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42-451: Ro-100 may refer to: Japanese submarine  Ro-100 , an Imperial Japanese Navy submarine commissioned in 1942 and sunk in 1943 Ro-100 -class submarine , a class of Imperial Japanese Navy submarines Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ro-100 . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

84-520: A large pyroclastic shield volcano. Rabaul was planned and built around the harbour area known as Simpsonhafen (Simpson Harbour) during the German New Guinea administration, which controlled the region from 1884 and formally through 1919. Rabaul was selected as the capital of the German New Guinea administration in 1905, and the administrative offices were transferred there in 1910. Rabaul

126-564: A much more powerful base than the Australians had planned after the 1937 volcanic eruptions, with long-term consequences for the town in the post-war period. The Japanese army dug many kilometres of tunnels as shelter from Allied air attacks, such as the bombing of November 1943 . They also expanded the facilities by constructing army barracks and support structures. By 1943 there were about 110,000 Japanese troops based in Rabaul. On 18 April 1943,

168-521: A patrol area south of Rendova. While in the Blanche Channel during darkness in early July 1943 conducting a reconnaissance of the American airfield on New Georgia, Ro-100 struck a reef , suffering damage to a fuel tank and two of her bow torpedo tubes . After reporting her damage, she received orders to pick up stranded Imperial Japanese Navy pilots of the 201st and 204th Naval Air Group at Simbo in

210-553: A patrol area southeast of Guadalcanal. The patrol was uneventful, and she returned to Rabaul on 14 May 1943. She put to sea on 27 May for her third war patrol, again southeast of Guadalcanal, but it also passed quietly, and she returned to Rabaul on 20 June 1943. On 30 June 1943, the New Georgia campaign began with the U.S. landings on New Georgia , Rendova , and other islands in the central Solomon Islands . Ro-100 departed Rabaul on 2 July 1943 for her fourth war patrol, assigned

252-548: A total of eight torpedoes . They were also armed with two single mounts for 25 mm (1 in) Type 96 anti-aircraft guns or a single 76.2 mm (3.00 in) L/40 AA gun. Ro-100 was laid down as Submarine No. 210 on 30 June 1941 by the Kure Naval Arsenal at Kure , Japan . She had been renamed Ro-100 by the time she was launched on 6 December 1941. She was completed and commissioned on 23 September 1942. Upon commissioning, Ro-100

294-586: A town, an eruption formed a volcano in the harbour. For other eruptions, see Rabaul caldera . In 1910 the German colonial government during the administration of Governor Albert Hahl moved offices, the district court, a hospital and customs and postal facilities from Herbertshöhe (today's Kokopo ) to Simpsonhafen . That settlement was thus substantially enlarged with official buildings and housing and renamed Rabaul , meaning mangrove in Kuanua (the local language) as

336-454: A volcanic eruption in its harbor. During the eruption, ash was sent thousands of metres into the air, and the subsequent rain of ash caused 80% of the buildings in Rabaul to collapse. After the eruption the capital was moved to Kokopo , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) away. Rabaul is continually threatened by volcanic activity, because it is on the edge of the Rabaul caldera , a flooded caldera of

378-679: The Montevideo Maru , which was sunk off the Philippines in June 1942. About six planters who had remained in the bush were executed in July 1942 after they gave themselves up to the Japanese, while 12 men, who had technical skills, were imprisoned in Rabaul, but were executed at the end of 1944. Four men were found in a camp when Rabaul was liberated. During their occupation the Japanese developed Rabaul into

420-522: The Bougainville campaign began with the U..S. landings at Cape Torokina on Bougainville. Tasked to run supplies to Japanese forces fighting on Bougainville and then patrol off Bougainville, Ro-100 departed Truk on 10 November and reached Rabaul on 19 November 1943. After loading a cargo of rubber containers packed with food, she departed Rabaul at 05:00 on 23 November 1943 on an emergency supply run to Buin on Bougainville. On 25 November 1943, Ro-100

