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78-593: It opened in 1966 and was a development of KLC Ventures, a firm that included the pioneering developer Philip M. Klutznick and his son Tom. The elder Klutznick had developed Park Forest, Illinois , after World War II, as well as Oakbrook Center in Oak Brook in 1962 and Old Orchard Shopping Center in Skokie in 1956. River Oaks originally opened as an outdoor shopping center with one minor and two major department stores. The original anchors were Marshall Field's , which built

156-507: A 200 room hotel. The site was expected to be approved by October 2020, but the decision was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . In October 2021, the casino proposal was rejected by state regulators. Pace Philip M. Klutznick Philip Morris Klutznick (July 9, 1907 – August 14, 1999) was a U.S. administrator who served as U.S. Secretary of Commerce from January 9, 1980, to January 19, 1981, under President Jimmy Carter . He

234-427: A 275,000-square-foot (25,500 m) store, Sears , and a branch of Edward C. Minas Company, which was based in nearby Hammond, Indiana . Other major stores included a Jewel supermarket and Osco Drug at the south end, and a S. S. Kresge dime store next to Sears. Kresge closed in 1987 and became a movie theater , while the closure of Jewel made way for a McDonald's restaurant and a second theater complex. Many of

312-549: A Jewish Commonwealth in Palestine." WJC officials lobbied UN member states in favor of the adoption of UN General Assembly Resolution 181 of 1947, which called for the creation of a Jewish and an Arab state in Palestine. On 15 May 1948, the day of Israel's proclamation of independence, the WJC Executive pledged "world Jewry's solidarity" with the fledgling Jewish state. In Montreux, Switzerland, delegates from 34 countries attended

390-651: A boycott of products from Nazi Germany. Given the weakness of the League of Nations vis-à-vis Germany and the successful efforts by the Nazi regime to stave off an economic boycott, neither approach proved very effective. Following the November 1938 Kristallnacht pogroms against Jews in Germany in which at least 91 Jews were killed and many synagogues and Jewish shops were destroyed, the WJC issued

468-754: A comment which said: "The truth is that what stands in the way of aid to the Jews in Europe by the United Nations is not that such a program is dangerous, but simple lack of will to go to any trouble on their behalf." Only in January 1944, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the setting up of the War Refugee Board , whose purpose was to "rescue victims of enemy oppression who are in imminent danger of death". The World Jewish Congress also tried – mostly in vain – to convince

546-429: A few miles north of the mall and would have transformed the area around the mall into an office and business hub. However, these plans never materialized and finally, in 1993, JMB began a smaller version of the redevelopment which included additional retail space and enclosing the common areas mall. In 1994, the redevelopment was completed. The mall was enclosed and 80,000 square feet (7,000 m) of gross leasable area

624-529: A liaison office to the League of Nations in Geneva, first headed by the Swiss international lawyer and WJC Legal Advisor Paul Guggenheim and later by Gerhart Riegner , who initially served as Guggenheim's secretary. In its fight against growing anti-Semitism in Europe, the WJC pursued a two-pronged approach: the political and legal sphere (mainly lobbying of the League of Nations and public statements) and organizing

702-582: A plan to close 154 stores nationwide. However in August 2020, it was announced that this store would stay open. In late 2019, a new anchor to the southeast wing of the mall was proposed, the Southland Live Casino . If approved by the Illinois Gaming Board, a temporary casino would have initially opened in the former Carson's, until a permanent 150,000 square foot casino was constructed, followed by

780-596: A program of Jewish postwar demands. All representative committees together formed the Advisory Council on European Jewish Affairs, which came into being at a conference in New York City in June 1942. The WJC also lobbied Allied governments on behalf of Jewish refugees, and urged US Jewish organizations to work towards waiving immigration quotas for Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution. In 1940, General Charles de Gaulle ,

858-746: A statement: "Though the Congress deplores the fatal shooting of an official of the German Embassy in Paris by a young Polish Jew of seventeen, it is obliged to protest energetically against the violent attacks in the German press against the whole of Judaism because of this act and, especially, to protest against the reprisals taken against the German Jews after the crime." With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939,

