87-651: The Rivière Salée (in its upper course: Rivière les Coulisses ) is a river of Martinique . It flows into the Caribbean Sea near the town Rivière-Salée . It is 16.1 km (10.0 mi) long. This article related to a river in Martinique is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Martinique Martinique ( / ˌ m ɑːr t ɪ ˈ n iː k / MAR -tin- EEK , French: [maʁtinik] ; Martinican Creole : Matinik or Matnik ; Kalinago : Madinina or Madiana )
174-572: A Japanese samurai and ambassador, sent to Rome by Date Masamune , landed at Saint-Tropez for a few days. In 1636, Guillaume Courtet , a French Dominican priest, reciprocated when he set foot in Japan. Also in 1615, Marie de' Medici incorporated the merchants of Dieppe and other harbours to found the Company of the Moluccas . In 1619, an armed expedition composed of three ships (275 crew, 106 cannon) and called
261-512: A home port for French pirates, including Captain Crapeau , Étienne de Montauban , and Mathurin Desmarestz . In later years, pirate Bartholomew Roberts styled his jolly roger as a black flag depicting a pirate standing on two skulls labeled "ABH" and "AMH" for "A Barbadian's Head" and "A Martinican's Head" after governors of those two islands sent warships to capture Roberts. On 28 November 1717
348-652: A major role in Louis XIII's reign from 1624, determining France's direction over the course of the next eighteen years. As a result of Richelieu's work, Louis XIII became one of the first examples of an absolute monarch . Under Louis and Richelieu, the crown successfully intervened in the Thirty Years' War against the Habsburgs, managed to keep the French nobility in line, and retracted the political and military privileges granted to
435-633: A motion of constructive censure. Unlike the previous functioning of the General Council and the Regional Council, the Assembly of Martinique is separate from the Executive Council and is headed by a bureau and a president. The new collectivity of Martinique combines the powers of the general and regional councils, but may obtain new powers through empowerments under Article 73. The executive council
522-557: A notable proponent of this was the author Aimé Césaire , who founded the Progressive Party of Martinique in the 1950s. Tensions boiled over in December 1959 when riots broke out following a racially-charged altercation between two motorists, resulting in three deaths. In 1962, as a result of this and the global turn against colonialism, the strongly pro-independence OJAM ( Organisation de la jeunesse anticolonialiste de la Martinique )
609-512: A period from 1802 to 1809 following signing of the Treaty of Amiens , Britain controlled the island for most of the time from 1794 to 1815, when it was traded back to France at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars. Martinique has remained a French possession since then. Despite the introduction of successful coffee plantations to Martinique in the 1720s, making it the first coffee-growing area in
696-399: A poster calling for physical distancing against the coronavirus and showing a black man and a white man separated by pineapples. The President of the Executive Council of Martinique is Serge Letchimy as of 2 July 2021. The Executive Council of Martinique is composed of nine members (a president and eight executive councilors). The deliberative assembly of the territorial collectivity
783-505: A punishment for refusing to convert to Catholicism, many of them dying en route. Those who survived were quite industrious and over time prospered, though the less fortunate were reduced to the status of indentured servants. Although edicts from King Louis XIV's court regularly came to the islands to suppress the Protestant "heretics", these were mostly ignored by island authorities until Louis XIV's Edict of Revocation in 1685. As many of
870-561: A result, some plantation owners imported workers from India and China. Despite the abolition of slavery, life scarcely improved for most Martinicans; class and racial tensions exploded into rioting in southern Martinique in 1870 following the arrest of Léopold Lubin, a trader of African ancestry who retaliated after he was beaten by a Frenchman. After several deaths, the revolt was crushed by French militia. On 8 May 1902, Mont Pelée erupted and completely destroyed St. Pierre, killing 30,000 people. Refugees from Martinique travelled by boat to
957-592: A sexual relationship. Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux , drawing from rumours told to him by a critic of the King (the Marquise de Rambouillet ), explicitly speculated in his Historiettes about what happened in the king's bed. A further liaison with an equerry , François de Baradas, ended when the latter lost favour fighting a duel after duelling had been forbidden by royal decree. Louis was also captivated by Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars , 19 years his younger, who
