated by Thomas Ashton (an influential figure in the evolution of Tudor drama), previously headmaster of Shrewsbury School within his father's household. His father died in 1576, and
3555-515: The mythical Atlas. During his disgrace, he also wrote several bitter and pessimistic verses. His longest poem, " The Passion of a Discontented Mind " (beginning "From silent night..."), is a penitential lament, probably written while imprisoned awaiting execution. Several of Essex's poems were set to music. English composer John Dowland set a poem called " Can she excuse my wrongs with virtue's cloak ?" in his 1597 publication First Booke of Songs : these lyrics have been attributed to Essex, largely on
3634-433: The new Earl of Essex became a ward of Lord Burghley of Burghley House . In 1577, he was admitted as a fellow-commoner at Trinity College, Cambridge ; in 1579, he matriculated ; and in 1581 he graduated as a Master of Arts . On 21 September 1578, Essex's mother married Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester , Elizabeth I's long-standing favourite and Robert Devereux's godfather. The following year, Francis Bacon joined
3713-509: The old site ) was also built at this time, as was Churchill's Hall and Moser's Hall: these buildings are the work of William White . A gothic chapel was built for the school (also by Blomfield) in 1887, though it has been noted that "Christian religion played only a very small part in the life of the Public Schools... [and] at Shrewsbury the Governors refused to allow Butler to address
3792-463: The only remaining part of the original buildings occupied by the institution. Archaeological excavations of the sites of these first buildings in 1978 revealed finds going back to the Saxon period, along with relics of the school, now in the town collections. The early curriculum was based on Continental Calvinism under its foundational headmaster, Thomas Ashton (appointed 1562). Prior to his appointment
3871-594: The original premises were converted to a public Free Library and Museum by the Shrewsbury Borough Council, opening in their new role in 1885; over the course of the 20th century the library purpose gradually took over the whole building, to which major restoration was done in 1983. Blomfield also designed School House, to the east of the Main School building which was constructed during the 1880s. The new Riggs Hall (which had existed from Tudor buildings at
3950-489: The population of the town grew by about 5% when the boarders returned during term time during this period. In 1585 the schoolboys stood in battle array with bows and arrows by the castle gates when the Earl of Essex entered the town. In 1578 Ashton returned to Shrewsbury, where he had been ordered by an indenture of Elizabeth I to set out the ordinances governing the school, which were in force until 1798. Under these regulations,
4029-461: The public. During his confinement at York House, Essex probably communicated with King James VI of Scotland through Lord Mountjoy , although any plans he may have had at that time to help the Scots king capture the English throne came to nothing. In October, Mountjoy was appointed to replace him in Ireland, and matters seemed to look up for the Earl. In November, the queen was reported to have said that
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#17328865987294108-410: The queen by attempting to gain power and underestimating her ability to rule and wield power. Essex did underestimate the queen, however, and his later behaviour towards her lacked due respect and showed disdain for the influence of her principal secretary, Robert Cecil . On one occasion during a heated Privy Council debate on the problems in Ireland, the queen reportedly cuffed an insolent Essex round
4187-528: The queen, who relished his lively mind and eloquence, as well as his skills as a showman and in courtly love. In June 1587 he replaced the Earl of Leicester as Master of the Horse . After Leicester's death in 1588, the queen transferred the late Earl's royal monopoly on sweet wines to Essex, providing him with revenue from taxes. In 1593, he was made a member of her Privy Council . It is reported that his friend and confidant Francis Bacon warned him to avoid offending
4266-402: The ring in question and prevents her sending it, and (b) is the ultimate reason for Queen Elizabeth withdrawing her support for Essex at his trial. The actual question of Devereux's genuine guilt or innocence is sidelined (as is his actual failed rebellion), and the trial is presented as effectively a Parliamentary witch-hunt led by Cecil and Raleigh. Like many other Elizabethan aristocrats Essex
4345-571: The ring to Elizabeth via the Countess of Nottingham , but the countess kept the ring because her husband was an enemy of Essex. As a result, Essex was executed. On her deathbed, the countess is said to have confessed this to Elizabeth, who angrily replied: "May God forgive you, Madam, but I never can". The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in Westminster Abbey possess a gold ring which is claimed to be this one. Some historians consider this story of
