Tony Alvarez , known as DJ Tony A. Da Wizard (also known TT Wizard snf DJ Tony A.) is an American DJ, music producer and film director .
118-651: He is best known for creating The Roadium Mixtapes with Dr. Dre and Steve Yano at the Roadium Swap Meet in Gardena, California. He also produced and DJed for the rapper Hi-C featuring Tony A. on the album titled Skanless . Tony A. was born in Torrance, California. At the age of 11, in 1979, Tony first saw what a DJ was when he went with his brother to Noah's Ark in Long Beach . From that day forward he wanted to become
236-483: A supra-aural headphone; Beats Spin; Heartbeats by Lady Gaga , also an in-ear headphone; and Diddy Beats. In late 2009, Hewlett-Packard participated in a deal to bundle Beats By Dr. Dre with some HP laptops and headsets. HP and Dr. Dre announced the deal on October 9, 2009, at a press event. An exclusive laptop, known as the HP ENVY 15 Beats limited edition, was released for sale October 22. In January 2014, Beats Music
354-450: A 2010 release, coming after 50 Cent's Before I Self Destruct and Eminem's Relapse , an album for which Dr. Dre handled the bulk of production duties. In a Dr Pepper commercial that debuted on May 28, 2009, he premiered the first official snippet of Detox . 50 Cent and Eminem asserted in a 2009 interview on BET 's 106 & Park that Dr. Dre had around a dozen songs finished for Detox . On December 15, 2008, Dre appeared in
472-556: A DJ. Shortly after he began working for Steve and Susan Yano at the Vermont Swap Meet in Gardena, California selling vinyl records and cassettes. He first started DJing at his Junior High School noon dances and then went on to DJ house parties, birthday parties and quinceañera's . In 1987, Tony A. was featured on his first vinyl record single titled "You Better Think" by rapper Dazzie Dee , Produced by Sir Jinx on Thin-Lyne Records,
590-665: A Japanese presence came. According to John Kaji, a Torrance resident quoted in Public Radio International who was the son of Toyota's first American-based accountant, the Japanese corporate presence in Torrance, beginning with Toyota, attracted many ethnic Japanese. Toyota moved its operations to its Torrance campus in 1982 because of its proximity to the Port of Long Beach and Los Angeles International Airport , and many other Japanese companies followed suit. In 2014, Toyota announced it
708-451: A Youtube podcast host at Roadium Radio. New Roadium Radio Episodes stream twice a week, on Wednesdays and Sundays at 7pm, PST . Dr. Dre Andre Romell Young (born February 18, 1965), known professionally as Dr. Dre , is an American rapper, record producer, record executive, and actor. He is the founder and CEO of Aftermath Entertainment and Beats Electronics , and co-founder of Death Row Records . Dre began his career as
826-457: A customer relations and services office, in Torrance. The Toyota Motor Company of Japan established a U.S. headquarters on October 31, 1957, at a former Rambler dealership in Hollywood. Toyota sold 287 Toyopet Crowns and one Land Cruiser during the company's first year of U.S. operation. It moved Toyota Motor Sales USA operations to Torrance in 1982, because of easy access to port facilities and
944-406: A dispute with Eazy-E, Dre left the group at the peak of its popularity in 1991 under the advice of friend, and N.W.A lyricist, the D.O.C. and his bodyguard at the time, Suge Knight . Knight, a notorious strongman and intimidator, was able to have Eazy-E release Young from his contract and, using Dr. Dre as his flagship artist, founded Death Row Records . In 1992, Young released his first single,
1062-546: A duet by rapper Eve and No Doubt lead singer Gwen Stefani and signed R&B singer Truth Hurts to Aftermath in 2001. Dr. Dre produced and rapped on singer and Interscope labelmate Bilal 's 2001 single " Fast Lane ", which barely missed the Top 40 of the R&;B charts. He later assisted in the production of Bilal's second album, Love for Sale , which Interscope controversially shelved because of its creative direction. Dr. Dre
1180-527: A hip hop record label run by local rapper Eazy-E . N.W.A and fellow West Coast rapper Ice-T are widely credited as seminal artists of the gangsta rap genre, a profanity-heavy subgenre of hip hop, replete with gritty depictions of urban crime and gang lifestyle. Not feeling constricted to racially charged political issues pioneered by rap artists such as Public Enemy or Boogie Down Productions , N.W.A favored themes and uncompromising lyrics, offering stark descriptions of violent, inner-city streets. Propelled by
1298-516: A joint album with fellow producer Timbaland titled Chairmen of the Board . In 2007, Dr. Dre's third studio album, formerly known as Detox , was slated to be his final studio album. Work for the upcoming album dates back to 2001, where its first version was called "the most advanced rap album ever", by producer Scott Storch . Later that same year, he decided to stop working on the album to focus on producing for other artists, but then changed his mind;
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#17330863055271416-430: A joint venture between Interscope and Eminem's Shady Records. Dr. Dre served as executive producer for 50 Cent's commercially successful February 2003 debut studio album Get Rich or Die Tryin' . Dr. Dre produced or co-produced four tracks on the album, including the hit single " In da Club ". Eminem's fourth album since joining Aftermath, Encore , again saw Dre taking on the role of executive producer, and this time he
1534-494: A lot of music videos, and I eventually want to get into directing." Along with fellow member Ice Cube, Dr. Dre produced Straight Outta Compton (2015), a biographical film about N.W.A. In 2006, Dre co-founded Beats Electronics with his partner, Jimmy Iovine. Its first brand of headphones were launched in July 2008. The line consisted of Beats Studio, a circumaural headphone; Beats Tour, an in-ear headphone; Beats Solo & Solo HD,
1652-411: A male householder with no wife present. There were 2,152 (3.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 309 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 14,472 households (25.8%) were made up of individuals, and 5,611 (10.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58. There were 38,412 families (68.6% of all households); the average family size
1770-588: A member of the World Class Wreckin' Cru in 1984, and later found fame with the gangsta rap group N.W.A . The group popularized explicit lyrics in hip hop to detail the violence of street life. During the early 1990s, Dre was credited as a key figure in the crafting and popularization of West Coast G-funk , a subgenre of hip hop characterized by a synthesizer foundation and slow, heavy production. Released as Death Row's first major project, Dr. Dre's debut solo album, The Chronic (1992), made him one of