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#17330855784531044-515: A single institution. This proposal was rejected in Martinique (but also in Guadeloupe ) by 50.48% in a referendum held on 7 December 2003. On 10 January 2010, a consultation of the population was held. Voters were asked to vote in a referendum on a possible change in the status of their territory. The ballot proposed voters to "approve or reject the transition to the regime provided for in Article 74 of
1131-583: A statutory evolution based on Article 74 of the French Constitution). Indeed, on 18 December 2008, during the congress of Martinique's departmental and regional elected representatives, the thirty-three pro-independence elected representatives (MIM/CNCP/MODEMAS/PALIMA) of the two assemblies voted unanimously in favor of a change in the island's status based on Article 74 of the French Constitution, which allows access to autonomy; this change in status
1218-456: A tradition of cementing military and political alliances between the Catholic powers of France and Spain with royal marriages. The tradition went back to the marriage of Louis VII of France and Constance of Castile . The marriage was only briefly happy, and the King's duties often kept them apart. After 23 years of marriage and four stillbirths, Anne finally gave birth to a son on 5 September 1638,
1305-473: Is Fort-de-France. The three sub-prefectures are Le Marin, Saint-Pierre and La Trinité. The French State is represented in Martinique by a prefect (Stanislas Cazelles since 5 February 2020), and by two sub-prefects in Le Marin (Corinne Blanchot-Prosper) and La Trinité / Saint-Pierre (Nicolas Onimus, appointed on 20 May 2020). The prefecture was criticized for racism following the publication on its Twitter account of
1392-672: Is Justin Daniel since 20 May 2021. Martinique has been represented since 17 June 2017, in the National Assembly by four deputies (Serge Letchimy, Jean-Philippe Nilor , Josette Manin and Manuéla Kéclard-Mondésir ) and in the Senate by two senators ( Maurice Antiste and Catherine Conconne ) since 24 September 2017. Martinique is also represented in the Economic, Social and Environmental Council by Pierre Marie-Joseph since 26 April 2021. During
1479-766: Is an island in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies , in the eastern Caribbean Sea . A part of the French West Indies (Antilles), Martinique is an overseas department and region and a single territorial collectivity of the French Republic . It is a part of the European Union as an outermost region within the special territories of members of the European Economic Area , and an associate member of
1566-537: Is assisted by an advisory council, the Economic, Social, Environmental, Cultural and Educational Council of Martinique. The bill was approved on 26 January 2011, by the French Government . The ordinary law was submitted to Parliament during the first half of 2011 and resulted in the adoption of Law No. 2011-884 27 July 2011, on the territorial communities of French Guiana and Martinique. Political life in Martinique
1653-421: Is divided into four sections). A majority bonus of 20% is granted to the first place list. The executive body of this community is called the "executive council", which is composed of nine executive councilors, including a president. The president of the community of Martinique is the president of the executive council. The executive council is responsible to the Assembly of Martinique, which may overrule it by
1740-429: Is essentially based on Martinican political parties and local federations of national parties (PS and LR). The following classification takes into account their position with regard to the statutory evolution of the island: there are the assimilationists (in favor of an institutional or statutory evolution within the framework of Article 73 of the French Constitution), the autonomists and the independentists (in favor of
1827-453: Is the Assembly of Martinique , composed of 51 elected members and chaired by Lucien Saliber as of 2 July 2021. The advisory council of the territorial collectivity of Martinique is the Economic, Social, Environmental, Cultural and Educational Council of Martinique (Conseil économique, social, environnemental, de la culture et de l'éducation de Martinique), composed of 68 members. Its president
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#17330855784531914-503: Is thought that Martinique is a corruption of the Taíno name for the island ( Madiana / Madinina , meaning 'island of flowers', or Matinino , 'island of women'), as relayed to Christopher Columbus when he visited the island in 1502. According to historian Sydney Daney, the island was called Jouanacaëra or Iouanacaera by the Caribs , which means 'the island of iguanas'. The island