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936-455: A suburb south of Chicago. In 1953, he was elected to the first of two three-year terms as president of B'nai B'rith . His presidency focused on strengthening the century-old organization's internal structure and expanding its constituency. He visited B'nai B'rith districts worldwide and worked to strengthen lodges in post-war Europe and Israel . Domestically, he instituted a membership drive, expanded support for youth programs and travelled in

1014-458: Is an adventurer and does not represent "organized Jewry". He pleaded to either deport or draft Hillel Kook in order to stop his activism, which organized Jewry strongly opposed. Eleanor Roosevelt, many from Hollywood and Broadway and many in Congress supported the Bergson Group, including Senator Harry Truman for a while. On 9 August 1944, Leon Kubowitzki (later Aryeh Leon Kubovy), the head of

1092-786: The American Jewish Congress and the Comité des Délégations Juives (Committee of Jewish Delegations). The latter was established in March 1919 to represent Jewish communities at the Paris Peace Conference , and advocated for Jewish minority rights in various countries, including the negotiation of rights for Jews in Turkey in the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) and special agreements with smaller eastern European states. Headed by Russian Zionist Leo Motzkin ,

1170-561: The Chicago Bulls franchise in 1973. His daughter, Bettylu Saltzman, is widely credited with helping launch President Barack Obama's political career. She introduced the then-community organizer to David Axelrod in 1992. World Jewish Congress The World Jewish Congress ( WJC ) is an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations, founded in Geneva , Switzerland in August 1936. According to its mission statement,

1248-524: The Comité des Délégations Juives was composed of delegations from Palestine, the United States, Canada, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, East Galicia, Romania, Transylvania, Bukovina, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Yugoslavia, and Greece, and funded mainly by the World Zionist Organization . However, the first impetus for the creation of the WJC came from the American Jewish Congress . In December 1917,

1326-693: The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to assert its authority more forcefully vis-à-vis the Germans, and urged it to secure the status of civilian prisoners of war under the Third Geneva Convention on prisoners of war for those Jews that were confined to ghettos and Nazi concentration camps, which would have entitled the ICRC to provide care to them. However, the ICRC stuck to the view that it

1404-492: The International Committee of the Red Cross to protect Jews in Nazi-occupied countries. Under the auspices of the WJC, 18 committees were set up in the United States composed of exiled representatives of the different European Jewish communities under Nazi rule. The committees were modeled on the governments-in-exile, and their task was to provide moral and material support for Jews in the respective countries, and to prepare

1482-519: The Southern United States to discuss B'nai B'rith support for school desegregation and the growing civil rights movement . Klutznick was also active in international affairs. In 1957, he served a three-month term as a United Nations delegate. He gained the rank of ambassador as US representative on the UN Economic and Social Council in 1960, working closely with United States Ambassador to

1560-751: The United Nations Association of the United States of America . Klutznick had a special interest in the Middle East and in Israel–United States relations . As B'nai B'rith president, he travelled to Israel and advocated the use of German reparations funds to support Jewish organizations. He was among the American Jewish leaders to meet with President Dwight D. Eisenhower 's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles to discuss Middle Eastern policy and events. In 1977, Klutznick became president of

1638-476: The "concept of the Jewish people as a national entity, and authorized and obligated to deal with all problems affecting Jewish life". In the summer of 1933, following the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and his NSDAP in Germany, American Jewish Congress President Bernard Deutsch called on US Jewish organizations to support the establishment of a World Jewish Congress "to prove the sincerity of their stand" in favor of

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1716-559: The 2nd Grand Aleph Godol (International Teen President) of the expanding organization in 1925. After high school, he became the first executive director of AZA. He attended the University of Kansas at Lawrence and the University of Nebraska at Lincoln and received an LL.B. degree in 1930 from Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska . After school, he worked as an attorney and became involved in housing construction. During World War II , he

1794-557: The AJC adopted a resolution calling for the "convening of a World Jewish Congress", "as soon as peace is declared among the warring nations" in Europe. In 1923, Motzkin visited the United States and addressed the AJC Executive Committee, "pleading for a World Conference of Jews to discuss the conditions of Jews in various lands and to devise ways and means for effective protection of Jewish rights". Conferences co-organized by Motzkin and