462-411: The wakes of four torpedoes, but all of them missed. While she was on the surface off Cape St. George on New Ireland that night, an Allied patrol plane surprised her, dropping flares , missing her with two bombs, and strafing her. She crash-dived, escaped, and arrived at Rabaul on 11 August 1943. Ro-100 got underway from Rabaul in mid-August 1943 for her fifth war patrol. While at sea, she

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504-549: The 1937 volcano eruption, its remains became a tourist attraction after World War II and remained so until the 1994 further volcanic destruction of Rabaul. In 1929, Rabaul was the site of the Rabaul Strike , the first industrial strike in Papua New Guinea. "Rabaul volcano is one of the most active and most dangerous volcanoes in Papua New Guinea." Having erupted and entirely destroyed Rabaul on 6 June 1937, five years before

546-547: The Australian administration, Rabaul developed into a regional base. Then in 1937, catastrophic volcanic eruptions destroyed the town after the two volcanoes, Tavurvur and Vulcan , exploded. 507 people were killed, and there was widespread damage. Following this, the Australian administration for the Territory of New Guinea decided to move the territorial headquarters to the safer location of Lae . All long-term steps to re-establish

588-549: The Japanese naval air base on Balalae Island in the Shortland Islands by planes from the aircraft carriers Hiyō and Jun'yō . — Ro-100 departed Rabaul on 1 April 1943 to support the operation by patrolling southeast of Guadalcanal , but soon after she arrived in her patrol area her gyrocompass broke, forcing her to abort her patrol. She returned to Rabaul on 12 April 1943. Ro-100 got underway from Rabaul on 22 April 1943 for her second war patrol, again bound for

630-507: The Navy list on 5 February 1944. Rabaul Rabaul ( / r ɑː ˈ b aʊ l / ) is a township in the East New Britain province of Papua New Guinea , on the island of New Britain . It lies about 600 kilometres to the east of the island of New Guinea . Rabaul was the provincial capital and most important settlement in the province until it was destroyed in 1994 by falling ash from

672-483: The United States executed Operation Vengeance , in which Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto , the architect of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , was shot down and killed by a United States P-38 Lightning over south Bougainville . Yamamoto had taken off from Rabaul on an inspection tour, and United States Navy cryptographers had intercepted and then decrypted Japanese communications giving his flight itinerary. Because of

714-489: The approach involved flying over the Tavurvur crater, it was abandoned. The airport was in the direct path of the falling ash from the nearby vents. A new airport was built at Tokua, about 50 km farther away to the southeast. However, even it has been closed occasionally by ash thrown up by Tavurvur and driven by the northwest monsoon winds. Rabaul has a large, nearly enclosed harbour, Simpson Harbour . Use of this harbour by

756-471: The caldera are often collectively called Rabaul , although the old town of Rabaul was reduced to practical insignificance by the volcanic eruption in 1937. As a tourist destination, Rabaul is popular for its volcanoes, scuba diving and for snorkelling sites, spectacular harbour and other scenery, World War II history, flora and fauna, and the cultural life of the Tolai people . Before the 1994 eruption, Rabaul

798-464: The death toll low. Most of the buildings in the south-eastern half of Rabaul collapsed due to the weight of ash on their roofs. The last eruption and continuing low and modest levels of activity prompted moving the provincial capital to Kokopo , the former German Herbertshöhe . Nonetheless, Rabaul is slowly rebuilding inside the danger zone. Vulcan has remained quiet since 1994, but small and large eruptions from nearby Tavurvur occur intermittently, with

840-580: The end of the war and was only completed with the Japanese surrender in August 1945. After the Second World War, western New Guinea (renamed Papua) was returned to pre-war owner the Netherlands, and eastern New Guinea was returned to pre-war administrator Australia, and Rabaul flourished as the principal city and port of the archipelago, with one of the finest harbours in the world. By 1990 Rabaul's population

882-475: The forward torpedo room to weigh down her bow . Ro-100 survived, but was forced to abandon her patrol and return to Rabaul for repairs. After she arrived at Rabaul on 20 February 1943, several of her officers were replaced. After the Combined Fleet initiated Operation I-Go — a reinforcement of the 11th Air Fleet base at Rabaul by planes from the aircraft carriers Zuikaku and Zuihō and of

