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98-523: Les Rita Mitsouko ( French pronunciation: [le ʁita mitsuko] , translation: The Rita Mitsukos ) were a French pop rock group formed by Fred Chichin and Catherine Ringer . The duo first performed as Rita Mitsouko at Gibus Club in Paris in 1980. They went on to become one of the most acclaimed musical acts in France. " Marcia Baila ", their debut single produced by Conny Plank , went to number 2 in

196-456: A caméra-stylo " . In 1960 Godard shot Le petit soldat ( The Little Soldier ). The cast included Godard's future wife Anna Karina . At this time Karina had virtually no experience as an actress. Godard used her awkwardness as an element of her performance. Godard and Karina were a couple by the end of the shoot. She appeared again, along with Belmondo, in Godard's first color film, A Woman Is

294-416: A humanist rather than Marxist perspective." Godard was married three times, to actresses Anna Karina and Anne Wiazemsky , both of whom starred in several of his films, and later to his longtime partner Anne-Marie Miéville . His collaborations with Karina—which included such critically acclaimed films as Vivre sa vie (1962), Bande à part (1964) and Pierrot le Fou (1965)—were called "arguably

392-510: A photojournalist who has links with a right-wing paramilitary group working for the French government, is ordered to murder a professor accused of aiding the Algerian resistance. He is in love with Veronica Dreyer, a young woman who has worked with the Algerian fighters. He is captured by Algerian militants and tortured. His organisation captures and tortures her. In making Le petit soldat , Godard took

490-553: A Woman (1961), their first project to be released. The film was intended as a homage to the American musical . Adjustments that Godard made to the original version of the story gave it autobiographical resonances, "specifically in regard to his relationship with Anna Karina." The film revealed "the confinement within the four walls of domestic life" and "the emotional and artistic fault lines that threatened their relationship". Godard's next film, Vivre sa vie ( My Life to Live , 1962),

588-741: A boarding school in Thonon to prepare for the retest, which he passed, he returned to Paris in 1949. He registered for a certificate in anthropology at the University of Paris (Sorbonne), but did not attend class. In Paris, in the Latin Quarter just prior to 1950, ciné-clubs (film societies) were gaining prominence. Godard began attending these clubs—the Cinémathèque Française , Ciné-Club du Quartier Latin (CCQL), Work and Culture ciné club, and others—which became his regular haunts. The Cinémathèque

686-619: A companion piece to Tout va bien , the pair made Letter to Jane , a 50-minute "examination of a still" showing Jane Fonda visiting with the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War . The film is a deconstruction of Western imperialist ideology. This was the last film that Godard and Gorin made together. In 1978 Godard was commissioned by the Mozambican government to make a short film. During this time his experience with Kodak film led him to criticise

784-683: A duet, "My Love Is Bad", with Iggy Pop . Variéty also includes a vocal duo in which Ringer is joined by the guest musician Serj Tankian (from System of a Down ). Les Rita Mitsouko's album Variéty was released in 2007 in both French and in English (Variety) versions; it was produced by Mark Plati . On Wednesday 28 November 2007, Chichin died from cancer while the band had just cancelled their previous concert dates in Paris. He had been diagnosed only two months before. Ringer toured under her own name following his death. The discography of Les Rita Mitsouko,

882-481: A feature film. He travelled to the 1959 Cannes Film Festival and asked Truffaut to let him use the story on which they had collaborated in 1956, about car thief Michel Portail. He sought money from producer Georges de Beauregard , whom he had met previously while working briefly in the publicity department of Twentieth Century Fox 's Paris office, and who was also at the Festival. Beauregard could offer his expertise, but

980-443: A film critic for the influential magazine Cahiers du Cinéma , Godard criticised mainstream French cinema's "Tradition of Quality", which de-emphasised innovation and experimentation. In response, he and like-minded critics began to make their own films, challenging the conventions of traditional Hollywood in addition to French cinema . Godard first received global acclaim for his 1960 feature Breathless , helping to establish