1872-697: The AJC leaders Julian Mack and Stephen Wise took place in 1926 in London and in 1927 in Zurich, Switzerland. The latter was attended by 65 Jews from 13 countries, representing 43 Jewish organizations, though the main Jewish groups in Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, as well as the American Jewish Committee , declined the invitation to attend. The First Preparatory World Jewish Conference

1950-712: The American Jewish Congress Julian Mack as honorary president of the WJC, Wise was appointed as chairman of the WJC Executive and thus de facto leader of the congress. Nahum Goldmann was named chair of the Administrative Committee. The WJC Executive immediately drew up a declaration urging the British government not to halt immigration to Palestine which was presented to British diplomats in Bern, Switzerland. The WJC chose Paris as its headquarters with

2028-501: The British Foreign Office refused to forward the telegram for the time being and called for the allegations to be investigated first. It was only on 25 November 1942 that the WJC was allowed to release the news to the world. On 28 July 1942, 20,000 people participated in a WJC-organized "Stop Hitler Now" demonstration at New York's Madison Square Garden. Nine months later, on 1 March 1943, an estimated 22,000 people crowded into

2106-593: The Congress establish a Department of Community Service which would be charged with aiding in the reconstruction of the spiritual and cultural life of Jews in liberated countries. Another resolution extended the gratitude of the gathering to the Vatican and to the Governments of Spain, Sweden and Switzerland for the protection they offered under difficult conditions to the persecuted Jews in German-dominated Europe. At

2184-566: The German-occupied territories. Riegner had received his information from the German industrialist Eduard Schulte . His telegram read as follows: Received alarming report about plan being discussed and considered in Führer headquarters to exterminate at one fell swoop all Jews in German-controlled countries comprising three and a half to four million after deportation and concentration in

2262-577: The Holocaust, and advocated for the punishment of Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity. The World Jewish Congress notably took part in the formulation of the principles governing the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal and furnished evidence against Nazi leaders to the US prosecutors. On 19 August 1945, a conference of representatives of European Jews was organized in Paris, France by

2340-525: The Jewish community; it is to establish a real, legitimate, collective representation of Jewry which will be entitled to speak in the name of the 16 million Jews to the nations and governments of the world, as well as to the Jews themselves. The conference approved plans to set up the new organization in 1934, with headquarters in New York and European offices in Berlin, Germany. In a manifesto, delegates called upon

2418-474: The Jewish people and signaled its readiness to engage in negotiations with Jewish representatives and the State of Israel. "Unspeakable crimes have been committed in the name of the German people, calling for moral and material indemnity [ ... ] The Federal Government are prepared, jointly with representatives of Jewry and the State of Israel [ ... ] to bring about a solution of the material indemnity problem, thus easing

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2496-436: The Jewish people to unite as the only effective means of averting danger. The Jews, the declaration said, had to rely on their own power with the assistance of such enlightened sections of the world which had not yet been saturated with poisonous anti-Semitism. It added: "The World Jewish Congress does not aim at weakening any existing organizations, but rather to support and stimulate them." The new organization would be based on

2574-502: The Nazi onslaught", to "fight for equal political and economic rights everywhere, and particularly for the Jewish minorities in Central and Eastern Europe", to support the establishment of a "Jewish National Home in Palestine" and to create "a worldwide Jewish representative body based on the concept of the unity of the Jewish people, democratically organized and able to act on matters of common concern". The WJC's precursor organizations were

2652-664: The Polish National Council of the Polish government-in-exile, held a press conference with WJC officials in London, where it was stated that an estimated one million Jews had already been murdered by the Germans. On 8 August 1942, the WJC's Geneva representative Gerhart Riegner sent a telegram to the US vice-consul in Geneva in which he informed the Allies for the first time about the Nazis' planned Final Solution to exterminate all Jews in