1888-520: A radio broadcasting school, he relocated to the residence of his father and residence of his grandparents before returning to his mother's house. Inspired by the Grandmaster Flash song " The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel ", Dr. Dre often attended a club called Eve's After Dark to watch many DJs and rappers performing live. He subsequently became a DJ in the club, initially under
2006-516: A restraining order against him. Former labelmate Tairrie B claimed that Dre assaulted her at a party in 1990, in response to her track "Ruthless Bitch". Two weeks following the release of his third album, Compton in August 2015, he issued an apology to the women "I've hurt". Andre Romell Young was born in Compton, California , on February 18, 1965, the son of Theodore and Verna Young. His middle name
2124-452: A song entitled "Surgery" in 1984. Dr. Dre's earliest recordings were released in 1994 on a compilation titled Concrete Roots . Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described the compiled music, released "several years before Dre developed a distinctive style", as "surprisingly generic and unengaging" and "for dedicated fans only". Dre later joined the musical group World Class Wreckin' Cru , which released its debut album under
2242-703: Is November through March, as shown in the adjacent table. Summers tend to be warm but dry, despite Torrance's proximity to the coast. The 2010 United States Census reported that Torrance had a population of 145,438. The population density was 7,076.1 inhabitants per square mile (2,732.1/km ). The racial makeup of Torrance was 74,333 (51.1%) White (42.3% Non-Hispanic White), 50,240 (34.5%) Asian , 3,955 (2.7%) African American , 554 (0.4%) Native American , 530 (0.4%) Pacific Islander , 7,808 (5.4%) from other races , and 8,018 (5.5%) from two or more races. There were 23,440 Hispanic or Latino residents, of any race (16.1%). The Census reported that 144,292 people (99.2% of
2360-610: Is a compilation-style album, featuring a number of frequent collaborators, including Eminem, Snoop Dogg, Kendrick Lamar, Xzibit and the Game, among others. It was initially released on Apple Music on August 7, with a retail version releasing on August 21. In an interview with Rolling Stone , he revealed that he had about 20 to 40 tracks for Detox but he did not release it because it did not meet his standards. Dre also revealed that he suffers from social anxiety and due to this, remains secluded and out of attention. On February 12, 2016, it
2478-474: Is a major local issue. Torrance is also home to the main bakery facility for King's Hawaiian , the dominant brand of Hawaiian bread in North America. Younger Optics, Torrance's 10th-largest employer, created the first seamless or "invisible" bifocal. The headquarters of Mitsuwa Marketplace and Nijiya Market are both located in Torrance. All Nippon Airways operates its United States headquarters,
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#17330863055272596-630: Is derived from the Romells, his father's amateur R&B group. His parents married in 1964, separated in 1968, and divorced in 1972. His mother later remarried to Curtis Crayon and had three children: sons Jerome and Tyree (both deceased) and daughter Shameka. In 1976, Dre began attending Vanguard Junior High School in Compton, but due to gang violence , he transferred to the safer suburban Roosevelt Junior High School. The family moved often and lived in apartments and houses in Compton, Carson , Long Beach , and
2714-466: Is home to the U.S. headquarters of Japanese automaker American Honda Motor Company and its luxury vehicle division, Acura . Robinson Helicopters are designed and built in Torrance as are Honeywell 's Garrett turbochargers , used on automobile engines worldwide. Alcoa Fastening Systems (now known as Arconic) is headquartered in Torrance, producing aerospace fasteners. Pacific Sales , Pelican Products , Virco , and Rapiscan Systems are among
2832-476: Is known to locals as Rat Beach (Right After Torrance). An urban wetland , the Madrona Marsh is a nature preserve on land once set for oil production and saved from development, with restoration projects enhancing the vital habitat for birds, wildlife, and native plants . Torrance has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csb ), bordering with a semi-arid climate ( Bsk ). The rainy season
2950-642: The 35th Senate District , represented by Democrat Laura Richardson . In the California State Assembly , it is in the 66th Assembly District , represented by Democrat Al Muratsuchi . In the United States House of Representatives , Torrance is split between California's 33rd congressional district , represented by Democrat Pete Aguilar , and California's 43rd congressional district , represented by Democrat Maxine Waters . The United States Postal Service operates
3068-579: The Alta California territory of independent Mexico . In the early 1900s, real estate developer Jared Sidney Torrance and other investors saw the value of creating a mixed industrial–residential community south of Los Angeles . They purchased part of an old Spanish land grant and hired landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. to design a planned community . The resulting town was founded in October 1912 and named after Torrance. The city of Torrance
3186-627: The Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on the Hot Rap Singles (now Hot Rap Tracks) charts. In 1995, Death Row Records signed rapper 2Pac , and began to position him as their major star: he collaborated with Dr. Dre on the commercially successful single " California Love ", which became both artists' first song to top the Billboard Hot 100. However, in March 1996 Young left the label amidst a contract dispute and growing concerns that label boss Suge Knight
3304-471: The Pacific Electric Railway . Torrance has a general aviation airport, originally named simply "Torrance Airport" and since renamed Zamperini Field after local track star, World War II hero and Torrance High graduate Louis Zamperini . The airport handles approximately 175,000 annual take-offs and landings (473 per day), down from the 1974 record of 428,000 operations. Airport noise abatement
3422-548: The Pacific Ocean . Torrance has a moderate year-round climate with average rainfall of 12 inches (300 mm) per year. Torrance was incorporated in 1921, and at the 2020 census had a population of 147,067 residents. Torrance has a beachfront and has 30 parks located around the city. It is also the birthplace of the American Youth Soccer Organization (AYSO). For thousands of years, the area of Torrance
3540-664: The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album triple platinum, and Dr. Dre also won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for his performance on "Let Me Ride". For that year, Billboard magazine also ranked Dr. Dre as the eighth-best-selling musical artist, The Chronic as the sixth-best-selling album, and "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang" as the 11th-best-selling single. Besides working on his own material, Dr. Dre produced Snoop Dogg's debut album Doggystyle , which became