1078-490: A film without a clear political message, Belmondo played on the word 'scandal' and the 'freedom' that the Scandal girdle supposedly offered women, the context of a Marxist critique of commodification , of pop art derision at consumerism, and of a feminist denunciation of women's false 'liberation', was enough to foster a dialectical reading of the joke and the whole story." The way Godard treated politics in his cinematic period

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1176-467: A final tour, "Catherine Ringer chante Les Rita Mitsouko and more" ( Catherine Ringer sings Les Rita Mitsouko and more ), and started a solo career. The duet has stated that the name "Rita Mitsouko" originated from the combination of Catherine Ringer's childhood friend and the name of a meal they enjoyed in a local Japanese restaurant soon after they met. According to the French Misplaced Pages the name of

1274-503: A group of students and engaged with the ideas coming out of the student activist groups in contemporary France. Released just before the May 1968 events , the film is thought by some to have foreshadowed the student rebellions that took place. That same year, Godard made a more colourful and political film, Week End . It follows a Parisian couple as they leave on a weekend trip across the French countryside to collect an inheritance. What ensues

1372-663: A homage to Jean Cocteau . The film was shot in Godard's hotel room on the rue de Rennes and apparently reflected something of the 'romantic austerity' of Godard's own life at this time. His Swiss friend Roland Tolmatchoff noted: "In Paris he had a big Bogart poster on the wall and nothing else." In December 1958, Godard reported from the Festival of Short Films in Tours and praised the work of, and became friends with, Jacques Demy , Jacques Rozier , and Agnès Varda —he already knew Alain Resnais whose entry he praised—but Godard now wanted to make

1470-515: A lightweight handheld camera and a minimum of added lighting; Coutard had experience as a documentary cameraman while working for the French army's information service in Indochina during the French-Indochina War . Tracking shots were filmed by Coutard from a wheelchair pushed by Godard. Though Godard had prepared a traditional screenplay, he dispensed with it and wrote the dialogue day by day as

1568-547: A movie poster showing Humphrey Bogart —from The Harder They Fall , his last film (whose expression the lead actor Jean-Paul Belmondo tries reverently to imitate)—visual quotations from films of Ingmar Bergman , Samuel Fuller , Fritz Lang , and others; and an onscreen dedication to Monogram Pictures , an American B-movie studio. Quotations from, and references to literature, include William Faulkner , Dylan Thomas , Louis Aragon , Rilke , Françoise Sagan , and Maurice Sachs . The film also contains citations in images or on

1666-403: A petty criminal, Michel Portail, who had shot a motorcycle policeman and whose girlfriend had turned him in to the police, but Truffaut failed to interest any producers. Another project with Truffaut, a comedy about a country girl arriving in Paris, was also abandoned. He worked with Rohmer on a planned series of short films centering on the lives of two young women, Charlotte and Véronique; and in

1764-661: A postmodern production of the play by William Shakespeare . Also completed in 1987 was a segment in the film Aria which was based loosely from the plot of Armide ; it is set in a gym and uses several arias by Jean-Baptiste Lully from his famous Armide . His later films were marked by great formal beauty and frequently a sense of requiem: Nouvelle Vague ( New Wave , 1990), the autobiographical JLG/JLG, autoportrait de décembre ( JLG/JLG: Self-Portrait in December , 1995), and For Ever Mozart (1996). Allemagne année 90 neuf zéro ( Germany Year 90 Nine Zero , 1991) which

1862-463: A series of innovative video works for European broadcast television, titled Six fois deux/Sur et sous la communication (1976) and France/tour/détour/deux/enfants (1978). From the time that Godard returned to mainstream filmmaking in 1980, Anne-Marie Miéville remained an important collaborator. After the events of May 1968 , when the city of Paris saw a total upheaval in response to the "authoritarian de Gaulle ", and Godard's professional objective