2001-524: Is to be delivered to naval forces based in Martinique by 2025. The landing craft is to better support operations in the territory and region. About 700 National Gendarmerie are also stationed in Martinique. Louis XIII Louis XIII ( French pronunciation: [lwi tʁɛz] ; sometimes called the Just ; 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1643) was King of France from 1610 until his death in 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II ) from 1610 to 1620, when
2088-573: The Battle of Ponts-de-Cé on 7 August 1620. Louis then launched an expedition against the Huguenots of Béarn who had defied a number of royal decisions. This expedition managed to re-establish Catholicism as the official religion of Béarn. However, the Béarn expedition drove Huguenots in other provinces into a rebellion led by Henri, Duke of Rohan . In 1621 Louis XIII was formally reconciled with his mother. Luynes
2175-520: The Battle of the Caribbean . In 1942, 182 ships were sunk in the Caribbean, dropping to 45 in 1943, and five in 1944. Free French forces took over on the island on Bastille Day , 14 July 1943. In 1946, the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an Overseas Department of France. Meanwhile, the post-war period saw a growing campaign for full independence;
2262-656: The British American colonies or Protestant countries in Europe. The policy decimated the population of Martinique and the rest of the French Antilles and set back their colonisation by decades, causing the French king to relax his policies in the region, which left the islands susceptible to British occupation over the next century. Under governor of the Antilles Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac , Martinique served as
2349-722: The CARICOM , but is not part of the Schengen Area or the European Union Customs Union . The currency in use is the euro . Martinique has a land area of 1,128 km (436 sq mi) and a population of 349,925 inhabitants as of January 2024. One of the Windward Islands , it lies directly north of Saint Lucia , northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica . Virtually the entire population speaks both French (the sole official language) and Martinican Creole . It
2436-567: The Louvre Palace . In foreign matters, Louis organised the development and administration of New France , expanding its settlements westward along the Saint Lawrence River from Quebec City to Montreal . In order to continue the exploration efforts of his predecessor Henry IV, Louis XIII considered a colonial venture in Morocco , and sent a fleet under Isaac de Razilly in 1619. Razilly
2523-581: The Second Anglo-Dutch War spilled out into the Caribbean, with Britain attacking the pro-Dutch French fleet in Martinique, virtually destroying it and further cementing British preeminence in the region. In 1674, the Dutch attempted to conquer the island, but were repulsed. Because there were few Catholic priests in the French Antilles, many of the earliest French settlers were Huguenots who sought religious freedom. Others were transported there as
2610-567: The "Fleet of Montmorency" under General Augustin de Beaulieu was sent from Honfleur, to fight the Dutch in the Far East . In 1624, with the Treaty of Compiègne , Cardinal Richelieu obtained an agreement to halt the Dutch–French warfare in the Far East. Twice the king's younger brother, Gaston, Duke of Orléans, had to leave France for conspiring against his government and for attempting to undermine
2697-532: The 1618 revocation of the paulette tax and by the sale of offices in 1620. From her exile in Blois, Marie de' Medici became the obvious rallying point for this discontent, and the Bishop of Luçon (who became Cardinal Richelieu in 1622) was allowed to act as her chief adviser, serving as a go-between Marie and the King. French nobles launched a rebellion on 2 July 1620, but their forces were easily routed by royal forces at
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2784-403: The 2000s, the political debate in Martinique focused on the question of the evolution of the island's status. Two political ideologies, assimilationism and autonomism , clashed. On the one hand, there are those who want a change of status based on Article 73 of the French Constitution, i.e., that all French laws apply in Martinique as of right, which in law is called legislative identity, and on
2871-462: The Constitution". The majority of voters, 79.3%, said "no". The following 24 January, in a second referendum, 68.4% of the population of Martinique approved the transition to a "single collectivity" under Article 73 of the Constitution, i.e., a single assembly that would exercise the powers of the General Council and the Regional Council. The project of the elected representatives of Martinique to
2958-412: The Dutch via the Treaty of Compiègne . However, La Vieuville was dismissed by the middle of 1624, partly due to his bad behaviour (during his tenure as superintendent he was arrogant and incompetent) and because of a well-organized pamphlet campaign by Cardinal Richelieu against his council rival. Louis needed a new chief advisor; Cardinal Richelieu would be that counsellor. Cardinal Richelieu played