4424-413: The ring to be a myth, partly because there are no contemporaneous accounts of it. John Lingard in his history of England says the story appears to be fiction. Lytton Strachey states "Such a narrative is appropriate enough to the place where it was first fully elaborated—a sentimental novelette, but it does not belong to history", and Alison Weir calls it a fabrication. Nevertheless, this version of
4503-408: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Devereux&oldid=835488289 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
4582-499: The school at a service" prior to this increased focus in the Victorian period. Its south and east windows in the chapel are by Kempe , employing medieval narrative style for lives of saints, scenes from the history of the school. Other buildings have since grown up around the edge of the site, with sports pitches in the centre, with diverse buildings being added to the new site over the last 130 years. The main school building suffered
4661-465: The school in 1698 and recorded the school as follows: "Here are three free schooles together, built of free stone, 3 Large roomes to teach the Children, w severall masters. Y first has 150 a year y second 100 y third 50 a year and teach Children from reading English till fit for y University, and its free for Children not only of y town but for all over England if they Exceed not y numbers... ". In
4740-561: The school moved in 1882, is on the south bank of the River Severn . Since Saxon times the Collegiate Churches of were providing education in the town, complemented by the foundation of Shrewsbury Abbey in the 11th century. These were all broken up in the Reformation , although there is a mention of a grammar school at Shrewsbury in a court case of 1439. Shrewsbury School was founded in response to those interruptions to
4819-454: The school to see his nephew Thomas Sidney and attended a service at St Mary's Church. Sidney attended the school along with his lifelong friend Fulke Greville (later Lord Brooke), The literary output of these school-day associations became significant: in 1579 Francis Bacon joined their circle, which also included Mary Sidney (Philip's brother, by then Countess of Pembroke ). Ashton resigned his headmastership in 1568. From 1571, Ashton
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#17328865987294898-582: The sixteenth century, Shrewsbury School is one of the seven public schools subject to the Public Schools Act 1868 and one of the nine schools reviewed by the Clarendon Commission between 1861 and 1864. It was originally a boarding school for boys, girls have been admitted into the Sixth Form since 2008, and the school has been co-educational since 2015. As of Michaelmas Term 2023, the school has 842 pupils: 522 boys and 320 girls. There are seven boys' houses and five girls' houses. The present site, to which
4977-437: The story forms the basis of the plot of Gaetano Donizetti 's opera Roberto Devereux , with a further twist added to the story, in that Essex is cheating on both the queen and his best friend by having an affair with Lady Nottingham (who in the opera is given the wrong first name of Sarah rather than Catherine): and that this turns out to be (a) the reason why Lord Nottingham turns against his now former friend, when he discovers
5056-618: The sum of £600, being a stock belonging to your school founded by our royal predecessor King Edward the Sixth, in this our Town of Shrewsbury. We do hereby promise that we shall cause the same to be truly repaid unto you whensoever ye shall demand the same, and shall always remember the loan of it as a very acceptable service unto us. Given under our Signet at our Court at Shrewsbury this nth of October, 1642. To our trusty and well beloved Richard Gibbons, late Mayor of our Town of Shrewsbury, and Thomas Chaloner, Schoolmaster of our Free School there. This
5135-450: The town wished to appoint Simon Moston on the recommendation of St John's College, whose fellows had a say in the appointment of new masters. When the town's bailiffs came to install their preferred candidate on 31 August 1608, the building had already been occupied by about 60 women from the town (including three spinsters, two widows, the wives of mercers, tailors, weavers, butchers, shoemakers, tanners, glovers, carpenters and coopers) taking
5214-467: The town's ancient traditions in education in the Reformation: the disruption caused significant local ill feeling, and by 1542, townspeople were beginning to petition Henry VIII for remedy. They devised a scheme hoping to use the proceeds from the dissolution of Shrewsbury Abbey for a renewed provision of education. They were not immediately successful. The statesman Sir Rowland Hill (who published
5293-501: The truce with O'Neill was "so seasonably made... as great good... has grown by it." Others in the council were willing to justify Essex's return from Ireland, on the grounds of the urgent necessity of a briefing by the commander-in-chief. Cecil kept up the pressure and, on 5 June 1600, Essex was tried before a commission of 18 men. He had to hear the charges and evidence on his knees. Essex was convicted, deprived of public office, and returned to virtual confinement. In August, his freedom