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924-443: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ro-100&oldid=1045471385 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Japanese submarine Ro-100 The Ro-100 class was a medium-sized, coastal submarine derived from

966-408: The most recent of note being on 29 August 2014. A government volcanological observatory was established on the northern ridge of the Rabaul caldera in the 1950s. A team there maintains its crucial watch over the town and the volcanoes until today. They are also responsible for monitoring other volcanoes on New Britain and nearby islands. Rabaul Airport was destroyed in the 1994 eruption, and, since

1008-467: The need to keep secret the American ability to decrypt Japanese radio traffic, the sensitive information went up the chain of command for a decision as to what actions the units in the field should take; ultimately President Franklin D. Roosevelt was said to have approved the action based on these intercepts, although this is not documented. Sixteen United States Army Air Forces P-38 Lightning fighters took off from Guadalcanal and intercepted and shot down

1050-521: The new town was partially built on a reclaimed mangrove swamp . At the outset of World War I , at the behest of Great Britain, Australia – as one of the Dominions of the British Empire – defeated the German military garrison in Rabaul and occupied the territory with the volunteer Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force . Following Germany's defeat at the end of the war, the occupied territory

1092-400: The occupation by Japan, "Rabaul exploded violently [again] in 1994 and devastated the...[city]. Since then, the young cone Tavurvur located inside the caldera has been the site of near persistent activity in form of strombolian to vulcanian ash eruptions. The caldera has an elliptical form (14 × 9 km) and is surrounded by a steep volcanic ridge several hundred meters high." Under

1134-536: The preceding Kaichū type . They displaced 611 tonnes (601 long tons) surfaced and 795 tonnes (782 long tons) submerged. The submarines were 60.9 meters (199 ft 10 in) long, had a beam of 6 meters (19 ft 8 in) and a draft of 3.51 meters (11 ft 6 in). They had a double hull and a diving depth of 75 meters (246 ft). For surface running, the boats were powered by two 500- brake-horsepower (373 kW) diesel engines , each driving one propeller shaft . When submerged each propeller

1176-445: The territorial headquarters at Rabaul were forestalled during World War II. Rabaul was heavily bombed by Japanese aircraft starting from 4 January 1942. On 23 January the battle of Rabaul began and Rabaul was captured shortly thereafter by thousands of Japanese naval landing forces . Rabaul was then bombed by Allied forces later that month. The military personnel, and most civilians who had remained in Rabaul, were placed aboard

1218-460: The town was ready for evacuation when the volcanoes started to heat up. Nothing happened until 19 September 1994, when again Tavurvur and Vulcan erupted, destroying the airport and covering most of the town with heavy ashfall. There were only 19 hours of warning, but the city and most nearby villages were evacuated before the eruption. Five people were killed—one of them by lightning from the eruptive column. The planning and evacuation drills helped keep

1260-582: The two bombers of the Yamamoto flight, for the loss of one P-38. Instead of capturing Rabaul during their advance towards the Japanese Home islands, the Allied forces decided to bypass it by establishing a ring of airfields and naval bases on the islands around it. Cut off from re-supply and under continual air attacks as part of Operation Cartwheel , the base became useless. The neutralisation of Rabaul took until

1302-470: The western Solomon Islands and then proceed to Rabaul for repairs. After picking up the pilots, she disembarked them at Buin on Bougainville , then arrived at Rabaul on 12 July 1943. On 7 August 1943, Ro-100 left Rabaul bound for the waters off New Guinea. Her crew soon noticed a leak from her recently repaired fuel tank, and she turned back. She was on the surface off Buka Island on 8 August 1943 when an unidentified submarine attacked her; she sighted

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1344-501: Was 17,044. However, Rabaul did not resume its pre-1937 role as capital, which was taken over by Port Moresby for the entirety of the two territories. Rabaul's magnificent harbour and central position meant it became a trading hub for the lively, and politically and economically developing New Guinea Islands region (East and West New Britain, New Ireland, Manus Island, and Bougainville). It retained that role when Papua New Guinea became independent from Australia in 1975. In 1983 and 1984