2730-635: The Second Plenary Assembly of the World Jewish Congress, held from 27 June to 6 July 1948. In 1949, the World Jewish Congress called on the newly established Federal Republic of Germany to acknowledge responsibility and liability of the German people for the wrongs inflicted on the Jewish people by the Nazi regime. In 1950, the WJC opened an office in Frankfurt to function as a "listening post" on developments in Germany. In representations to

2808-544: The US government. In 1981, he travelled to Israel, Saudi Arabia , Jordan , Syria , Egypt and the West Bank as part of a private group to meet with leaders in government, education, military affairs, business and communications, as well as political dissidents. The resulting "Seven Springs Report" attempted to provide a base of knowledge and understanding for the conduct of future negotiations and peace plans. In June 1982, Klutznick joined with Nahum Goldmann, former president of

2886-566: The United Nations Adlai Stevenson II . Klutznick resigned his UN post two years later, contending that a failure to integrate political goals with economic and social needs undermined the effectiveness of international diplomacy. In later years, he remained active in international affairs, completing a survey of Brazilian housing for the Johnson administration , writing and speaking frequently on international issues and working with

2964-468: The United Nations Economic and Social Council . The World Jewish Congress was established in Geneva, Switzerland in August, 1936, in reaction to the rise of Nazism and the growing wave of European anti-Semitism. Since its foundation, it has been a permanent body with offices around the world. The main aims of the organization were "to mobilize the Jewish people and the democratic forces against

3042-536: The United States, Britain and France, the WJC detailed Jewish moral and material claims on Germany. In 1951, Nahum Goldmann , at the request of the Israeli government, established the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany ( Claims Conference ). The same year, in a declaration approved by the parliament, West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer recognized Germany's duty to make moral and material restitution to

3120-525: The WJC moved to Geneva to facilitate communications with Jewish communities in Europe. In the summer of 1940, by which time most of Europe had fallen under Nazi occupation, the headquarters were moved to New York to share office space with the American Jewish Congress, and a special WJC office was set up in London. The British Section of the WJC was tasked with acting as the European representative of

3198-496: The WJC opened a representative office in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The WJC's initial priorities included safeguarding Jewish minority rights, combating anti-Semitism in Europe, and providing emergency relief to Jews fleeing Nazi persecution. The WJC also concentrated on security for Jewish refugees and victims of the war. In 1939, the World Jewish Congress set up a relief committee for Jewish war refugees (RELICO) and cooperated with

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3276-419: The WJC was allowed to save 4,500 inmates from the women's concentration camp at Ravensbrück. Approximately half of these women, who had been deported to Germany from over forty countries, were Jewish. At the end of the war, the WJC undertook efforts to rebuild Jewish communities in Europe, pushed for indemnification and reparation claims against Germany, provided assistance to displaced persons and survivors of

3354-614: The WJC's Rescue Department, relayed a message from Ernest Frischer of the Czechoslovak State Council to the US State Department urging the destruction of the gas chambers and the bombing of railways lines leading to the Auschwitz death camp. US Undersecretary of War John J. McCloy rejected the suggestion five days later, writing to Kubowitzki: After a study it became apparent that such an operation could be executed only by

3432-532: The WJC, Hilel Storch, established contact through an intermediary with SS chief Heinrich Himmler . In April, Norbert Masur of the Swedish Section of the WJC secretly met with Himmler at Harzfeld, around 70 kilometers north of Berlin. Masur had been promised safe conduct by Himmler. Through negotiations with the Nazi leader and the subsequent talks with the head of the Swedish Red Cross, Folke Bernadotte ,

3510-409: The WJC, whose leadership (Wise, Goldmann, Kubowitzki) traveled there from the US. Delegates from Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden and Switzerland attended the gathering. On 21 September 1945, Pope Pius XII received WJC Secretary General Leon Kubowitzki in audience, who recounted to the pope the "great losses" suffered by the Jews during the war and expressed gratitude for what

3588-421: The WJC. He said: "I must make clear that the congress is not a parliament nor an attempt at a parliament. It is nothing more than an assembly of representatives of those Jewries which choose to associate themselves in defense of Jewish rights. The congress will not be wholly representative until all Jews choose to be represented by it." Although the delegates elected the US federal judge and erstwhile president of