3045-706: The English they were to vacate all lands north of Pemaquid. This resulted in all the French interests in Acadia being restored. In Brazil , the colony of Equinoctial France was established in 1612, but only lasted 4 years until it was eliminated by the Portuguese. In 1642, Louis XIII authorised French subjects to engage in the Atlantic slave trade provided those they enslaved were converted to Christianity. France-Japan relations started under Louis XIII in 1615 when Hasekura Tsunenaga ,
3132-480: The English. D'Esnambuc claimed Martinique for the French king Louis XIII and the French " Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique " (Company of the American Islands), and established the first European settlement at Fort Saint-Pierre (now St. Pierre). D'Esnambuc died in 1636, leaving the company and Martinique in the hands of his nephew, Jacques Dyel du Parquet , who in 1637 became governor of the island. In 1636, in
3219-536: The French Republic. It is also an outermost region of the European Union . The inhabitants of Martinique are French citizens with full political and legal rights. Martinique sends four deputies to the French National Assembly and two senators to the French Senate . On 24 January 2010, during a referendum, the inhabitants of Martinique approved by 68.4% the change to be a "special (unique) collectivity" within
3306-419: The Huguenots by Henry IV (while maintaining their religious freedoms). Louis XIII successfully led the important Siege of La Rochelle . In addition, Louis had the port of Le Havre modernised, and he built a powerful navy. Louis also worked to reverse the trend of promising French artists leaving for Italy to work and study. He commissioned the painters Nicolas Poussin and Philippe de Champaigne to decorate
3393-573: The Huguenots retained control of Montauban and La Rochelle . Louis ultimately dismissed Noël Brûlart de Sillery and Pierre Brûlart in 1624 because of his displeasure with how they handled the diplomatic situation over the Valtellina with Spain . Valtellina was an area with Catholic inhabitants under the suzerainty of the Protestant Three Leagues . It served as an important route to Italy for France and it provided an easy connection between
3480-574: The Huguenots. The 1622 campaign, however, followed the pattern of the previous year: royal forces won some early victories, but were unable to complete a siege, this time at the fortress of Montpellier . The rebellion was ended by the Treaty of Montpellier , signed by Louis XIII and the Duke of Rohan in October 1622. The treaty confirmed the tenets of the Edict of Nantes: several Huguenot fortresses were to be razed, but
3567-550: The Indians who will be brought to the knowledge of the faith and will profess it, shall be deemed and renowned natural Frenchmen, and as such may come to live in France when they want, and acquire, donate, and succeed and accept donations and legacies, just as true French subjects, without being required to take letters of declaration of naturalization." Acadia was also developed under Louis XIII. In 1632, Isaac de Razilly became involved, at
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3654-572: The King [James] my master: the King [Louis] assured me of a reciprocal affection to the King [James] my master, and of my particular welcome to his Court: his words were never many, as being so extream [ sic ] a stutterer that he would sometimes hold his tongue out of his mouth a good while before he could speak so much as one word; he had besides a double row of teeth, and was observed seldom or never to spit or blow his nose, or to sweat much, 'tho he were very laborious, and almost indefatigable in his exercises of hunting and hawking, to which he
3741-602: The Queen and Concini. In the meantime, Louis XIII decided, with the encouragement of Charles d'Albert (the Grand Falconer of France ) and other advisers, to break with his mother and to arrest Concini. On 24 April 1617, during the attempted arrest, Concini was killed. His widow Leonora Dori Galigaï was tried for witchcraft, condemned, beheaded, and burned on 8 July 1617, and Marie was sent into exile in Blois . Later, Louis conferred
3828-687: The Republic apply to them under certain conditions established by the organic law defining their status. The overseas departments have a greater degree of autonomy than the DOMs. They have an executive council, a territorial council and an economic and social council. The prefect is the representative of the French State in the overseas collectivity. However, the French Constitution specifies in Article 72-4 that "no change may be made, for all or part of one of
