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101-580: Through intensive growth over the last 20 years, Washington State University Spokane has become the primary occupant of the now- eponymously named campus. However, the campus, which was originally developed as the Riverpoint Higher Education Park in the early 1990s by the state-created Joint Center for Higher Education (JCHE), has been shared between a number of institutions over the years, primarily, Washington State University Spokane and Eastern Washington University Spokane. The site of

202-568: A land rush , and led to the development of iron ore mining in the area. The 1854 Ojibwe Land Cession Treaty would force the Ojibwe onto what are now known as the Fond du Lac and Grand Portage Reservations, though some land rights such as hunting and fishing were retained. Around the same time, newly constructed channels and locks in the East permitted large ships to access the area. A road connecting Duluth to

303-768: A Dakota woman, on Schoolcraft's writings. Natives signed two Treaties of Fond du Lac with the United States in the present neighborhood of Fond du Lac in 1826 and 1847, in which the Ojibwe ceded land to the American government. As part of the Treaty of Washington (1854) with the Lake Superior Band of Chippewa , the United States set aside the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation upstream from Duluth near Cloquet, Minnesota . As European Americans continued to settle and encroach on Ojibwe lands,

404-615: A Fourth of July picnic in 1868. During the 20th century, the Port of Duluth was, for a time, the busiest port in the United States, surpassing even New York City in gross tonnage. Lake freighters carried iron ore through the Great Lakes to processing plants in Illinois and Ohio. Ten newspapers, six banks and an 11-story skyscraper, the Torrey Building, were founded and built. As of 1905, Duluth

505-562: A bill was signed by then-Washington State Governor Christine Gregoire that abolished SIRTI and its Seattle-based Washington Technology Center counterpart. The two were merged into a new state agency to be called Innovate Washington, with the change taking effect on August 1, 2011. 47°39′41.68″N 117°24′20.56″W  /  47.6615778°N 117.4057111°W  / 47.6615778; -117.4057111 Washington State University Spokane Washington State University Spokane (WSU Spokane), branded as WSU Health Sciences Spokane ,

606-444: A blow to the city's economy whose effects included the closure of the cement company, which had depended on the steel plant for raw materials (slag). More closures followed in other industries, including shipbuilding and heavy machinery . By decade's end, unemployment rates hit 15 percent. The economic downturn was particularly hard on Duluth's West Side, where ethnic Eastern and Southern European workers had lived for decades. During

707-636: A few decades later it became the Fitger Brewing Company . The opening of the canal at Sault Ste. Marie in 1855 and the contemporaneous announcement of the railroads' approach had made Duluth the only port with access to both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Soon the lumber industry, railroads and mining were all growing so quickly that the influx of workers could hardly keep up with demand, and storefronts popped up almost overnight. By 1868, business in Duluth

808-522: A local economic-development organization, as well as collaboration opportunities with the university community. Access to university libraries was provided for Riverpoint Academy students, and several college-level classes were also taught by EWU Spokane staff. Innovate Washington was a state-funded business incubator whose roots partially began as the Spokane Intercollegiate Research & Technology Institute (SIRTI). Innovate Washington

909-457: A network of streetcars and an inclined railroad , the 7th Avenue West Incline Railway , that, like San Francisco's cable cars, climbed a steep hill. The change in elevation is illustrated by Duluth's two airports. The weather station at the lakeside Sky Harbor Airport on Minnesota Point has an elevation of 607 feet (185 m), while Duluth International Airport, atop the hill, is 820 feet (250 m) higher at 1,427 feet (435 m). Even as

1010-696: A new facility for the pharmacy and medical sciences programs was approved, and private funding of second year medical education was secured. These actions prompted the College of Pharmacy to move in its entirety to the Spokane campus in 2013 and the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine to be created in 2014. Another recent effort was the establishment of a consortium of Empire Health Foundation, Providence Health Care and WSU Spokane that successfully applied for federal teaching health center funding for six new medical residency slots, with

1111-439: A small place, and hotel and boarding room accommodation is extremely limited. However, lumber is cheap and shanties can be built. Everyone should bring blankets and come prepared to rough it at first. In 1873, Cooke's empire crumbled and the stock market crashed , and Duluth almost disappeared from the map. But by the late 1870s, with the continued boom in lumber and mining and with the railroads completed, Duluth bloomed again. By

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1212-503: A strong plurality of Duluth's population, accounting for more than one third of the residents identifying European ancestry. In September 1918, a group calling itself the Knights of Liberty dragged Finnish immigrant Olli Kinkkonen from his boarding house, tarred and feathered him, and lynched him. Kinkkonen did not want to fight in World War I and had planned to return to Finland. His body