3666-412: The West German government provided the Claims Conference with 450 million deutschmarks for the relief, rehabilitation and resettlement of Jewish victims of Nazi persecution. Similar agreements were also signed with the State of Israel . Subsequent to these agreements, the Claims Conference continued to negotiate with the German government for amendments to the various legislative commitments and monitored

3744-558: The World Jewish Congress's main purpose is to act as "the diplomatic arm of the Jewish people". Membership in the WJC is open to all representative Jewish groups or communities, irrespective of the social, political or economic ideology of the community's host country. The World Jewish Congress headquarters are in New York City , and the organization maintains international offices in Brussels, Belgium ; Jerusalem ; Paris, France ; Moscow, Russia ; Buenos Aires, Argentina ; and Geneva, Switzerland . The WJC has special consultative status with

3822-560: The World Jewish Congress, and Pierre Mendès France , former prime minister of France , to issue the "Paris Declaration", encouraging an end to Israel's siege of Beirut and negotiation with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to ensure regional peace and security. Klutznick's involvement in each of these reports and statements prompted both widespread support and protest from Jewish organizations and individuals. In January 1980, Klutznick began service as U.S. Secretary of Commerce under 39th President Jimmy Carter . He took office at

3900-451: The World Jewish Congress, succeeding Nahum Goldmann who had led the group since 1949. During negotiations that preceded the 1977 Camp David Accords , Klutznick met with Israeli leader Menachem Begin , Egyptian President Anwar Sadat , and Jimmy Carter , as well as other US administration officials. In 1978, Klutznick initiated a commission headed by Guy de Rothschild to examine the economic implications of Arab-Israeli peace for Israel and

3978-447: The age of 72, making him the oldest first-time appointee to cabinet in U.S. history. That record was broken in 2017 when Wilbur Ross became Secretary of Commerce at the age of 79. Klutznick had long-standing relationships with Vice-President Walter Mondale and U.S. Secretary of State , Cyrus Vance and his ties to the Carter administration were further strengthened by his significant role in Arab-Israeli peace talks. His appointment

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4056-407: The basis of mutual respect for the rights of each". In 1946, in a memorandum to the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry on Palestine drafted by WJC Political Secretary Alexander L. Easterman, the WJC declared that "the only hope of reviving the life and culture of the Jewish people lies in the establishment of a fully self-governing Jewish Homeland, recognised as such throughout the world; that is,

4134-431: The church had done to help "our persecuted people". Kubowitzki suggested a papal encyclical on the Catholic Church's attitude toward the Jews and a condemnation of anti-Semitism. "We will consider it," Pius XII reportedly replied, adding: "certainly, most favorably, with all our love". The WJC also urged the Vatican to assist in the recovery of Jewish children saved by Catholics during the Holocaust. The WJC also supported

4212-426: The diversion of considerable air support essential to the success of our forces now engaged in decisive operations elsewhere and would in any case be of such doubtful efficacy that it would not warrant the use of our resources. In November 1944, at the War Emergency Conference held in Atlantic City , USA, the WJC elaborated a program for the post-war period, which included calls for reparations from Germany to Jews and

4290-448: The east thus solving Jewish question once and for all stop campaign planned for autumn methods being discussed including hydrocyanic acid stop It was only several weeks later, on 28 August 1942, that WJC President Stephen S. Wise received Riegner's alarming message. The telegram was met with disbelief despite preexisting evidence for mass executions. The US State Department considered it "a wild rumor, fueled by Jewish anxieties", while

4368-521: The embattled Jews of Germany. After two more preparatory conferences in 1933 and 1934, the First Plenary Assembly, held in Geneva in August 1936, established the World Jewish Congress as a permanent and democratic organization. Elections for delegates to that assembly had to be according to democratic principles, namely secret, direct, and based on proportional representation. The 52 American delegates, for instance, were chosen at an Electoral Convention which met in Washington, DC, on 13/14 June 1936 and which

4446-435: The extermination of the Jews in German-controlled Europe". Throughout the war, the WJC lobbied the Allied governments to grant visas to Jewish refugees from Europe and to ensure the restoration of Jewish minority rights in areas liberated by the Allied forces. Despite the US State Department's opposition, the WJC obtained permission from the US Treasury Department , headed by Henry Morgenthau , to transmit funds to Europe for