3658-841: The Watts and South Central neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Dre has said that he was mostly raised by his grandmother in the New Wilmington Arms housing project in Compton. His mother later married Warren Griffin, which added three step-sisters and one step-brother to the family; the latter would eventually begin rapping under the name Warren G . Dre is also the cousin of producer Sir Jinx . Dre attended Centennial High School in Compton during his freshman year in 1979, but transferred to Fremont High School in South Central Los Angeles due to poor grades. He attempted to enroll in an apprenticeship program at Northrop Aviation Company , but
Tony A. Da Wizard - Misplaced Pages Continue
3776-849: The mixtape titled Hi-C which featured the Compton, California Rapper Hi-C , who worked at the Roadium Swap Meet. After the success of the Hi-C mixtape, Tony A. created and produced "Sitting In The Park" on the mixtape titled Skanlist, which also featured Hi-C. These mixtapes led Hollywood Records in 1990 to approach Steve Yano with interest in signing the duo. After they signed, Steve Yano established his own label called "Skanless Records". They began recording their debut album titled Hi-C Featuring Tony A. at Audio Achievements in Torrance, California . There they recorded half of their album and eventually finished at Skanless Studios in Alhambra, California . This album
3894-447: The title track to the film Deep Cover , a collaboration with rapper Snoop Dogg , whom he met through Warren G. Dr. Dre's debut solo album was The Chronic , released under Death Row Records with Suge Knight as executive producer. Young ushered in a new style of rap, both in terms of musical style and lyrical content, including introducing a number of artists to the industry including Snoop Dogg, Kurupt , Daz Dillinger , RBX ,
4012-431: The 2000s, Dr. Dre shifted focus onto production for other artists, occasionally contributing vocals. He signed Eminem in 1998 and 50 Cent in 2002, while extensively contributing to releases by both artists. Aftermath has since signed other artists including the Game , Kendrick Lamar , Anderson .Paak , Silk Sonic , Busta Rhymes , Eve , and Rakim , among others. He has won seven Grammy Awards , including Producer of
4130-633: The City of Torrance, the Torrance Cultural Arts Foundation (TOCA) provides diverse cultural, educational and entertainment experiences. Additional performances are provided by the Torrance Performing Arts Consortium, including The Aerospace Players , Torrance Art Museum, Los Cancioneros Master Chorale, South Bay Ballet, South Bay Conservatory, and The Torrance Symphony. In the 2010 Rose Parade , City of Torrance's entry won
4248-430: The D.O.C. stated that Dre had been working with him on his fourth album Voices through Hot Vessels , which he planned to release after Detox arrived. Planned but unreleased albums during Dr. Dre's tenure at Aftermath have included a full-length reunion with Snoop Dogg titled Breakup to Makeup , an album with fellow former N.W.A member Ice Cube which was to be titled Heltah Skeltah , an N.W.A reunion album, and
4366-443: The Game and producer DJ Quik , had speculated in interviews that the album will never be released, due to Dr. Dre's business and entrepreneurial ventures having interfered with recording work, as well as causing him to lose motivation to record new material. On August 1, 2015, Dre announced that he would release what would be his final album, titled Compton . It is inspired by the N.W.A biopic, Straight Outta Compton , and
4484-724: The Kru-Cut label in 1985. The group would become stars of the electro-hop scene that dominated early-mid 1980s West Coast hip hop . "Surgery", which was officially released after being recorded prior to the group's official formation, would prominently feature Dr. Dre on the turntable. The record would become the group's first hit, selling 50,000 copies within the Compton area. Dr. Dre and DJ Yella also performed mixes for local radio station KDAY , boosting ratings for its afternoon rush-hour show The Traffic Jam . In 1986, Dr. Dre met rapper O'Shea Jackson—known as Ice Cube —who collaborated with him to record songs for Ruthless Records ,
4602-484: The LAX airport. In 2013, it sold 2.2 million vehicles in the U.S. In 2014, it announced it would move 3,000 of its white-collar employees to Plano, Texas to be closer to its American factories. Numerous other Japanese firms followed Toyota to Los Angeles, because of its location and its reputation as the national trend-setter. The Los Angeles South Bay area, as of 2014, has the largest concentration of Japanese companies in
4720-461: The Lady of Rage , Nate Dogg and Jewell . On the strength of singles such as " Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang ", " Let Me Ride ", and " Fuck wit Dre Day (and Everybody's Celebratin') " (known as "Dre Day" for radio and television play), all of which featured Snoop Dogg as guest vocalist, The Chronic became a cultural phenomenon, its G-funk sound dominating much of hip hop music for the early 1990s. In 1993,
4838-493: The Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Production Design for a Variety Special and Outstanding Music Direction . The same year, he produced numerous songs including "The King and I", a collaboration between Eminem and CeeLo Green for the 2022 biopic, Elvis , and a remix of Kanye West 's song " Use This Gospel " for DJ Khaled 's album God Did . In September 2022, it was reported that Dr. Dre will compose
Tony A. Da Wizard - Misplaced Pages Continue
4956-512: The RIAA, the album was not very popular among music fans. In October 1996, Dre performed "Been There, Done That" on Saturday Night Live . In 1997, Dr. Dre produced several tracks on the Firm 's The Album ; it was met with largely negative reviews from critics. Rumors began to abound that Aftermath was facing financial difficulties. Aftermath Entertainment also faced a trademark infringement lawsuit by
5074-577: The San Gabriel Mountains. The Olmsted Tract includes a number of buildings designed by the noted Southern California Architect Irving Gill, including the original train depot. The footprint of the downtown neighborhood, now called Old Torrance, was designed on a diagonal to allow the trade breezes coming from the Pacific Ocean to keep the air clean from industrial pollution for the residential and commercial neighborhoods. The industrial sections of
5192-580: The Theme trophy for excellence in presenting parade theme. In 2016, the City of Torrance float won the Princess trophy for most beautiful float 35 feet and under. These Torrance landmarks are on the National Register of Historic Places : The Torrance City Parks Department directs and maintains the thirty Torrance City Parks . They include: The City of Torrance is a charter city . The original city charter