1313-485: A waste incubator. The JCHE first acquired land for the current-day campus in 1990 and, by 1992, released a master plan to develop the multi-institutional campus with five to seven buildings that WSU and EWU could eventually move into and fully transition out of its leased space in Downtown. The JCHE continued to own, operate, and develop the campus until its dissolution in 1998. At this point, full ownership and operations of

1414-547: Is a campus of Washington State University located in Spokane , Washington . It was established in 1989 and, as of 2010, is designated as the university's health science campus. The urban campus is housed on the 48-acre (19 ha) multi-institutional WSU Health Sciences Spokane campus , formerly known as the Riverpoint Campus, in Spokane's University District just east of Downtown Spokane . As of Fall 2019, enrollment on

1515-657: Is involved in a later stage of a business start-up timeline. It occupies space in the Ignite Northwest Building, which is the Spokane Technology Center that was originally constructed by SIRTI. WSU Spokane is one of Ignite Northwest's partners and has had a history of partnering with Ignite Northwest on grant funding. Riverpoint Academy , is a STEM -focused high school established by the Mead School District in 2012. The school occupied space in

1616-718: Is land and 8.510 square miles (22.04 km ) is water. It is Minnesota's second-largest city by land area, surpassed only by Hibbing . Duluth's canal connects Lake Superior to the Duluth–Superior harbor and the Saint Louis River . It is spanned by the Aerial Lift Bridge, which connects Canal Park with Minnesota Point (or "Park Point"). Minnesota Point is about 7 miles (11 km) long, and when included with adjacent Wisconsin Point , which extends 3 miles (4.8 km) from

1717-560: Is located across the Spokane River and is connected to the campus by two bridges. The pedestrian and bicycle-only Don Kardong Bridge, which is located toward the WSU Health Science campus' northeastern corner carries Spokane River Centennial Trail over the river toward Gonzaga, entering that campus next to the building that houses that university's law school . The Centennial Trail also runs along and can be accessed by points along

1818-404: Is now Piedmont Heights, and, of course, a widespread area of Northeastern Minnesota." In the fire's aftermath, tens of thousands of people were left injured or homeless; many of the refugees fled into the city for aid and shelter. For the first half of the 20th century, Duluth was an industrial port boom town dominated by its several grain elevators , a cement plant, a nail mill, wire mills, and

1919-476: Is now a city neighborhood within Duluth. The Diamond Calk Horseshoe Company was founded in 1908 and later became a major manufacturer and exporter of wrenches and automotive tools. Duluth's huge wholesale Marshall Wells Hardware Company expanded in 1901 by opening branches in Portland, Oregon , and Winnipeg , Manitoba ; the company catalog totaled 2,390 pages by 1913. The Duluth Showcase Company, which later became

2020-564: Is sometimes anglicized as "DuLuth", explored the St. Louis River in 1679. After 1792 and the independence of the United States, the North West Company established several posts on Minnesota rivers and lakes, and in areas to the west and northwest, for trading with the Ojibwe, the Dakota , and other native tribes. The first post was where Superior, Wisconsin , later developed. Known as Fort St. Louis,

2121-626: The Duluth Works plant. Handling and export of iron ore, brought in from the Mesabi Range, was integral to the city's economy, as well as to the steel industry in the Midwest, including in manufacturing cities in Ohio. The Aerial Lift Bridge (earlier known as the "Aerial Bridge" or "Aerial Ferry Bridge") was built in 1905 and at that time was known as the United States' first transporter bridge —only one other

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2222-570: The Earth's crust thinned, magma rose toward the surface. These intrusions formed a 16 km (9.9 mi)-thick sill , primarily of gabbro , which is known as the Duluth Complex . The creation of the Lake Superior basin reflects the erosive power of continental glaciers that advanced and retreated over Minnesota several times in the past 2 million years. The mile-thick ice sheets easily eroded

2323-531: The Iron Range north of Duluth; ore shipments from the Duluth harbor had been critical to the city's economy. Low-grade ore ( taconite ) shipments continued, boosted by new taconite pellet technology, but ore shipments were lower overall. In the 1970s the United States experienced a steel crisis , a recession in the global steel market, and like many American cities Duluth entered a period of industrial restructuring. In 1981, US Steel closed its Duluth Works plant,

2424-514: The Second World War , as Duluth's large harbor and the area's vast natural resources were put to work for the war effort. Tankers and submarine chasers (usually called "sub-chasers") were built at the Riverside shipyard. The population of Duluth continued to grow in the postwar decade and a half, peaking at 107,884 in 1960. Economic decline began in the 1950s, when high-grade iron ore ran out on

2525-655: The Tri-Cities and Spokane ). The new campuses were distributed between the state's two main public research institutions with the University of Washington establishing UW Bothell and UW Tacoma , and Washington State University establishing WSU Vancouver , WSU Tri-Cities , and WSU Spokane. The newly formed campuses, including WSU Spokane, were charged with a mission to expand access to upper division and graduate higher education and to foster regional development. The upper division focus (which has since evolved as some of