4524-412: The foundation of the United Nations Organization in 1945. In 1947, the organization became one of the first NGOs to be granted consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). In 1947, an estimated 30,000 people attended the opening of the Latin American Conference of the World Jewish Congress at Luna Park, Buenos Aires , Argentina. Although its principal purpose

4602-450: The government. Klutznick's views on Middle Eastern issues were often controversial in the American and international Jewish communities. He considered himself a Zionist , and a strong defender of Israel, but encouraged dialogue with Arab groups and leaders. In 1975, he served on a "Middle East Study Group", sponsored by the Brookings Institution , which produced a report encouraging both Israeli and Arab concessions and active involvement by

4680-532: The implementation of the various compensation and restitution laws. According to the Claims Conference, more than 278,000 Jewish Holocaust survivors received lifetime pensions under the German Federal Indemnification Laws. Germany expended a total of US$ 60 billion in satisfaction of Jewish claims. In 1952, the World Jewish Congress called on the Austrian government to intensify efforts for the restitution of heirless Jewish property. Austrian Chancellor Leopold Figl subsequently pledged to remedy Jewish grievances. At

4758-464: The international Jewish community. Another focus of his leadership was Jewish culture, demonstrated in efforts to strengthen and reorganize the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture and Beit Hatfutsot , the museum of the Jewish diaspora. Klutznick's service as WJC President was brief. He took a leave of absence upon his confirmation vote as Secretary of Commerce in 1979, and chose to leave the position to his replacement, Edgar Bronfman, Sr , after leaving

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4836-472: The leader of the French government in exile, pledged to the WJC that all measures taken by the Vichy regime against the Jews would be repudiated upon France's liberation. In late 1941 and early 1942, Western diplomats and journalists received scattered information about Nazi massacres of many thousands of Jews in German-occupied Poland and Russia. However, the news was difficult to confirm. In June 1942, Ignacy Schwarzbart , one of two Jewish representatives on

4914-414: The mall and a food court was added on the enclosed lower level. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the then owner, JMB Corp. of Chicago, had several plans to expand and enclose the outdoor mall. These plans included adding a second level and possibly a fifth department store at the end of the southeastern wing of the mall. These plans coincided with Chicago's Lake Calumet Airport which would have been just

4992-419: The organization. Some of the personnel who worked in the WJC's European offices immigrated to the United States when the WJC moved its headquarters there. At the New York office in the 1940s, the major departments were: Political Department, Institute of Jewish Affairs (research and legal work), Relief and Rescue, Department for Culture and Education (or Culture Department), and Organization Department. In 1940,

5070-399: The rescue and assistance of persecuted Jews. According to a report by Riegner, these funds helped to bring 1,350 Jewish children from the occupied countries to Switzerland and 70 to Spain. However, at the Bermuda Refugee Conference in 1943, both the United States and Britain refused to relax their immigration policies, not even for British Mandatory Palestine. In reaction, the WJC published

5148-433: The same hall and a further 15,000 stood outside at a WJC rally addressed by Wise, Chaim Weizmann , New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia and others. However, the US government did not heed calls to rescue European Jews. Early in 1944, US Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau stated in front of President Roosevelt that "certain officials in our State Department" had failed while it would have been commanded by duty to "prevent

5226-401: The same time, it expressed regret at the fact that 'deplorably little has been done to have Axis civilians under the power of the United Nations exchanged for Jews in ghettos, internment, concentration and labor camps.' Related video: Stephen Wise addresses the World Jewish Congress War Emergency Conference in Atlantic City, November 1944 In February 1945, the head of the Swedish office of

5304-421: The stores in the mall in its first 20 years were outposts of Chicago retailers, including Chas A. Stevens , Kroch's and Brentano's and C.D. Peacock . Carson Pirie Scott took over the Edward C. Minas store in 1982. In 1985, the mall was expanded when JCPenney moved its store from downtown Hammond, Indiana , to the northwest portion of the mall's parking lot. A new wing was also built to connect JCPenney to