5310-969: The Torrance Post Office at 2510 Monterey Street, the Marcelina Post Office at 1433 Marcelina Avenue, the Walteria Post Office at 4216 Pacific Coast Highway, the North Torrance Post Office at 18080 Crenshaw Boulevard, and the Del Amo Post Office at 291 Del Amo Fashion Square. Zip codes 90277, 90501, 90503, 90504, 90505. There are two major hospitals in Torrance: Torrance Memorial Medical Center and Little Company of Mary Hospital . A third hospital, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , lies just outside
5428-466: The United States. The Armed Forces Day Parade in Torrance, which was first produced in 1960, is the longest-running military parade sponsored by a city. It is held annually on Armed Forces Day, and runs down Torrance Boulevard. The parade features military vehicles, school bands, and prominent community members. The Torrance Cultural Arts Center hosts cultural events year-round. In partnership with
5546-603: The Year, Non-Classical . Rolling Stone ranked him number 56 on the list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . Outside of music, Dre has acted in films such as Set It Off , The Wash , and Training Day . Accusations of Dr. Dre's violence against women have been widely publicized. Following his assault of television host Dee Barnes , he was fined US$ 2,500, given two years' probation, and ordered to perform 240 hours of community service , part of which he fulfilled by making an anti-violence public service announcement . A civil suit
5664-411: The album had initially been set for a fall 2005 release. Producers confirmed to work on the album include DJ Khalil , Nottz , Bernard "Focus" Edwards Jr., Hi-Tek , J.R. Rotem , RZA , and Jay-Z . Snoop Dogg claimed that Detox was finished, according to a June 2008 report by Rolling Stone magazine. After another delay based on producing other artists' work, Detox was then scheduled for
5782-575: The album will be released via Death Row and Aftermath. On February 13, 2022, Dr. Dre performed at the Super Bowl LVI halftime show alongside Eminem , Snoop Dogg , Kendrick Lamar , and Mary J. Blige , with surprise appearances from 50 Cent and Anderson .Paak . The performance was met with critical acclaim and is the first Super Bowl halftime show to win the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special (Live) . The show also won
5900-472: The automotive industry. Because of this, many Japanese restaurants and other cultural offerings are in the city, and Willy Blackmore of L.A. Weekly wrote that Torrance was "essentially Japan's 48th prefecture ". Japanese supermarkets, schools, and banks serve the community. In the pre- World War II period, the South Bay region was one of the few areas that allowed non-U.S. citizens to acquire property, so
6018-399: The best-selling American music artists of 1993. It earned him a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance with its single " Let Me Ride ", as well as several accolades for the single " Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang " (featuring Snoop Dogg). That same year, he produced Death Row labelmate Snoop Dogg 's debut album Doggystyle , and mentored producers such as his stepbrother Warren G (leading to
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#17330863055276136-583: The budget of the city. The City Council appoints the City Manager and the City Attorney. The city has 13 appointed boards and commissions which advise the council on matters of concern to local residents, such as the city airport, arts, parks, and libraries. In the California State Senate , Torrance is split between the 26th Senate District , represented by Democrat María Elena Durazo , and
6254-518: The city of Redondo Beach to the west. The western portion of Torrance is in ZIP Code 90277 which is a city of Redondo Beach postal address. It is about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Downtown Los Angeles . Torrance Beach lies between Redondo Beach and Malaga Cove on Santa Monica Bay . The southernmost stretch of Torrance Beach, on a cove at the northern end of the Palos Verdes peninsula,
6372-559: The city were placed on the eastern side of the original tract. Public transportation played a key role in the founding of Torrance. The Pacific Electric Red Car connected downtown Los Angeles to the new development of downtown Torrance. Designed in 1912 by Irving Gill, the terminus depot of the Red Car line was designed in a Spanish revival style popularized during this era. In May 1913, the Pacific Electric Railroad Bridge
6490-589: The climate and geographical features common to the Greater Los Angeles area . Its boundaries are: Redondo Beach Boulevard and the cities of Lawndale and Gardena to the north; Western Avenue and the Harbor Gateway neighborhood of Los Angeles to the east; the Palos Verdes Hills with the cities of Lomita , Rolling Hills Estates and Palos Verdes Estates on the south; and the Pacific Ocean and
6608-408: The co-founder of Interscope Records (parent label for Aftermath), suggested that Dr. Dre sign Eminem , a white rapper from Detroit . Dre produced three songs and provided vocals for two on Eminem's successful and controversial debut album The Slim Shady LP , released in 1999. The Dr. Dre-produced lead single from that album, " My Name Is ", brought Eminem to public attention for the first time, and
6726-624: The final nights of the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2012. In June 2014, Marsha Ambrosius stated that she had been working on Detox, but added that the album would be known under another title . In September 2014, Aftermath in-house producer Dawaun Parker confirmed the title change and stated that over 300 beats had been created for the album over the years, but few of them have had vocals recorded over them. The length of time that Detox had been recorded for, as well as
6844-551: The first debut album for an artist to enter the Billboard 200 album charts at number one. In 1994 Dr. Dre produced some songs on the soundtracks to the films Above the Rim and Murder Was the Case . He collaborated with fellow N.W.A member Ice Cube for the song " Natural Born Killaz " in 1995. For the film Friday , Dre recorded " Keep Their Heads Ringin' ", which reached number ten on
6962-515: The first rap group signed to Hollywood Records . In the early 1980s, Steve Yano employed Dr. Dre of the World Class Wreckin' Cru to create mixtapes for him to sell at his booth at the Roadium Swap Meet. Mr. Yano was himself a mixtapes creator and a musician, and thus he inspired Tony A. to keep creating mixtapes. Dr. Dre created the mixes and some of the rappers featured on them were MC Ren , Ice Cube , Eazy-E , Krazy Dee ( N.W.A. ), Sir Jinx , Dazzie Dee and more. In 1987, while Dr. Dre