2626-501: The Twin Cities was also constructed. Eleven small towns on both sides of the St. Louis River were formed, establishing Duluth's roots as a city. By 1857, copper resources were scarce and the area's economic focus shifted to timber harvesting. A nationwide financial crisis, the Panic of 1857 , caused most of the city's early pioneers to leave. A history of Duluth written in 1910 relates, "Of

2727-556: The U.S. Highway 53 corridor from Trinity Road to Maple Grove Road. The highway project reconstructed connector roads, intersections, and adjacent roadways. A new international airport terminal was completed in 2013 as part of the federal government's Stimulus Reconstruction Program. The geology of Duluth demonstrates the Midcontinent Rift , formed as the North American continent began to split apart about 1.1 billion years ago. As

2828-499: The sandstone that filled the axis of the rift valley but encountered more resistance from the igneous rocks forming the flanks of the rift, now the margins of the lake basin. As the last glacier retreated, meltwaters filled the lake to as high as 500 feet (150 m) above the current level; the Skyline Parkway roughly follows one of the highest levels of the ancient Lake Superior, Glacial Lake Duluth . The sandstone that buried

2929-594: The 1980s, plans were underway to extend Interstate 35 through Duluth and up the North Shore , bringing new access to the city. The original plan called for the interstate to run along the shore on an elevated concrete structure, blocking the city's access to Lake Superior. Kent Worley, a local landscape architect, wrote an impassioned letter to then mayor Ben Boo asking that the route be reconsidered. The Minnesota Department of Transportation agreed to take another look, with Worley consulting. The new plan called for parts of

3030-692: The BNSF railway tracks along the south edge of the campus. Buildings on the WSU Health Sciences Spokane campus. Many were newly constructed for educational purposes, but several other buildings were acquired or leased over the years. They include: Sitting in the middle of the WSU Health Sciences Spokane campus is the Jensen-Byrd Building, also known as the Jensen-Byrd Warehouse. The six-story, 200,000 square-foot historic brick warehouse

3131-530: The Duluth Refrigerator Company and then the Coolerator Company, was established in 1908. The Universal Atlas Cement Company, which made cement from the slag byproduct of the steel plant, began operations in 1917. Because of its numerous jobs in mining and industry, the city was a destination for large waves of immigrants from Europe during the early 20th century. It became the center of one of

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3232-578: The Duluth Waterfront Collective. One notable example includes the Highway 61 Revisited concept, which seeks to reimagine the I-35 corridor as it runs through the city's downtown. The group's efforts have been met with interest, with the city council voting to explore options for the corridor in 2021. While the acreage of land utilizing the waterway for port-related purposes has shifted in recent years,

3333-459: The Duluth area. The fire was the worst natural disaster in Minnesota history in terms of the number of lives lost in a single day. Many people died on the rural roads surrounding the Duluth area, and historical accounts tell of victims dying while trying to outrun the fire. The News Tribune reported, "It is estimated that 100 families were rendered homeless by Saturday's fire in the territory known as

3434-497: The Duluth–Superior harbor. Minnesota Point , known locally as Park Point, is the world's longest freshwater baymouth bar , stretching 6 miles (10 km). The city is also the starting point for road trips along the North Shore of Lake Superior to Thunder Bay , Ontario . The Ojibwe occupied a historic settlement at Onigamiinsing ("at the little portage"), the portage across Minnesota Point between Lake Superior and western St. Louis Bay, which forms Duluth's harbor. For both

3535-536: The Great Lakes. It is also among the top 20 U.S. ports by tonnage. Common items shipped from Duluth include coal, iron ore, grain, limestone, cement, salt, wood pulp, steel coil, and wind turbine parts. Duluth is a popular Midwest tourist destination. The city is home to the Great Lakes Aquarium , a freshwater aquarium. The Aerial Lift Bridge , next to Canal Park , crosses the Duluth Ship Canal into

3636-600: The Head of the Lakes in 1809. In 1817, it erected a new headquarters at present-day Fond du Lac on the St. Louis River. There, portages connected Lake Superior with Lake Vermilion to the north and with the Mississippi River to the south. After creating a powerful monopoly , Astor got out of the business about 1830, as the trade was declining. But active trade carried on until the failure of

3737-559: The IWW operated Work People's College , an educational institution that taught classes from a working-class, socialist perspective. Immigrants from Sweden , Norway , Denmark , Germany , Austria , Czechoslovakia , Ireland , England , Italy , Poland , Hungary , Bulgaria , Croatia , Serbia , Ukraine , Romania , and Russia also settled in Duluth. At one time, Duluth was home to several historic immigrant neighborhoods, including Little Italy. Today, people of Scandinavian descent constitute