1960-721: A stiff anti-war metonym . In addition to the international conflicts to which Godard sought an artistic response, he was also very concerned with the social problems in France. The earliest and best example of this is Karina's potent portrayal of a prostitute in Vivre sa vie . In 1960s Paris, the political milieu was not overwhelmed by one specific movement. There was, however, a distinct post-war climate shaped by various international conflicts such as colonialism in North Africa and Southeast Asia. Godard's Marxist disposition did not become abundantly explicit until La Chinoise and Week End , but

2058-571: A success— The New York Times ' s critic called her a "misplaced amateur"—but Truffaut and Godard disagreed. In the role of Michel Poiccard, Godard cast Belmondo, an actor he had already called, writing in Arts in 1958, "the Michel Simon and the Jules Berry of tomorrow." The cameraman was Raoul Coutard , choice of the producer Beauregard. Godard wanted Breathless to be shot like a documentary, with

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2156-459: A total of five films with strong Maoist messages. The most prominent film from the collaboration was Tout Va Bien (1972). The film starred Jane Fonda , who was, at the time, the wife of French filmmaker Roger Vadim . Fonda was at the height of her acting career, having won an Academy Award for her performance in Klute (1971), and had gained notoriety as a left-wing anti-war activist. The male lead

2254-467: A vibrant and widely viewed music video to accompany the record. "Marcia Baila" is an homage to the choreographer and dancer Marcia Moretto , with whom Catherine Ringer had studied and performed in the 1970s. Moretto died of cancer in 1983 at the age of 36. Rita Mitsouko was a creative and eccentric first album, combining elements of punk , rock , synthpop and jazz . Coupled with the band's colorful, wild, over-the-top image, it brought Rita Mitsouko to

2352-409: Is a confrontation with the tragic flaws of the over-consuming bourgeoisie . The film contains an eight-minute tracking shot of the couple stuck in an unremitting traffic jam as they leave the city, cited as a technique Godard used to deconstruct bourgeois trends. Startlingly, a few shots contain extra footage from, as it were, before the beginning of the take (while the actors are preparing) and after

2450-513: Is a first cousin of former Prime Minister and later President of Peru Pedro Pablo Kuczynski . Four years after Jean-Luc's birth, his father moved the family to Switzerland. At the outbreak of the Second World War , Godard was in France, and returned to Switzerland with difficulty. He spent most of the war in Switzerland, although his family made clandestine trips to his grandfather's estate on

2548-568: Is a noun-adjective that music critics often use in reference to guitar pop with a bright mood. Critic Philip Auslander argues that the distinction between pop and rock is more pronounced in the US than in the UK. He claims that in the US, pop has roots in white crooners such as Perry Como , whereas rock is rooted in African-American music influenced by forms such as rock and roll . Auslander points out that

2646-498: Is a quasi-sequel to Alphaville , but done with an elegiac tone and focus on the inevitable decay of age. In 1990 , Godard was presented with a special award from the National Society of Film Critics . Between 1988 and 1998, he produced the multi-part series Histoire(s) du cinéma , a monumental project which combined all the innovations of his video work with a passionate engagement in the issues of twentieth-century history and

2744-479: Is believed to be suppressed by the computer. His next film was Pierrot le Fou (1965). Gilles Jacob , an author, critic, and president of the Cannes Film Festival , called it both a "retrospective" and recapitulation. He solicited the participation of Jean-Paul Belmondo , by then a famous actor, to guarantee the necessary amount of funding for the expensive film. Godard said the film was "connected with

2842-589: Is considered groundbreaking in its own right, the period stands in contrast to that which immediately followed it, during which Godard ideologically denounced much of cinema's history as bourgeois and therefore without merit. Godard's Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960), starring Jean-Paul Belmondo and Jean Seberg , distinctly expressed the French New Wave 's style, and incorporated quotations from several elements of popular culture—specifically American film noir . The film employed various techniques such as