3915-584: The Spanish and the Holy Roman empires, especially in helping each other with armies if necessary. Spain was constantly interfering in the Valtellina, which angered Louis, as he wanted to hold possession of this strategically important passageway. He therefore found a better servitor in his Superintendent of Finances Charles de La Vieuville , who held similar views of Spain as the king, and who advised Louis to side with
4002-560: The Western hemisphere, the planter class lost political influence as sugar prices declined in the early 1800s. Slave rebellions in 1789, 1815 and 1822, plus the campaigns of abolitionists such as Cyrille Bissette and Victor Schœlcher , persuaded the French government to end slavery in the French West Indies in 1848. Martinique was the first French overseas territory in which the abolition decree came into force, on 23 May 1848. As
4089-484: The accumulation of minor problems, may have killed him, not to mention physiological weaknesses that made him prone to disease or his doctors' remedies of enemas and bleedings , which continued right to his death." Louis XIII shared his mother's love of the lute , developed in her childhood in Florence. One of his first toys was a lute and his personal doctor, Jean Héroard, reports him playing it for his mother in 1604, at
4176-409: The age of three. In 1635, Louis XIII composed the music, wrote the libretto and designed the costumes for the " Ballet de la Merlaison ." The king himself danced in two performances of the ballet the same year at Chantilly and Royaumont. In the sphere of men's fashion , Louis helped introduce the wearing of wigs among men in 1624. This fashion spread in Europe and European-influenced countries in
4263-473: The communities mentioned in the second paragraph of Article 72-3, from one of the regimes provided for in Articles 73 and 74, without the prior consent of the electors of the community or part of the community concerned having been obtained, under the conditions provided for in the following paragraph. In 2003, a new organization is envisaged, in which the regional and departmental institutions would be merged into
4350-441: The country, and Marie was able to raise her own army. Nevertheless, Marie agreed to call an Estates General assembly to address Condé's grievances. The assembly of this Estates General was delayed until Louis XIII formally came of age on his thirteenth birthday. Although his coming-of-age formally ended Marie's Regency, she remained the de facto ruler of France. The Estates General accomplished little, spending its time discussing
4437-468: The crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown. Shortly before his ninth birthday, Louis became king of France and Navarre after his father Henry IV was assassinated. His mother, Marie de' Medici , acted as regent during his minority. Mismanagement of the kingdom and ceaseless political intrigues by Marie and her Italian favourites led the young king to take power in 1617 by exiling his mother and executing her followers, including Concino Concini ,
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#17330855784534524-514: The economy. Greater autonomy was granted by France to the island in the 1970s–80s. In 2009, Martinique was convulsed by the French Caribbean general strikes . Initially focusing on cost-of-living issues, the movement soon took on a racial dimension as strikers challenged the continued economic dominance of the Béké , descendants of French European settlers. President Nicolas Sarkozy later visited
4611-572: The establishment of a consulate, and freedom of religion for French subjects. Unlike other colonial powers, France, under the guidance of Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu, encouraged a peaceful coexistence in New France between the natives and the colonists. Indians, converted to Catholicism, were considered as "natural Frenchmen" by the Ordonnance of 1627: "The descendants of the French who are accustomed to this country [New France], together with all
4698-485: The first of many skirmishes, the Indigenous Kalinago rose against the settlers to drive them off the island. The French repelled the natives and forced them to retreat to the eastern part of the island, on the Caravelle Peninsula in the region then known as the Capesterre. When the Caribs revolted against French rule in 1658, the governor Charles Houël du Petit Pré retaliated with war against them. Many were killed, and those who survived were taken captive and expelled from
4785-477: The following offspring: Voltaire claimed in the second edition of Questions sur l'Encyclopédie (1771) that before Louis XIV was born, Louis XIII had an illegitimate son, who was jailed and his face hidden beneath an iron mask (see the Man in the Iron Mask ). There is no evidence that Louis kept mistresses (a distinction that earned him the title "Louis the Chaste "), but several reports suggest that he may have been homosexual. The prolonged temporal gap between