3838-644: The Native Americans along the way to trap and deliver their furs. Étienne Brûlé is credited with the European discovery of Lake Superior before 1620. Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers explored the Duluth area, Fond du Lac (Bottom of the Lake) in 1654 and again in 1660. The French soon established fur posts near Duluth and in the far north where Grand Portage became a major trading center. The French explorer Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut , whose name

3939-620: The Ojibwe and the Dakota, interaction with Europeans during the contact period revolved around the fur trade and related activities. According to Ojibwe oral history , Spirit Island, near the Spirit Valley neighborhood, was the "Sixth Stopping Place", where the northern and southern branches of the Ojibwe Nation came together and proceeded to their "Seventh Stopping Place", near the present city of La Pointe, Wisconsin . The "Stopping Places" were

4040-651: The South University District. The campus is generally bounded by the Spokane River to the north and east, Martin Luther King Jr Way and the BNSF Railway tracks to the south, and Pine Street to the west. Privately owned development dots the perimeter of the campus, as well as exists within the campus, making these boundaries approximate. Major roadways that run through the campus include Spokane Falls Boulevard and Riverpoint Boulevard. Gonzaga University

4141-472: The Spokane Intercollegiate Research and Technology Institute (SIRTI), would open on October 21, 1994. In 1998, the Washington State Legislature passed a bill, signed into law by then-Washington State Governor Gary Locke on April 3, 1998, that transferred full management responsibilities of the Riverpoint Higher Education Park to Washington State University . In 2015, in an effort to improve

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4242-696: The State of Washington, particularly in its urban areas, were inadequate for the state's population. The conclusion was drawn based on the low rates of enrollment and completion of baccalaureate programs for Washington residents as compared to other states around the country. In 1989, responding to the HECB's conclusion, the Washington State Legislature along with then-Washington State Governor Booth Gardner , established five branch campuses within growing cities across Washington ( Bothell , Tacoma , Vancouver ,

4343-569: The U.S. House of Representatives on January 27, 1871. His speech opposing the St. Croix and Superior Land Grant lampooned Western boosterism , portraying Duluth as an Eden in fantastically florid terms. The speech has been reprinted in collections of folklore and humorous speeches and is regarded as a classic. The nearby city of Proctor, Minnesota , is named for Knott. Duluth's unofficial sister city, Duluth, Georgia , got its name in 1871, shortly after Knott's speech gained national attention. Prominent Georgia newspaperman and politician Evan P. Howell

4444-484: The U.S. government made a series of treaties, executed between 1837 and 1889, that expropriated vast areas of tribal lands for their use and relegated the Native American peoples to a number of small reservations. Interest in the area was piqued in the 1850s by rumors of copper mining . A government land survey in 1852, followed by a treaty with local tribes in 1854, secured wilderness for gold-seeking explorers, sparked

4545-557: The United States (such as the University of California and University of Texas systems) do. On September 3, 2010, to recognize the university's long-term vision to advance WSU Spokane in the health sciences arena and recent parallel efforts to launch a medical school in Spokane, the WSU Board of Regents designated WSU Spokane as the university's health science campus. In recent years WSU Spokane has expanded significantly. Thanks to intense community support, legislative funding to build

4646-449: The WSU Health Sciences Spokane campus. In 1998, when the JCHE was dissolved, SIRTI was spun off into a separate state agency and given ownership the building it occupied, along with 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) of land, while ownership of the rest of the then-named Riverpoint Higher Education Park campus was transferred over to WSU Spokane. SIRTI broke ground on a second building on the campus, which

4747-592: The WSU Health Sciences Spokane campus. The university shares space in the Health Sciences Building, where it collaborates with WSU Spokane and houses its programs in dental hygiene, physical and occupational therapy, and speech and hearing disorders. Operations were previously based out of the EWU Center, the second building constructed on the campus, which opened in 1996 as the Phase I Classroom building. The building

4848-744: The WSU Health Sciences campus' northern border. A second bridge along the Health Sciences campus' eastern border carries pedestrian and automobile traffic along Spokane Falls Boulevard to the southern border of Gonzaga, near its baseball stadium, the Washington Trust Field and Patterson Baseball Complex . The South University District area can be accessed by the University District Gateway Bridge, which carries pedestrians and bicyclists across Martin Luther King Jr Way and

4949-648: The WSU Spokane campus was 1,685 students, consisting of undergraduate, graduate, and professional students, and the campus also employs 781 faculty and staff. In 1987, the Washington State Higher Education Coordinating Board (HECB), the predecessor to the Washington Student Achievement Council , released its first master plan which concluded that existing upper division and graduate higher education programs in