7080-475: The group's second album Efil4zaggin . He also produced tracks for a number of other acts on Ruthless Records, including Eazy-E's 1988 solo debut Eazy-Duz-It , Above the Law 's 1990 debut Livin' Like Hustlers , Michel'le 's 1989 self-titled debut , the D.O.C.'s 1989 debut No One Can Do It Better , J.J. Fad 's 1988 debut Supersonic and funk rock musician Jimmy Z 's 1991 album Muzical Madness . After
7198-401: The hit " Fuck tha Police ", the group's first full album Straight Outta Compton became a major success, despite an almost complete absence of radio airplay or major concert tours. The Federal Bureau of Investigation sent Ruthless Records a warning letter in response to the song's content. After Ice Cube left N.W.A in 1989 over financial disputes, Dr. Dre produced and performed for much of
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#17330863055277316-457: The houses on these avenues reached the centennial mark in 2012. Both avenues are located in the area referred to as Old Torrance. This section of Torrance is under review to be classified as a historical district . Some of the early civic and residential buildings were designed by the renowned and innovative Southern California architect Irving Gill , in his distinctive combining of Mission Revival and early Modernist architecture . Torrance
7434-595: The latter achieved international chart success, reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and later being certified double platinum by the RIAA and the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). On June 25, 2010, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers honored Dr. Dre with its Founders Award for inspiring other musicians. In an August 2010 interview, Dr. Dre stated that an instrumental album, The Planets ,
7552-450: The limited amount of material that had been officially released or leaked from the recording sessions, had given it considerable notoriety within the music industry. Numerous release dates (including the ones mentioned above) had been given for the album over the years since it was first announced, although none of them transpired to be genuine. Several musicians closely affiliated with Dr. Dre, including Snoop Dogg, fellow rappers 50 Cent ,
7670-527: The mall spanning Carson Street joined the two centers by 1982, making it the largest mall in the world at the time. In 2005, the east end of the original mall north of Carson Street was demolished to make way for a new open-air shopping center, opened in mid-September 2006. This was followed in 2015 by the opening of an expanded northern Fashion Wing, with Nordstrom as the mall anchor and supplemented by luxury retailers such as Kate Spade , Hugo Boss , Uniqlo , Michael Kors , and Ben Bridge . The Old Towne Mall
7788-531: The multi-platinum debut Regulate... G Funk Era in 1994) and Snoop Dogg's cousin Daz Dillinger (leading to the double-platinum debut Dogg Food by Tha Dogg Pound in 1995), as well as other producers including Mel-Man and Scott Storch . In 1996, Dre left Death Row Records to establish his own label, Aftermath Entertainment; his compilation album, Dr. Dre Presents: The Aftermath (1996) and second studio album, 2001 (1999) followed thereafter. During
7906-501: The name "Dr. J", based on the nickname of Julius Erving , his favorite basketball player. At the club, he met aspiring rapper Antoine Carraby, later to become member DJ Yella of N.W.A . Soon afterwards he adopted the moniker Dr. Dre, a mix of previous alias Dr. J and his first name, referring to himself as the "Master of Mixology". Eve After Dark had a back room with a small four-track studio where Dre and Yella recorded several demos. In their first recording session, they recorded
8024-559: The neighboring city of Gardena. As of the census of 2000, there were 137,946 people, 54,542 households, and 36,270 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,715.7 inhabitants per square mile (2,592.9/km ). There were 55,967 housing units at an average density of 2,724.7 units per square mile (1,052.0 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 59.2% White , 28.6% Asian , 2.2% Black or African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.4% Pacific Islander , 4.6% from other races , and 4.7% from two or more races. 12.8% of
8142-536: The news of the acquisition on social media a month before it was completed without the company's permission. Torrance, California Torrance is a coastal city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area , located in southwest Los Angeles County, California , United States . The city is part of what is known as the South Bay region of the metropolitan area. A small section of the city, 1.5 miles (2.4 km), abuts
8260-539: The original score for the upcoming animated series, Death for Hire: The Origin of Tehk City . The show is created by Ice-T and Arabian Prince ; based on the graphic novel of the same title, it features the voice talent of Ice-T, his wife Coco Austin, Snoop Dogg, Busta Rhymes , and Treach among others. In February 2023, Dre and Marsha Ambrosius held a listening party for the Casablanco album in Los Angeles. The album
8378-515: The other companies based in Torrance. According to the city's 2023 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the city's top 10 employers (by number of employees) are: The Del Amo Fashion Center , at 2.5 million square feet (230,000 m ), is one of the five largest malls in the United States by gross leasable area. The current mall was created when Del Amo Center, built in 1958, merged with Del Amo Fashion Square, built in 1972. Once located on opposite sides of Carson Street, an expansion of
8496-436: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 54,542 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.5% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
8614-404: The population) lived in households, 506 (0.3%) homeless who lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 640 (0.4%) were institutionalized. There were 56,001 households, out of which 18,558 (33.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 29,754 (53.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 6,148 (11.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2,510 (4.5%) had
8732-499: The previous few years. The album included popular hit singles " Still D.R.E. " and " Forgot About Dre ", both of which Dr. Dre performed on NBC's Saturday Night Live on October 23, 1999. Dr. Dre won the Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical in 2000, and joined the Up in Smoke Tour with fellow rappers Eminem, Snoop Dogg, and Ice Cube that year as well. Following
8850-482: The production after Blackstreet sent the label a cease and desist letter stopping them from distributing the song. The Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath album, released on November 26, 1996, featured songs by Dr. Dre himself, as well as by newly signed Aftermath Entertainment artists, and a solo track " Been There, Done That ", intended as a symbolic farewell to gangsta rap . Despite being certified platinum by