5382-421: The use of heirless Jewish property for Jewish rehabilitation. Also at that conference, Stephen S. Wise was elected president of the World Jewish Congress. Delegates decided to embark on a $ 10,000,000 fund-raising effort for relief and increased political activity throughout the world. The news agency JTA also reported the following: The closing session of the conference also adopted a resolution recommending that

5460-421: The way to the spiritual settlement of infinite suffering," Adenauer said. On 10 September 1952, WJC and Claims Conference head Nahum Goldmann and the West German federal government signed an agreement embodied in two protocols. Protocol No. 1 called for the enactment of laws that would compensate Nazi victims directly for indemnification and restitution claims arising from Nazi persecution. Under Protocol No. 2,

5538-483: Was "in no position to bring pressure to bear upon governments", and that the success of its work "depended on discreet and friendly successions". The Holocaust era president of WJC, Stephen Wise , used his great influence with Jewish communities nationwide to energetically obstruct the Bergson Group 's strategical level rescue activism. Later president of the WJC Nachum Goldman told the State Department (per department protocol) that Hillel Kook (aka Peter Bergson )

5616-560: Was a prominent leader of several Jewish organisations, including as president of the World Jewish Congress from 1977 to 1979. Klutznick was born on July 9, 1907, in Kansas City, Missouri , the son of Morris and Minnie Klutznick, who had emigrated from Russian Poland two years earlier. In 1924, Klutznick participated in the formation of the second chapter of the Jewish fraternal youth organization Aleph Zadik Aleph (AZA). He became

5694-575: Was added. New retailers opened at the mall and the tenant mix became more upscale bringing in some retailers who had not yet located in the Southern Suburbs. The mall's size was brought up to 1,380,000 square feet (128,000 m) making it the largest mall in the South Suburbs. Carson Pirie Scott, by then renamed Carson's , closed in January 2013. Sears closed on June 9, 2013. On June 4, 2020, JCPenney announced that it would close, as part of

5772-453: Was attended by 1,000 representatives from 99 communities in 32 US states. The World Jewish Congress's expressed goal was Jewish unity and the strengthening of Jewish political influence to assure the survival of the Jewish people and promote the establishment of a Jewish state. 230 delegates representing 32 countries gathered for the first WJC assembly. Addressing a press conference in Geneva, Stephen S. Wise assailed German Jews for opposing

5850-403: Was held in Geneva in August 1932. A preparatory committee was headed by Zionist Nahum Goldmann , who was one of the leading advocates of the establishment of an international Jewish representative body. Goldmann defined the purpose of the World Jewish Congress as follows: It is to establish the permanent address of the Jewish people; amidst the fragmentation and atomization of Jewish life and of

5928-727: Was responsible for building homes for defense workers in the eastern United States including the construction of the residential town of Oak Ridge, Tennessee , where parts of the atomic bomb were being developed in the Manhattan Project . After the war, he built suburban shopping malls in the Chicago area in partnership with the Chicago department store chain, Marshall Field & Company . Klutznick's career in public service advanced along with his success in business. After World War II, he joined American Community Developers to create Park Forest,

6006-704: Was to defend the rights of Jews in the Diaspora , the WJC always actively supported the aims of Zionism , i.e. creation of a Jewish National Home in British Mandatory Palestine . The Yishuv , the Jewish community in British Mandatory Palestine, was represented at the First Plenary Assembly of the WJC in 1936, which affirmed in a resolution "the determination of the Jewish people to live in peaceful cooperation with their Arab neighbors on

6084-629: Was viewed by some critics as an effort to strengthen Carter's status among Jewish voters. Klutznick's tenure was marked by the economic recession and inflation that characterized the later years of the Carter administration, Carter's unsuccessful bid for re-election, and the completion of the 1980 census. Klutznick married Ethel Riekes in 1930. They had six children, Bettylu, Richard, who died in early childhood, Thomas, James, Robert and Samuel. Ethel Klutznick died in 1996. Philip M. Klutznick died of Alzheimer's disease on August 14, 1999. He served as president of

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