5050-460: The Woodland District... In most cases, families which lost their homes also lost most or all of their furniture and personal belongings, the limited time and transportation facilities affording little opportunity for saving anything but human life." The National Guard unit based in Duluth was mobilized in a heroic effort to battle the fire and assist victims, but the troops were overwhelmed by

5151-415: The areas of sleep and performance, cancer, mental health, molecular biosciences, and substance abuse. Duluth, Minnesota Duluth ( / d ə ˈ l uː θ / də- LOOTH ) is a port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of St. Louis County . Located on Lake Superior in Minnesota's Arrowhead Region , the city is a hub for cargo shipping. The population

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5252-412: The beginning of the 21st century, Duluth has become a regional center for banking, retail shopping, and medical care for northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and northwestern Michigan. It is estimated that more than 8,000 jobs in Duluth are directly related to its two hospitals. Arts and entertainment offerings, as well as year-round recreation and the natural environment, have contributed to expansion of

5353-565: The branding of the WSU Spokane campus and its designation as that university's health sciences campus, the decision was made to phase out the Riverpoint Campus name. Other institutions that share the campus with WSU Spokane, including Eastern Washington University and Whitworth University , also followed suit. Moving forward, all the institutions who call the campus home would be referred to by their institutional and program names only. The WSU Health Sciences Spokane campus sits within Spokane's University District between Gonzaga University and

5454-595: The building's future is awaiting a revised master plan from the university. While still standing, it has remained mostly empty and unused since its acquisition by Washington State University in the early 2000s. However, it has been used occasionally in recent years, hosting some small events and having its basement serve as a filming location for several scenes in the SyFy series Z Nation . The WSU Health Sciences Spokane campus, despite owned and operated by WSU Spokane since 1998, and renamed after it in 2015, has, throughout its entire history and still does to this day, shared

5555-424: The campus is a former brownfield site that was once occupied by rail lines and a waste incubator. On April 23, 1988, Washington State Governor Booth Gardner signed an appropriation that allocated $ 800,000 for purchasing land east of Downtown Spokane for the eventual development of a higher education campus. That land would be acquired two years in 1990, officially establishing the campus. Its first building, for

5656-424: The campus were transferred over to Washington State University. Still embracing the JCHE's original vision for the campus to be collaborative and multi-institutional, WSU Spokane continues to share its campus with several other academic institutions. The WSU Spokane campus has direct access to the following Spokane Transit Authority bus routes (updated as of the July 2023 STA service change). WSU Spokane houses

5757-459: The campus with a number of various academic institutions, business incubators, and business accelerators from across the Spokane area and State of Washington. Beyond just being co-located on the same campus, the entities have also had a history of collaborating academically as well as administratively and financially. Eastern Washington University operates EWU Spokane, which houses portions of EWU's College of Health Science and Public Health, from

5858-486: The campuses now offer four-year degrees) was meant to complement Washington's relatively large and geographically distributed community college system and to meet local labor market demand for higher education. Meanwhile, placing the new campuses under operation by Washington's research universities was meant to promote local economic development. While the other four campuses were established to focus on arts, sciences, and applied master's degree programs, WSU Spokane's focus

5959-440: The city has grown, its populace has tended to hug Lake Superior's shoreline, so Duluth is primarily a southwest–northeast city. The considerable development on the hill has given Duluth many steep streets. Some neighborhoods, such as Piedmont Heights and Bayview Heights , are atop the hill with scenic views of the city. Skyline Parkway is a scenic roadway that extends from Becks Road above the Gary – New Duluth neighborhood near

6060-437: The city of Superior , Wisconsin , is the largest freshwater baymouth bar in the world at a total of 10 miles (16 km). Duluth's topography is dominated by a steep hillside that climbs from Lake Superior to high inland elevations. Duluth has been called "the San Francisco of the Midwest," alluding to San Francisco 's similar water-to-hilltop topography. This similarity was most evident before World War II, when Duluth had

6161-486: The contiguous US behind International Falls ), falling to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 38 nights and bringing consistent snow cover from late November to early April. Winter storms that pass south or east of Duluth can often set up easterly or northeasterly flow, which leads to occasional upslope lake-effect snow events that bring 1 foot (30 cm) or more of snow to the city while areas 50 miles (80 km) inland receive considerably less. The average annual snowfall

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6262-402: The edge of the city's western neighborhoods. Many of these sites, filled with legacy pollutants due to previous industrial use, have been or are in the process of being restored by the EPA, with several developments, such as Pier B Resort and Hotel, demonstrating the revitalization opportunity of these former industrial spaces. Other efforts to reclaim waterfront space in Duluth have been led by

6363-407: The enormity of the fire. Retired Duluth News Tribune columnist and journalist Jim Heffernan writes that his mother "recalled an overnight vigil watching out the window of their small home on lower Piedmont Avenue with her father, her younger sisters having gone to sleep, ready to be evacuated to the waterfront should the need arise. The fire never made it that far down the hill, but devastated what