2940-485: Is evident in several films—namely Pierrot and Une femme mariée . Godard was accused by some of harbouring anti-Semitic views: in 2010, in the lead-up to the presentation of Godard's honorary Oscar, a prominent article in The New York Times by Michael Cieply drew attention to the idea, which had been circulating through the press in previous weeks, that Godard might be an anti-Semite, and thus undeserving of

3038-478: Is free to raise or lower them as she wishes. The film was a popular success and led to Columbia Pictures giving him a deal where he would be provided with $ 100,000 to make a movie, with complete artistic control. Le petit soldat was not released until 1963, the first of three films he released that year. Le petit soldat dealt with the Algerian War of Independence . It was banned by the French government for

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3136-408: Is sometimes thought to depict a wholly masculine point of view, Phillip John Usher has demonstrated how the film, by the way it connects images and disparate events, seems to blur gender lines. Godard followed with Made in U.S.A (1966), the source material for which was Richard Stark 's The Jugger . A classic New Wave crime thriller, it was inspired by American Noir films. Anna Karina stars as

3234-467: The Algerian War of Independence , was notable for its attempt to present the complexity of the dispute; the film was perceived as equivocating and as drawing a "moral equivalence" between the French forces and the National Liberation Front . Along these lines, Les Carabiniers presents a fictional war that is initially romanticized in the way its characters approach their service, but becomes

3332-486: The French pop-rock duo, consists of seven studio albums, two compilations, one remix album, three live albums, two extended plays, twenty-seven singles, one video and twelve music videos. Pop rock Much pop and rock music has been very similar in sound, instrumentation and even lyrical content. The terms "pop rock" and " power pop " have been used to describe more commercially successful music that uses elements from, or

3430-810: The Holocaust in a context suggesting he considers Nazism and the Holocaust as the nadir of human history. Godard's views become more complex regarding the State of Israel . In 1970, Godard travelled to the Middle East to make a pro-Palestinian film he did not complete and whose footage eventually became part of the 1976 film Ici et ailleurs . In this film, Godard seems to view the Palestinians ' cause as one of many worldwide Leftist revolutionary movements. Elsewhere, Godard explicitly identified himself as an anti-Zionist but denied

3528-576: The May 68 upheaval, Godard, alongside François Truffaut , led protests that shut down the 1968 Cannes Film Festival in solidarity with the students and workers. Godard stated there was not a single film showing at the festival that represented their causes. "Not one, whether by Milos , myself, Roman or François. There are none. We're behind the times." Amid the upheavals of the late 1960s, Godard became passionate about "making political films politically." Though many of his films from 1968 to 1972 are feature-length films, they are low-budget and challenge

3626-499: The 1960s, Frith termed it "folk rock", and the pop-infused styles of the 1970s were called "pop rock". Moore-Gilbert claims that this approach unfairly puts rock at the apex and makes every other influence become an add-on to the central core of rock. In Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau discussed the term "pop-rock" in the context of popular music's fragmentation along stylistic lines in

3724-595: The 1970s; he regarded "pop-rock" as a "monolith" that "straddled" all burgeoning movements and subgenres in the popular and semipopular music marketplace at the time, including singer-songwriter music, art rock , heavy metal , boogie , country rock , jazz fusion , funk , disco , urban contemporary , and new wave , but not punk rock . Jean-Luc Godard Jean-Luc Godard ( UK : / ˈ ɡ ɒ d ɑː / GOD -ar , US : / ɡ oʊ ˈ d ɑːr / goh- DAR ; French: [ʒɑ̃ lyk ɡɔdaʁ] ; 3 December 1930 – 13 September 2022)

3822-447: The 1980s. Jean-Luc Godard 's 1987 feature film Soigne ta droite incorporates documentary footage of the band's The No Comprendo recording sessions. In 1991, they made the music of the movie My Life Is Hell , directed by Josiane Balasko . In 1993, the video of "Y'a d'la haine", from the album Système D , was awarded Clip of the Year by MTV Europe . On Système D , Ringer sings