4872-448: The framework of article 73 of the French Republic's Constitution. The new council replaces and exercises the powers of both the General Council and the regional council . Martinique is divided into 4 arrondissements and 34 communes . It had also been divided into 45 cantons , but these were abolished in 2015. The four arrondissements of the island, with their respective locations, are as follows: The prefecture of Martinique
4959-422: The future Louis XIV . Many people regarded this birth as a miracle and, in show of gratitude to God for the long-awaited birth of an heir, his parents named him Louis- Dieudonné ("God-given"). As another sign of gratitude, according to several interpretations, seven months before his birth, France was dedicated by Louis XIII to the Virgin Mary , who, many believed, had interceded for the perceived miracle. But
5046-436: The government proposes a single territorial community governed by Article 73 of the Constitution, whose name is "Territorial Community of Martinique". The single assembly that replaces the General Council and the Regional Council is called the "Assembly of Martinique". The Assembly of Martinique is composed of 51 councilors, elected for a six-year term of office by the proportional representation system (the electoral district
5133-487: The influence of his mother and Cardinal Richelieu. After waging an unsuccessful war in Languedoc , he took refuge in Flanders . In 1643, on the death of Louis XIII, Gaston became lieutenant-general of the kingdom and fought against Spain on the northern frontiers of France. On 24 November 1615, Louis XIII married Anne of Austria , daughter of Philip III of Spain . The couple were second cousins, by mutual descent from Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor . This marriage followed
5220-436: The island, promising reform. While ruling out full independence, which he said was desired neither by France nor by Martinique, Sarkozy offered Martiniquans a referendum on the island's future status and degree of autonomy. On 2 February 2023, Martinique adopted its independent activist flag , symbolising its three colors of Pan-Africanism . Like French Guiana , Martinique is a special collectivity (Unique in French) of
5307-444: The island. Some Caribs fled to Dominica or St. Vincent , where the French agreed to leave them at peace. After the death of du Parquet in 1658, his widow Marie Bonnard du Parquet tried to govern Martinique, but dislike of her rule led King Louis XIV to take over the sovereignty of the island. In 1654, Dutch Jews expelled from Portuguese Brazil introduced sugar plantations worked by large numbers of enslaved Africans. In 1667,
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#17330855784535394-555: The king, he was a Fils de France ("son of France"), and as the eldest son, Dauphin of France . His father Henry IV was the first French king of the House of Bourbon , having succeeded his second cousin, Henry III (1574–1589), in application of Salic law . Louis XIII's paternal grandparents were Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme , and Jeanne d'Albret , Queen of Navarre. His maternal grandparents were Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany , and Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany . Eleonora de' Medici , his maternal aunt,
5481-442: The most influential Italian at the French court. Louis XIII, taciturn and suspicious, relied heavily on his chief ministers, first Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes and then Cardinal Richelieu , to govern the Kingdom of France . The King and the Cardinal are remembered for establishing the Académie française , and ending the revolt of the French nobility . They systematically destroyed the castles of defiant lords, and denounced
5568-436: The one hand, France's traditional rivalry with the House of Habsburg argued in favour of intervening on behalf of the Protestant powers (and Louis's father Henry IV of France had once been a Huguenot leader). On the other hand, Louis XIII had a strict Catholic upbringing, and his natural inclination was to support the Holy Roman Emperor , the Habsburg Ferdinand II . The French nobles were further antagonised against Luynes by
5655-457: The other hand, the autonomists who want a change of status based on Article 74 of the French Constitution, i.e., an autonomous status subject to the regime of legislative specialty following the example of St. Martin and St. Barthelemy . Since the constitutional revision of 28 March 2003, Martinique has four options: Unlike the overseas departments , the overseas collectivities are subject to legislative specialization. The laws and decrees of
5742-417: The pirate Blackbeard and his pirates captured a French frigate named La Concorde near the island of Martinique in the West Indies . After selling her cargo of slaves on the island, Blackbeard made the vessel his flagship , added more heavy cannons and renamed her Queen Anne's Revenge . Martinique was attacked or occupied several times by the British, in 1693, 1759 , 1762 and 1779 . Excepting