6464-498: The event with a memorial. The Clayton Jackson McGhie Memorial, which includes a corner wall and plaza, was dedicated in 2003. It includes three 7-foot (2.1 m)-tall bronze statues of the three men. The CJMM Committee continues to work for racial justice through educational outreach, community forums, and scholarships for youth. In 1918, the Cloquet Fire (named for the nearby city of Cloquet ) burned across Carlton and southern St. Louis counties, destroying dozens of communities in

6565-405: The event. Community members from many different groups began to come together for reflection and education. The men's unmarked graves were located and in 1991, gravestones were erected with funding from a local church. Vigils were held at the intersection where the men were lynched. In 2000, a grassroots committee was formed, and began to offer speakers to groups and schools. It decided to commemorate

6666-457: The first zero-energy building in Spokane as well as the first office building to be constructed out of cross-laminated timber in the State of Washington. While close to the WSU Spokane Health Sciences campus, the Catalyst is not located on the campus. Several programs will be relocated into the building from its main campus in nearby Cheney, Washington . Washington State University operates its Health Sciences Spokane campus operates from

6767-432: The fur trade in the 1840s. European fashions changed, and many American areas were getting over-trapped, with game declining. In 1832, Henry Schoolcraft visited the Fond du Lac area and wrote of his experiences with the Ojibwe Indians there. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow based the Song of Hiawatha , his epic poem relating the fictional adventures of an Ojibwe warrior named Hiawatha and the tragedy of his love for Minnehaha,

6868-438: The goods being shipped through the Duluth-Superior port have shifted to reflect a changing economy. In recent decades, declines in the shipment of coal and iron ore have been met by increases in the shipment of wind turbine components and multimodal shipping containers. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 80.168 square miles (207.63 km ), of which 71.658 square miles (185.59 km )

6969-409: The handful remaining in 1859 four men were unemployed and one of those was a brewer. Capital idea; build a brewery. The absence of malt and hops and barley did not at all embarrass those stout-hearted settlers." The water for brewing was obtained from a stream that emptied into Lake Superior that came to be called Brewery Creek, as it is still known today. While the brewery "was not a pecuniary success",

7070-416: The highway to run through tunnels, which allowed preservation of Fitger's Brewery, Sir Ben's Tavern, Leif Erikson Park, and Duluth's Rose Garden. Rock used from the interstate project was used to create an extensive new beach along Lake Superior, along which the city's Lakewalk was built. With the decline of the city's industrial core, the local economic focus gradually shifted to tourism . The downtown area

7171-662: The igneous rocks of the rift is exposed near Fond du Lac . At one time a large number of quarries produced the stone, sold as Fond du Lac or Lake Superior brownstone . It was widely used in Duluth buildings and also shipped to Minneapolis, Chicago, and Milwaukee, where it was also used extensively. The weathered sandstone forms the sandy lake bottom and shores of Park Point. Duluth has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ), slightly moderated by its proximity to Lake Superior. Winters are long, snowy, and very cold, normally seeing maximum temperatures remaining at or below 32 °F (0 °C) on 100 days (the second-most of any city in

7272-554: The largest Finnish communities in the world outside Finland. For decades, a Finnish-language daily newspaper, Päivälehti, was published in the city, named after the former Grand Duchy of Finland 's pro-independence liberal paper . The Finnish community of Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) members published a widely read labor newspaper Industrialisti . From 1907 to 1941, the Finnish Socialist Federation and then

7373-412: The neighborhood's revitalization, many developers are also investing in housing projects in anticipation of further growth. Duluth's prominence as a port city gave it an economic advantage in its early years, but as various industries began to wane, new efforts to reclaim areas of the waterfront for public use emerged. Notable among them is the reclamation of the St. Louis River corridor, which runs along

7474-491: The non-profit organization assumed ownership of the Spokane Technology Center. The foundation was later relaunched as Ignite Northwest and still occupies space on the WSU Health Sciences Spokane campus. SIRTI was a state-funded business incubator and predecessor state agency to Innovate Washington. It created in 1994 under the administration the Joint Center for Higher Education (JCHE), the entity which had originally developed

7575-477: The now-eponymously named campus, housing three colleges, its College of Nursing , College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , and Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine . Ignite Northwest is a local business accelerator that was founded in 2015 in the wake of the defunding and shutdown of the state-funded Innovate Washington. Its functions can be seen as similar to that of the former Innovate Washington agency, however, as an accelerator as opposed to incubator, it

7676-435: The opening of a building called "Phase One" at the then-named Riverpoint Higher Education Park, WSU Spokane began to occupy the campus that it calls home today. The 48 acres (19 ha) urban campus, which was originally established by the Joint Center for Higher Education (JCHE), is located in Spokane's University District , just east of downtown. Before its development, the campus was a brownfield site with rail lines and