1386-437: Was 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) south-southwest of Port Moresby on 14 February 1943 when she sighted an Allied convoy after 16:30 and began a submerged approach at 2.5 knots (4.6 km/h; 2.9 mph) to reach an attack position. During the approach, her commanding officer neglected to conduct a periscope sweep to watch for other Allied ships, and he did not notice an approaching Allied destroyer until it

1428-458: Was a popular commercial and recreational boating destination; fewer private small craft visit now, but 10 to 12 cruise ships visit Rabaul each year, including the Queen Elizabeth , carrying up to 2,000 passengers. Tourism is a major industry in Rabaul and East New Britain generally. Rabaul's proximity to its volcanoes has always been a source of concern. In 1878, before it was established as

1470-566: Was almost on top of Ro-100 . Ro-100 crash-dived to 140 feet (43 m), and the destroyer dropped more than a dozen depth charges . The exploding depth charges caused several leaks in Ro-100 ' s main engine room and conning tower , knocked out both of her periscopes, and caused her to take on a steep up-angle. To assist in getting Ro-100 back on an even keel so that her crew could regain control of her before she sank to collapse depth, her commanding officer ordered every available crewman to

1512-696: Was attached to the Yokosuka Naval District and assigned to the Kure Submarine Squadron for workups. She was reassigned to Submarine Squadron 7 in the 8th Fleet on 15 December 1942. On 20 December 1942, she departed Yokosuka bound for Truk , which she reached on 28 December 1942. Ro-100 departed Truk bound for Rabaul on New Britain on 6 January 1943, but suffered a diesel engine breakdown that forced her to return to Truk on 7 January 1943 for repairs. With her engine repaired, she again set out for Rabaul on 3 February 1943. While she

1554-568: Was captured by the British Empire during the early days of World War I . It became the capital of the Australian -mandated Territory of New Guinea until 1937, when it was first destroyed by a volcano. During World War II , it was captured by Japan in 1942 and became its main base of military and naval activity in the South Pacific . Settlements and military installations around the edge of

1596-548: Was delegated in 1920 to Australia as a League of Nations Mandate (Class C). Rabaul became the capital of the Territory of New Guinea . Visits to and stays in Rabaul during this period were amply described in books by many authors, including Margaret Mead . Gunantambu, the famous house of "Queen" Emma Forsayth and her husband, contained furniture previously owned by Robert Louis Stevenson and left to her family in Samoa. Destroyed in

1638-546: Was driven by a 380-horsepower (283 kW) electric motor . They could reach 14.2 knots (26.3 km/h; 16.3 mph) on the surface and 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) underwater. On the surface, the Ro-100 s had a range of 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 km; 4,000 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph); submerged, they had a range of 60 nmi (110 km; 69 mi) at 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). The boats were armed with four internal bow 53.3 cm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes and carried

1680-537: Was in the Bismarck Sea northwest of Rabaul on 6 February 1943, an Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service Aichi E13A 1 ( Allied reporting name "Jake") floatplane mistakenly bombed her, but she suffered only minor damage. She arrived at Rabaul on 7 February 1943. On 8 February 1943, Ro-100 departed Rabaul to begin her first war patrol, assigned a patrol area in the Coral Sea south of Port Moresby , New Guinea . She

1722-741: Was on the surface in Bougainville Strait , making her way to Bougainville via the northern channel to Buin, when she struck a mine at 19:10 local time 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) west of Oema Island at 06°50′S 155°58′E  /  6.833°S 155.967°E  / -6.833; 155.967  ( Ro-100 ) . The explosion blew her commanding officer and lookouts overboard, and she began to sink rapidly. Her engineering officer ordered all hands still on board to abandon ship. Sharks attacked her survivors as they tried to swim to Buin, and ultimately only 12 men out of her crew of 50 survived. The Japanese struck Ro-100 from

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1764-431: Was reassigned to Submarine Division 51 on 20 August 1943, but otherwise the patrol was uneventful, and she returned to Rabaul in early September 1943. She put to sea on 7 September 1943 for her sixth war patrol, assigned a patrol area north of New Guinea. It also passed quietly, and she returned to Rabaul on 18 September 1943. She later proceeded to Truk, where she was drydocked on 30 September 1943. On 1 November 1943,

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