5829-406: The planters on Martinique were Huguenots suffering under the harsh strictures of the Revocation, they began plotting to emigrate from Martinique with many of their recently arrived brethren. Many of them were encouraged by the Catholics, who looked forward to their departure and the opportunities for seizing their property. By 1688, nearly all of Martinique's French Protestant population had escaped to
5916-415: The queen's pregnancies may have been a result of Louis XIII's aversion to heterosexual activity, a matter of great political consequence, since it took the couple more than 20 years of marriage before Louis XIV's birth. His interests as a teenager were focused on male courtiers and he developed an intense emotional attachment to his favourite, Charles d'Albert , although some say there is no clear evidence of
6003-430: The relationship of France to the Papacy and the venality of offices, but reaching no resolutions. Beginning in 1615, Marie came to rely increasingly on Concino Concini , an Italian who assumed the role of her favourite, and was widely unpopular because he was a foreigner. This further antagonised Condé, who launched another rebellion in the early months of 1616. Huguenot leaders supported Condé's rebellion, which led
6090-440: The request of Cardinal Richelieu, in the colonization of Acadia, by taking possession of Port-Royal (now Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia ) and developing it into a French colony. The King gave Razilly the official title of lieutenant-general for New France . He took on military tasks such as taking control of Fort Pentagouet at Majabigwaduce on the Penobscot Bay , which had been given to France in an earlier Treaty, and to inform
6177-472: The southern villages of Dominica , and some of them remained permanently on the island. The only survivor in the town of Saint-Pierre, Ludger Sylbaris , was saved by the thick walls of his prison cell. Shortly thereafter, the capital shifted to Fort-de-France , where it remains today. During World War II , the pro-Nazi Vichy government controlled Martinique under Admiral Georges Robert . German U-boats used Martinique for refuelling and re-supply during
6264-514: The surveillance frigates Ventôse and Germinal , the patrol and support ship Dumont d'Urville , the Confiance -class patrol vessel Combattante and the coastal harbor tug (RPC) Maïtos . The naval aviation element includes Eurocopter AS565 Panther and Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin helicopters able to embark on the two Floréal -class surveillance frigates as required. One Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards (EDA-S) landing craft
6351-561: The text of the dedication does not mention the royal pregnancy and birth as one of its reasons, and Louis XIII himself is said to have expressed his scepticism with regard to the miracle after his son's birth. In gratitude for having successfully given birth, the queen founded the Benedictine abbey of the Val-de-Grâce , for which Louis XIV laid the cornerstone of its church , an early masterpiece of French Baroque architecture. The couple had
6438-402: The title of Duke of Luynes on Charles d'Albert. Luynes soon became as unpopular as Concini had been. Other nobles resented his monopolisation of the King. Luynes was seen as less competent than Henry IV's ministers, many now elderly or deceased, who had surrounded Marie de' Medici. The Thirty Years' War broke out in 1618. The French court was initially unsure of which side to support. On
6525-542: The use of private violence (dueling, carrying weapons, and maintaining private armies). By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu had established "the royal monopoly of force" as the ruling doctrine. The king's reign was also marked by the struggles against the Huguenots and Habsburg Spain . Born at the Palace of Fontainebleau , Louis XIII was the eldest child of King Henry IV of France and his second wife Marie de' Medici . As son of
6612-448: The young Louis XIII to conclude that they would never be loyal subjects. Eventually, Condé and Queen Marie made peace with the ratification on 3 May of the Treaty of Loudun , which allowed Condé great power in government but did not remove Concini. However, on 1 September, after growing dissatisfaction from nobles due to Concini's position, Queen Marie, with Louis's help, imprisoned Condé to protect Concini, leading to renewed revolts against
6699-711: Was able to explore the coast as far as Mogador . In 1624 he was given charge of an embassy to the pirate harbour of Salé in Morocco, in order to solve the affair of the Zaydani Library of Mulay Zidan . In 1630, Razilly was able to negotiate the purchase of French slaves from the Moroccans. He visited Morocco again in 1631, and helped negotiate the Franco-Moroccan Treaty (1631) . The treaty gave France preferential treatment, known as capitulations : preferential tariffs,