8968-775: The record label of the World-famous VIP in Long Beach, California . Allegedly, in 1988, Tony A. won 1st place at Battle of The DJs at Samerika Hall in Carson, California . Tony A. has worked with many artists in the film and music industries including The Hughes Brothers , Dr. Dre , Eazy-E , Ice Cube , MC Ren , DJ Quik , Young MC , Tone Loc , JJ Fad , Sir Jinx (Lench Mob), Hi-C , 2nd II None , AMG , B-Real ( Cypress Hill ), Sen Dog ( Cypress Hill ), Mellow Man Ace , Teena Marie , Krazy Dee ( N.W.A. ), Lawless, Lil Rob , Kid Frost , Foesum , Slow Pain (G'Fellas), Nino Brown (G'Fellas), Dazzie Dee and more. Tony A. and Hi-C were
9086-530: The release. Later 2024, Snoop Dogg has revealed he has a new album coming out called Missionary and it's entirely produced by Dr. Dre. The album will be released via Death Row/Aftermath, while the latter label serves as its new signee. Dr. Dre made his first on screen appearance as a weapons dealer in the 1996 bank robbery movie Set It Off . In 2001, Dr. Dre also appeared in the movies The Wash and Training Day . A song of his, "Bad Intentions" (featuring Knoc-Turn'Al and produced by Mahogany),
9204-653: The remix of the song " Set It Off " by Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall (also with Pusha T ); the remix debuted on DJ Skee 's radio show. At the beginning of 2009, Dre produced, and made a guest vocal performance on, the single " Crack a Bottle " by Eminem and the single sold a record 418,000 downloads in its first week and reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart on the week of February 12, 2009. Along with this single, in 2009 Dr. Dre produced or co-produced 19 of 20 tracks on Eminem's album Relapse . These included other hit singles " We Made You ", " Old Time's Sake ", and " 3 a.m. " (The only track Dre did not produce
9322-597: The success of 2001 , Dr. Dre focused on producing songs and albums for other artists. He co-produced six tracks on Eminem's landmark Marshall Mathers LP , including the Grammy-winning lead single, " The Real Slim Shady ". The album itself earned a Grammy and proved to be the fastest-selling rap album of all time, moving 1.76 million units in its first week alone. He produced the single " Family Affair " by R&B singer Mary J. Blige for her album No More Drama in 2001. He also produced " Let Me Blow Ya Mind ",
9440-487: The success of The Slim Shady LP – it reached number two on the Billboard 200 and received general acclaim from critics – revived the label's commercial ambitions and viability. Dr. Dre's second solo album, 2001 , released on November 16, 1999, was considered an ostentatious return to his gangsta rap roots. It was initially titled The Chronic 2000 to imply being a sequel to his debut solo effort The Chronic but
9558-687: The summary for Dr. Dre, where he stated Dr. Dre's song "Xxplosive" as where he "got (his) whole sound from". In November 2006, Dr. Dre began working with Raekwon on his album Only Built 4 Cuban Linx II . He also produced tracks for the rap albums Buck the World by Young Buck , Curtis by 50 Cent, Tha Blue Carpet Treatment by Snoop Dogg, and Kingdom Come by Jay-Z. Dre also appeared on Timbaland 's track "Bounce", from his 2007 solo album, Timbaland Presents Shock Value alongside, Missy Elliott , and Justin Timberlake . During this period,
9676-576: The top Lathrop K. Leishman trophy for its Garden of Dreams float, judged as the "Most Beautiful Non-Commercial" float. In 2011, Torrance won the Tournament Volunteers' Trophy for best floral design of parade theme under 35 feet in length. In 2012, the city's entry won the Governor's Trophy for best depiction of life in California. In 2015, an entry honoring Rose Parade Grand Marshal Louis Zamperini won
9794-436: The train depot located on Cabrillo Avenue. The bridge no longer carries any rail cars, with Pacific Electric closing the Red Car line to Torrance in the 1940s. The bridge became the city of Torrance's second entry in the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 1989, and is used as a logo for the city's new wayfinding signage and city materials. Torrance is a coastal community in southwestern Los Angeles County sharing
9912-600: The underground thrash metal band Aftermath. First Round Knock Out , a compilation of various tracks produced and performed by Dr. Dre, was also released in 1996, with material ranging from World Class Wreckin' Cru to N.W.A to Death Row recordings. Dr. Dre chose to take no part in the ongoing East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry of the time, instead producing for, and appearing on, several New York artists' releases, such as Nas ' "Nas Is Coming", LL Cool J 's " Zoom " and Jay-Z 's "Watch Me". The turning point for Aftermath came in 1998, when Dre's close friend, Jimmy Iovine ,
10030-465: The video game, Grand Theft Auto Online , predominantly featured Dre and added some of his previously unreleased tracks which was released as an EP, The Contract , on February 3, 2022. Around this time, Dre announced he was collaborating with Marsha Ambrosius on Casablanco , and with Mary J. Blige on an upcoming album. Later that year, Snoop Dogg announced that he and Dr. Dre are in the process of recording their new album, Missionary . Snoop said
10148-413: The website AllMusic described the sound of the album as "adding ominous strings , soulful vocals, and reggae " to Dr. Dre's style. The album was highly successful, charting at number two on the Billboard 200 charts and has since been certified six times platinum, validating a recurring theme on the album: Dr. Dre was still a force to be reckoned with, despite the lack of major releases in
10266-527: Was $ 79,312, and the median income for a family was $ 98,473. Males had a median income of $ 50,606 versus $ 36,334 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 39,118. About 4.7% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.7% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over. As of 2014, Torrance had the second-largest concentration of people of Japanese ancestry of any U.S. city, after Honolulu . The city has offices of numerous Japanese companies, including those in
10384-399: Was 0.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.3%. 85,308 people (58.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units, and 58,984 people (40.6%) lived in rental housing units. As of March 2019, Torrance had a median household income of $ 85,070 and a median family income of $ 102,637. Torrance has the second-highest percentage of residents of Japanese ancestry in California (8.9%), after
10502-409: Was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city, 23.0% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.8% was from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.5 males. The median income for a household in the city in 2008