7777-636: The places the Native Americans occupied during their westward migration as the Europeans overran their territory. Several factors brought fur traders to the Great Lakes in the early 17th century. The fashion for beaver hats in Europe generated demand for pelts. French trade for beaver in the lower St. Lawrence River led to the depletion of the animals in the region by the late 1630s, so the French searched farther west for new resources and new routes, making alliances with

7878-656: The possibility of another 12 or more if funding is continued. The effort moved responsibility of nearly all of the medical residences in Eastern Washington to the consortium's Spokane Teaching Health Center. A clinic for the residents and WSU students working in teams to serve low-income community members was finished in early 2016. In May 2021, WSU Spokane graduated its first class of medical students. In its first few years of existence, WSU Spokane operated out of leased space in Downtown Spokane . However, in 1996, with

7979-476: The post became the headquarters for North West's new Fond du Lac Department. It had stockade walls, two houses of 40 feet (12 m) each, a shed of 60 feet (18 m), a large warehouse, and a canoe yard. Over time, Indian peoples and European Americans settled nearby, and a town gradually developed. In 1808, German-born John Jacob Astor organized the American Fur Company . The company began trading at

8080-451: The railroad opened areas due north and west of Lake Superior to iron ore mining. Duluth's population on New Year's Day of 1869 consisted of 14 families; by the Fourth of July , 3,500 people were present to celebrate. In the first Duluth Minnesotian printed on August 24, 1869, the editor placed the following notice on the editorial page: Newcomers should comprehend that Duluth is at present

8181-531: The role and future of the building on the campus has been the source of much controversy and seen a number redevelopment proposals for the last couple decades. The warehouse was designed by Spokane architect Albert Held for the Marshall-Wells Hardware Company, which was based in Duluth, Minnesota . At the time of its completion, it was one of the largest warehouses in Spokane, and as of today remains

8282-597: The second largest warehouse in Spokane County and one of the largest historic buildings in downtown Spokane. Several additions were made to the building over the years, including its eastern annex in 1946 and the Pine Street wing in 1973. In 1958, the building landed in the hands of the Jensen-Byrd Co. , now known as Jensen Distribution Services, after its acquisition of the Spokane branch of Marshall Wells As of 2017,

8383-612: The then-named Innovate Washington Building, originally the SIRTI Building, which was the first building to be built on the campus, and remained there for one year, before outgrowing the space and relocating to a new location within school district's attendance boundaries north of Spokane in the fall of 2013. The school's original location near Downtown Spokane on a higher education campus was intended to provide several new opportunities for learning. These included networking and mentoring opportunities through Greater Spokane Incorporated (GSI),

8484-600: The tourist industry. Some 3.5 million visitors each year contribute more than $ 400 million to the local economy. More recently a collection of like-minded businesses in Lincoln Park , an old rundown blue-collar neighborhood with high unemployment and poverty rates, was cultivated by a group of entrepreneurs who have begun rebuilding and revitalizing the area. Since 2014, at least 25 commercial real estate transactions have occurred and 17 businesses have opened, including restaurants, breweries, coffee shops and artist studios. Due to

8585-512: The turn of the century, it had almost 100,000 inhabitants, and was again a thriving community with small-business loans, commerce and trade flowing through the city. Mining continued in the Mesabi Range and iron was shipped east to mills in Ohio, a trade continuing into the 20th century. Early doubts about the Duluth area's potential were voiced in "The Untold Delights of Duluth," a speech U.S. Representative J. Proctor Knott of Kentucky gave in

8686-521: The university's three human health sciences -related colleges: the College of Nursing , College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , and the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine It offers programs in Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nursing, Health Policy and Administration, Speech and Hearing Sciences, Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Education and Criminal Justice. Research occurs in

8787-693: The western end of the city to the Lester Park neighborhood on the east side. It crosses nearly Duluth's entire length and affords views of Lake Superior, the Aerial Lift Bridge, Canal Park, and the many industries that inhabit the largest inland port. A developing part of the city is the Miller Hill Mall area and the adjacent big-box retailer shopping strips "over the hill" along the Miller Trunk Highway corridor. The 2009–10 road reconstruction project in Duluth's Miller Hill area improved movement through

8888-579: The westernmost point of the Great Lakes . It is the largest metropolitan area, the second-largest city, and the largest U.S. city on the lake. Duluth is accessible to the Atlantic Ocean, 2,300 miles (3,700 km) away, via the Great Lakes Waterway and St. Lawrence Seaway . The Port of Duluth is the world's farthest inland port accessible to oceangoing ships and is the largest and busiest port on