6786-586: Was appointed Constable of France , after which he and Louis set out to quell the Huguenot rebellion. The siege at the Huguenot stronghold of Montauban had to be abandoned after three months owing to the large number of royal troops who had succumbed to camp fever. One of the victims of camp fever was Luynes, who died in December 1621. Following the death of Luynes, Louis determined that he would rule by council. His mother returned from exile and, in 1622, entered this council, where Condé recommended violent suppression of
6873-400: Was formed. Its leaders were later arrested by the French authorities. However, they were later acquitted. Tensions rose again in 1974, when gendarmes shot dead two striking banana workers. However the independence movement lost steam as Martinique's economy faltered in the 1970s, resulting in large-scale emigration. Hurricanes in 1979–80 severely affected agricultural output, further straining
6960-406: Was his godmother . As a child, he was raised under the supervision of the royal governess Françoise de Montglat . The ambassador of King James I of England to the court of France, Sir Edward Herbert , who presented his credentials to Louis XIII in 1619, remarked on Louis's extreme congenital speech impediment and his double teeth : ...I presented to the King [Louis] a letter of credence from
7047-438: Was later executed for conspiring with the Spanish enemy in time of war. Tallemant described how on a royal journey, the King "sent M. le Grand [de Cinq-Mars] to undress, who returned, adorned like a bride. 'To bed, to bed' he said to him impatiently... and the mignon was not in before the king was already kissing his hands. But he did not find that M. le Grand, whose heart was elsewhere, responded to his great ardour." Louis XIII
7134-575: Was massively rejected (79.3%) by the population during the referendum of 10 January 2010. The defence of the department is the responsibility of the French Armed Forces . Some 1,400 military personnel are deployed in Martinique and Guadeloupe – centred on the 33e régiment d'infanterie de Marine in Martinique and incorporating a reserve company of the regiment located in Guadeloupe. Five French Navy vessels are based in Martinique, including:
7221-400: Was much addicted... Louis XIII ascended the throne in 1610 upon the assassination of his father, and his mother Marie de' Medici acted as his Regent . Although Louis XIII came of age at thirteen (1614), his mother did not give up her position as Regent until 1617, when he was 16. Marie maintained most of her husband's ministers, with the exception of Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully , who
7308-712: Was occupied first by Arawaks , then by Caribs . The Arawaks came from Central America in the 1st century AD and the Caribs came from the Venezuelan coast around the 11th century. Christopher Columbus charted Martinique (without landing) in 1493, during his second voyage, but Spain had little interest in the territory. Columbus landed during a later voyage, on 15 June 1502, after a 21-day trade wind passage , his fastest ocean voyage. He spent three days there refilling his water casks, bathing and washing laundry. The Indigenous people Columbus encountered called Martinique "Matinino". He
7395-448: Was told by Indigenous people of San Salvador that "the island of Matinino was entirely populated by women on whom the Caribs descended at certain seasons of the year; and if these women bore sons they were entrusted to the father to bring up." On 15 September 1635, Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc , French governor of the island of St. Kitts , landed in the harbour of St. Pierre with 80 to 150 French settlers after being driven off St. Kitts by
7482-570: Was unpopular in the country. She mainly relied on Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy , Noël Brûlart de Sillery , and Pierre Jeannin for political advice. Marie pursued a moderate policy, confirming the Edict of Nantes . She was not, however, able to prevent rebellion by nobles such as Henri, Prince of Condé (1588–1646) , second in line to the throne after Marie's second surviving son Gaston, Duke of Orléans . Condé squabbled with Marie in 1614, and briefly raised an army, but he found little support in
7569-698: Was unwell during the winter of 1642–1643. He managed a few hunting trips to Versailles, but by the middle of February was mostly bedridden. From contemporary descriptions, modern historians have surmised that he suffered from extrapulmonary tuberculosis . On 13 April his chief physician informed him that his illness would be fatal. He died in Paris on 14 May 1643, the 33rd anniversary of his father's death. According to his biographer A. Lloyd Moote, "his intestines were inflamed and ulcerated, making digestion virtually impossible; tuberculosis had spread to his lungs, accompanied by habitual cough. Either of these major ailments, or
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