10620-579: Was 3.14. There were 31,831 people (21.9%) under the age of 18, 10,875 (7.5%) aged 18 to 24, 38,296 (26.3%) aged 25 to 44, 42,710 (29.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 21,726 (14.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males. There were 58,377 housing units at an average density of 2,840.3 units per square mile (1,096.6 units/km ), of which 31,621 (56.5%) were owner-occupied, and 24,380 (43.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate
10738-524: Was a docu-series shedding light on a collection of mixtapes created by Dr Dre of the World Class Wreckin' Cru, then Tony A. started creating 4 track mixtapes, which became very popular in the LA. The aim of the series was to show a history of hip hop development and spread in the 1990s in Los Angeles . The docu-series also was a tribute to Steve Yano, a musician and mixtape creator, who passed away in 2014. He
10856-511: Was a sales success, topping the Hot 100 for four consecutive weeks, and later won the award for Best R&B Vocal by a Duo or Group at the 1997 Grammy Awards . After hearing it for the first time, several of Dr. Dre's former Death Row colleagues, including 2Pac, recorded and attempted to release a song titled " Toss It Up ", containing numerous insults aimed at Dr. Dre and using a deliberately similar instrumental to "No Diggity", but were forced to replace
10974-415: Was an entertainment-themed mall operating in the 1970s. As a major oil-producing region, Torrance was once dotted with thousands of oil wells and oil derricks . Though the oil wells are not as common as they once were, the Torrance oil refinery owned by PBF Energy in the north end of the city is responsible for much of Southern California's gasoline supply. Torrance was an important hub and shop site of
11092-540: Was built. Often called the "El Prado Bridge", it further expanded the industrial heart of the South Bay. The concrete double-tracked arch bridge was the Pacific Electric Railway's first interurban line that connected north–south to San Pedro via the Gardena Line. The bridge was used for transporting freight and commuting workers to Torrance factories. The Red Car line connected under the bridge as it connected to
11210-454: Was corrupt, financially dishonest and out of control. Later that year, he formed his own label, Aftermath Entertainment, under the distribution label for Death Row Records, Interscope Records . Subsequently, Death Row Records suffered poor sales by 1997, especially following the death of 2Pac and the racketeering charges brought against Knight. Dr. Dre also appeared on the single " No Diggity " by R&B group Blackstreet in 1996: it too
11328-481: Was featured on The Wash soundtrack . Dr. Dre also appeared on two other songs "On the Blvd." and "The Wash" along with his co-star Snoop Dogg. In February 2007, it was announced that Dr. Dre would produce dark comedies and horror films for New Line Cinema -owned company Crucial Films, along with longtime video director Phillip Atwell . Dr. Dre announced "This is a natural switch for me, since I've directed
11446-456: Was formally incorporated in May 1921, the townsite initially being bounded by Western Avenue on the east, Del Amo Boulevard on the north, Crenshaw Boulevard on the west, and on the south by Plaza del Amo east of where it meets Carson Street, and by Carson Street west of where it meets Plaza del Amo. The first residential avenue created in Torrance was Gramercy and the second avenue was Andreo. Many of
11564-540: Was honored by Eminem telling Detroit's Comerica Park to do the same. They did so, by chanting "DEEE-TOX", to which he replied, "I'm coming!" On November 14, 2011, Dre announced that he would be taking a break from music after he finished producing for artists Slim the Mobster and Kendrick Lamar . In this break, he stated that he would "work on bringing his Beats By Dre to a standard as high as Apple" and would also spend time with his family. On January 9, 2012, Dre headlined
11682-461: Was in its first stages of production; each song being named after a planet in the Solar System . On September 3, Dr. Dre showed support to longtime protégé Eminem , and appeared on his and Jay-Z 's Home & Home Tour , performing hit songs such as "Still D.R.E.", "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang", and "Crack a Bottle", alongside Eminem and another protégé, 50 Cent. Sporting an "R.I.P. Proof" shirt, Dre
11800-408: Was ineligible due to poor grades. Thereafter, he focused on his social life and entertainment for the remainder of his high school years. Dre's frequent absences from school jeopardized his position as a diver on his school's swim team. After high school, he attended Chester Adult School in Compton following his mother's demands for him to get a job or continue his education. After brief attendance at
11918-449: Was introduced and launched as a streaming service. Then, in May, technology giant Apple purchased the Beats brand for $ 3.4 billion. The deal made Dr. Dre the "richest man in hip hop". Dr. Dre became an Apple employee in an executive role, and worked with Apple for years. As of 2022, it was found that Apple had subtracted $ 200 million from the deal after entertainer Tyrese Gibson revealed
12036-454: Was lukewarm, and Dr. Dre later announced in an interview that the song, along with any other previously leaked tracks from Detox ' s recording process, would not appear on the final version of the album. Two genuine singles – " Kush ", a collaboration with Snoop Dogg and fellow rapper Akon , and " I Need a Doctor " with Eminem and singer Skylar Grey – were released in the United States during November 2010 and February 2011 respectively:
12154-516: Was more actively involved in the music, producing or co-producing a total of eight tracks, including three singles. Dr. Dre also produced " How We Do ", a 2005 hit single from rapper the Game from his album The Documentary , as well as tracks on 50 Cent's successful second album The Massacre . For an issue of Rolling Stone magazine in April 2005, Dr. Dre was ranked 54th out of 100 artists for Rolling Stone magazine's list "The Immortals: The Greatest Artists of All Time". Kanye West wrote
12272-456: Was moving its U.S. headquarters to Plano, Texas . As of 1992 , about 60% of the Korean population in the South Bay region lived in Torrance and Gardena . In 1990, 5,888 ethnic Koreans lived in Torrance, a 256% increase from the 1980 figure of 1,652. In 2022, Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority 's Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count counted 306 homeless individuals in Torrance. Torrance