5372-477: Was a competent lyric poet, who also participated in court entertainments. He engaged in literary as well as political feuds with his principal enemies, including Walter Raleigh. His poem " Muses no more but mazes " attacks Raleigh's influence over the queen. Other lyrics were written for masques, including the sonnet " Seated between the old world and the new " in praise of the queen as the moral power linking Europe and America, who supports "the world oppressed" like
5451-448: Was against the marriage. Sidney, who was Leicester's nephew, had died from an infected gun wound in 1586, 31 days after his participation in the Battle of Zutphen in which Essex had distinguished himself. In October 1591, Essex's mistress, Elizabeth Southwell , gave birth to their son Walter Devereux (died 1641) . Devereux first came to court in 1584, and by 1587 had become a favourite of
5530-518: Was celebrated by the masters and Bailiffs on 1 October 1612 by taking cake and wine in the new space. Shrewsbury was occupied on behalf of the King during the Civil War , who briefly made the town his capital from September 1642. A council of war was appointed for the whole district, of which Lord Capel was president. This council held its meetings in the school library, and some of the school's books were damaged during this time. Around September 1642
5609-603: Was considered a misappropriation of the school's funds. This was litigated in the Court of Chancery and before the Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal by the corporation of the town after the end of the civil war. The record of the royal loan appeared in the school register at the time of the November audit of 1642, but was torn out by the time the matter was before the courts. The borrowed funds were never recovered. During
5688-477: Was granted, but the source of his basic income—the sweet wines monopoly—was not renewed. His situation had become desperate, and he shifted "from sorrow and repentance to rage and rebellion." In early 1601, he began to fortify Essex House , his town mansion on the Strand , and gathered his followers. On the morning of 8 February, he marched out of Essex House with a party of nobles and gentlemen (some later involved in
5767-489: Was in favour of toleration of religious dissent. In his own evidence, he countered the charge of dealing with Catholics, swearing that "papists have been hired and suborned to witness against me." Essex also asserted that Cecil had stated that none in the world but the Infanta of Spain had right to the Crown of England, whereupon Cecil (who had been following the trial at a doorway concealed behind some tapestry) stepped out to make
5846-453: Was in the service of Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex , was involved in the education of his son the 2nd Earl , and was employed in confidential communications with Queen Elizabeth I and the Privy Council . Having achieved a reputation for excellence under Ashton, in 1571 the school was augmented by Elizabeth I. By 1581, the school had 360 pupils, and it was described by William Camden in 1582 as "the best filled [school] in all England";
5925-414: Was known at this time, but the first printed version of it is in the 1695 romantic novel The Secret History of the most renowned Queen Elizabeth and the Earl of Essex, by a Person of Quality . The version given by David Hume in his History of England says that Elizabeth had given Essex a ring after the expedition to Cádiz that he should send to her if he was in trouble. After his trial, he tried to send
6004-523: Was properly wigged or gowned. On that day, the Privy Council met three times, and it seemed his disobedience might go unpunished, but the queen did confine him to his rooms with the comment that "an unruly beast must be stopped of his provender." Essex appeared before the full Council on 29 September, when he was compelled to stand before the council during a five-hour interrogation. The Council—his uncle William Knollys, 1st Earl of Banbury included—took
6083-457: Was reported to have taken three strokes by the executioner Thomas Derrick to complete the beheading. Previously Thomas Derrick had been convicted of rape but had been pardoned by the Earl of Essex (clearing him of the death penalty) on the condition that he become an executioner at Tyburn . At Sir Walter Raleigh 's own execution on 29 October 1618, it was alleged that Raleigh had said to a co-conspirator, "Do not, as my Lord Essex did, take heed of
6162-500: Was the second Chancellor of the University of Dublin , serving from 1598 to 1601. He was educated at Trinity College Dublin . Relying on his general warrant to return to England, given under the great seal, Essex sailed from Ireland on 24 September 1599 and reached London four days later. The queen had expressly forbidden his return and was surprised when he presented himself in her bedchamber one morning at Nonsuch Palace , before she
6241-549: Was tried before his peers on charges of treason. Laura Hanes Cadwallader summarised the indictment: The indictment charged Essex with "conspiring and imagining at London...to depose and slay the queen, and to subvert the Government." It also stated that Essex had "endeavoured to raise himself to the Crown of England, and usurp the royal dignity," and that in order to fulfill these intentions, he and others "rose and assembled themselves in open rebellion, and moved and persuaded many of
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