8989-533: Was 86,697 at the 2020 census , making it Minnesota's fifth-largest city . Duluth forms a metropolitan area with neighboring Superior, Wisconsin , called the Twin Ports . It is south of the Iron Range and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness . It is named after Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut , the area's first known European explorer. Duluth is on the north shore of Lake Superior at

9090-468: Was also previously shared with WSU Spokane, but EWU took over the building for exclusive use in 2014. As of August 2023, this building is now named the Medicine Building, and is for the exclusive use of Washington State University and its Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine. Eastern Washington University will expand its Spokane presence in the fall of 2020 by occupying the newly built Catalyst Building,

9191-568: Was booming. In a Fourth of July speech Dr. Thomas Preston Foster, the founder of Duluth's first newspaper, coined the expression "The Zenith City of the Unsalted Seas". In 1869–70, Duluth was the fastest-growing city in the country and was expected to surpass Chicago in only a few years. When Jay Cooke , a wealthy Philadelphia land speculator, convinced the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad to create an extension from St. Paul to Duluth,

9292-428: Was called upon to make remarks at the dedication of a new railroad line into Howell's Crossing, a village named for his grandfather. Howell humorously suggested that the community be called "Duluth" instead, and townspeople agreed. Proctor Knott is sometimes credited with characterizing Duluth as the "zenith city of the unsalted seas," but the honor for that coinage belongs to journalist Thomas Preston Foster, speaking at

9393-523: Was created in 2011 by a merger between SIRTI and its Seattle-based counterpart, Washington Technology Center. Innovate Washington was defunded by the Washington State Legislature in February 2014, and shut down in June of that year. Some of it operations were assumed by the non-profit Innovate Washington Foundation. One of its buildings, the original SIRTI Building, was turned over to Washington State University while

9494-565: Was ever constructed in the country. In 1929–30, the span was converted to a vertical-lift bridge (also rather uncommon). The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. In 1916, after Europe had entered the Great War (World War I), a shipyard was constructed on the St. Louis River. A new workers neighborhood, today known as Riverside, developed around the large operation. Similar industrial expansions took place during

9595-505: Was found two weeks later hanging in a tree in Duluth's Lester Park. Another lynching in Duluth occurred on June 15, 1920, when three innocent black male circus workers: Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson, and Isaac McGhie, were attacked by a white mob and hanged after purportedly raping a teenage white girl. The Duluth lynchings took place on First Street and Second Avenue East. In the late 20th century, journalist Michael Fedo wrote The Lynchings in Duluth (1970), which began to raise awareness of

9696-569: Was in nomenclature only and was made to symbolize the growth of higher education in the state in the roughly 25 years since the campuses were originally established, and to recognize that each of the campuses had matured and formed their own identities. It did not alter the governance and funding structure of the state's public research universities. Therefore, the campuses, including WSU Spokane, still report to their main campuses and do not operate with full autonomy and separate governance like affiliated universities in other state university systems in

9797-488: Was named the Spokane Technology Center, in March 2005, on a parcel of land that it acquired from WSU Spokane for $ 850,000. The building was designed to have about 28,000 to 29,000 square feet of leasable area, 12,000 of which was dedicated as wet lab space designed primarily for pharmaceutical or biotechnology research in hopes of supporting the goal of making the WSU Health Sciences campus a biotech-health care center. In June 2011,

9898-496: Was oriented toward health sciences, engineering, and architecture at the graduate level. By 2017, WSU Spokane, and the four other campuses that were established alongside it, had grown to the point where the Washington State Legislature decided to remove the "branch campus" designation from all five campuses in a nearly unanimous vote (91-6 in the state house and 48–0 in the state senate ). The bill would be signed by Washington State Governor Jay Inslee shortly after. The change

9999-462: Was originally constructed in 1909 and has changed hands a number of times over its history. It was acquired by the WSU Foundation in 2001 and leased back to its prior owner for use until its transfer to Washington State University in 2004 with plans to eventually make the building, or its land, a key part of the campus. Due to its history and its location in the heart of a rapidly developing campus,

10100-510: Was renovated to emphasize its pedestrian character: streets were paved with red brick and skywalks and retail shops were added. The city and developers worked with the area's unique architectural character, converting old warehouses along the waterfront into cafés, shops, restaurants, and hotels. Combined with the new rock beach and Lakewalk, these changes developed the new Canal Park as a tourism-oriented district. Duluth's population, which had declined since 1960, stabilized at around 85,000. At

10201-406: Was said to be home to the most millionaires per capita in the United States. In 1907, U.S. Steel announced that it would build a $ 5 million plant in the area. Although steel production did not begin until 1915, predictions held that Duluth's population would rise to 200,000–300,000. Along with the Duluth Works steel plant, US Steel developed Morgan Park , as a company town for steel workers. It

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