12390-654: Was occupied by the Tongva Native Americans . The land that is now part of the City of Torrance and much of the modern South Bay was part of the extensive marshlands. In 1784, the Spanish Crown deeded Rancho San Pedro (including present-day Torrance), a tract of over 75,000 acres (300 km ) in the province of Las Californias of New Spain , to soldier Juan José Domínguez. It was later divided in 1846, with Governor Pío Pico granting Rancho de los Palos Verdes to José Loreto and Juan Capistrano Sepulveda in
12508-525: Was planned as a new prototype of a balanced industrial city based on the principles of the Garden City Movement . The original tract developed by the Olmstead Brothers consists of 109 city blocks divided into three sub-districts: residential, commercial, and industrial. The plan is most notable for its axial landscaped downtown commercial neighborhood aligned to have a view of Mount San Antonio in
12626-509: Was producing various artists on Ruthless Records , he asked Tony A. if he wanted to take over doing the mixtapes for Steve. Soon after, Tony A. began creating the mixtapes . His first mixtape that was released was titled "Breakdown". In 1991, Tony A. released his final mixtape titled "Bullshit" which featured Hi-C , DJ Quik , 2nd II None and AMG . During his mixtape career, he created 30+ mixtapes. In 1989, Tony A. created and produced his very first song titled "I'm Not Your Puppet" on
12744-591: Was re-titled 2001 after Death Row Records released an unrelated compilation album with the title Suge Knight Represents: Chronic 2000 in May 1999. Other tentative titles included The Chronic 2001 and Dr. Dre . The album featured numerous collaborators, including Devin the Dude , Snoop Dogg , Kurupt , Xzibit , Nate Dogg , Eminem , Knoc-turn'al , King T , Defari, Kokane , Mary J. Blige and new protégé Hittman, as well as co-production between Dre and new Aftermath producer Mel-Man . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of
12862-668: Was released December 10, 1991. The album peaked at 152 on the Billboard 200 , at number 21 on the Hot Rap Songs for the song titled "Sitting In The Park", at number 53 on the Top R&;B/Hip Hop Albums , at number 3 on the Heatseekers Albums for 24 weeks. In 1993, Tony A. (given credit as Tony Alvarez) produced half of the Hi-C album titled Swing'n . In May 2017, Tony A. directed the Roadium Mixtape Documixery. It
12980-417: Was released on June 28, 2024 through Aftermath Entertainment and received critical acclaim. He also produced two songs on Eminem 2024's release The Death of Slim Shady . In February 2024, Snoop launched a range of pre-mixed cocktails with Dr. Dre named after their hit Gin and Juice . Flavours include Apricot, Citrus, Melon and Passionfruit. A short prohibition themed trailer was created to support
13098-590: Was revealed that Apple would create its first original scripted television series for its then-upcoming Apple TV+ streaming service. Titled Vital Signs , it was set to reflect Dre's life. He was also an executive producer on the show before the show's cancellation sometime in September 2018, due to its graphic depictions of drugs, gun violence and sex. In October 2016, Sean Combs brought out Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg and others on his Bad Boy reunion tour. In 2018, he produced four songs on Oxnard by Anderson .Paak . He
13216-403: Was settled out of court. In 2015, Michel'le , the mother of one of his children, accused him of domestic violence during their time together as a couple. The abusive relationship is portrayed in her 2016 biopic Surviving Compton: Dre, Suge & Michel'le . Lisa Johnson, the mother of three of Dre's children, stated that he beat her many times, including while she was pregnant. She was granted
13334-489: Was started in 2017 and was quickly completed in December 2018. The series was set to release in 2019 but was allegedly postponed to 2020. The trailer was released in 2020 and is still available on Youtube The director's cut version is available on Youtube. Tony A. is currently focused on directing films (Tony Vision) while DJing and producing music. He established Tony Vision (a Youtube Channel), in 2019, and since then he has been
13452-461: Was the Eminem-produced single " Beautiful ".). On April 20, 2010, "Under Pressure", featuring Jay-Z and co-produced with Scott Storch , was confirmed by Jimmy Iovine and Dr. Dre during an interview at Fenway Park as the album's first single. The song leaked prior to its intended release in an unmixed, unmastered form without a chorus on June 16, 2010; however, critical reaction to the song
13570-421: Was the executive producer of Eminem's 2002 release, The Eminem Show . He produced three songs on the album, one of which was released as a single , and he appeared in the video for " Without Me ". He also produced the D.O.C.'s 2003 album Deuce , where he made a guest appearance on the tracks "Psychic Pymp Hotline", "Gorilla Pympin'" and "Judgment Day". In 2002, Dr. Dre signed rapper 50 Cent to Aftermath in
13688-533: Was the executive producer on the album, as so its follow-up, 2019's Ventura . Dr. Dre was the executive producer of Eminem's 2020 release, Music to Be Murdered By . He produced four songs on the album. He also produced two songs on the deluxe edition of the album, Side B , and appeared on the song, "Gunz Blazing". On September 30, 2021, it was revealed that Dre would perform at the Super Bowl LVI halftime show alongside Eminem , Snoop Dogg , Mary J. Blige , and Kendrick Lamar . In December 2021, an update for
13806-1072: Was the man who first inspired Tony A. to create and distribute his mixtapes. The documixery was a collaboration with John Elkins (JE Visual Studios), Daniel "DG" Jones (DG Media Clips), Carey Fujita (South Bay Drones), Roger "Lyve" Mera (RL Productions), Boomer Didit (The Remedy Yard) and Wiz1 (Blak Forest). The cast also included Tony A. himself, Warren G , Mister Cartoon , Violet Brown , 2nd II None , AMG , Hi-C , DJ Speed ( N.W.A ). American hip hop producer Sir Jinx , and football star Kelvin Anderson ( VIP Records ) also took part. The docu-series also included Ernie G ( Proper Dos /Skanless Records), Big Citric (Brown Town Looters/ George Lopez Show ), DJ Jam, Alonso "Lonzo" Williams ( World Class Wreckin' Cru ), Cli-N-Tel ( World Class Wreckin' Cru ), Kid Frost , Mellow Man Ace , DJ Rhettmatic (The World-famous Beat Junkies), Break Beat Lou ( Ultimate Breaks & Beats ), DJ Thoro, DJ Money B, Greedy Greg and Arabian Prince ( N.W.A ). Production of The Roadium Mixtape Documixery
13924-678: Was voted on and ratified by the qualified electors at an election held August 20, 1946, and filed with the Secretary of State January 7, 1947. The elective officers of the city are the mayor, six members of the City Council, five members of the Board of Education, the City Clerk and the City Treasurer. Using the council-manager form of government, the City Council, as the elected body, adopts legislation, sets policy, adjudicates issues, and establishes
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