3920-549: The French side of Lake Geneva . Godard attended school in Nyon , Switzerland. Not a frequent cinema-goer, he attributed his introduction to cinema to a reading of André Malraux 's essay Outline of a Psychology of Cinema , and his reading of La Revue du cinéma , which was relaunched in 1946. In 1946, he went to study at the Lycée Buffon in Paris and, through family connections, mixed with members of its cultural elite. He lodged with

4018-638: The French singles chart in 1984. They then started a collaboration with producer Tony Visconti on two albums: the No Comprendo (1986) and Marc & Robert (1988). "Singing in the Shower", sung as a duet with Sparks , was a commercial success in France and was then heavily played on US dance radio stations in 1988. Iggy Pop also collaborated with them on 1993's Système D , duetting with Ringer on "My Love Is Bad". Chichin died from cancer in 2007. Instead of continuing as Les Rita Mitsouko, Ringer completed

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4116-560: The New Wave movement. His work makes use of frequent homages and references to film history , and often expressed his political views; he was an avid reader of existentialism and Marxist philosophy , and in 1969 formed the Dziga Vertov Group with other radical filmmakers to promote political works. After the New Wave, his politics were less radical, and his later films came to be about human conflict and artistic representation "from

4214-414: The U.S., as well as France. He and Gorin toured with their work, attempting to create discussion, mainly on college campuses. This period came to a climax with the big-budget production Tout Va Bien , which starred Yves Montand and Jane Fonda . Owing to a motorcycle accident that severely incapacitated Godard, Gorin ended up directing this most celebrated of their work together almost single-handedly. As

4312-599: The Way It Is") and " Andy ". The American band Sparks collaborated with Les Rita Mitsouko on Marc et Robert . Russell Mael sings lead vocals with Catherine Ringer on three of the album's tracks, "Singing in the Shower", "Live in Las Vegas" and "Hip Kit". "Singing in the Shower" was included on the soundtrack of the Ridley Scott film Black Rain . Jean-Baptiste Mondino directed most of Les Rita Mitsouko's music videos in

4410-477: The accolade. Cieply makes reference to Richard Brody 's book Everything is Cinema: The Working Life of Jean-Luc Godard , and alluded to a previous, longer article published by the Jewish Journal as lying near the origin of the debate. The article also draws upon Brody's book, for example in the following quotation, which Godard made on television in 1981: " Moses is my principal enemy...Moses, when he received

4508-497: The accusations of anti-Semitism. Godard produced several pieces that directly address the Vietnam War . Furthermore, there are two scenes in Pierrot le fou that tackle the issue. The first is a scene that takes place in the initial car ride between Ferdinand (Belmondo) and Marianne (Karina). Over the car radio, the two hear the message "garrison massacred by the Viet Cong who lost 115 men". Marianne responds with an extended musing on

4606-428: The anti-hero searching for her murdered lover and the film includes a cameo by Marianne Faithfull . A year later came Two or Three Things I Know About Her (1967), in which Marina Vlady portrays a woman leading a double life as housewife and prostitute, considered to be "among the greatest achievements in filmmaking." La Chinoise (1967) saw Godard at his most politically forthright so far. The film focused on

4704-573: The attention of some important anglophone listeners. In October 1985, they contributed a cover version of " All Tomorrow's Parties " for the Velvet Underground tribute album Les Enfants du Velvet . The American record producer and musician Tony Visconti produced the band's next two albums, The No Comprendo and Marc et Robert, helping to polish and perfect their sound. These two albums have both French and English lyrics. The most successful singles from these albums were "C'est comme ça" ("That's

4802-497: The autumn of 1957, Pierre Braunberger produced the first film in the series, All the Boys Are Called Patrick , directed by Godard from Rohmer's script. A Story of Water (1958) was created largely out of unused footage shot by Truffaut. In 1958, Godard, with a cast that included Jean-Paul Belmondo and Anne Colette, made his last short before gaining international prominence as a filmmaker, Charlotte et son Jules ,

4900-505: The commandments, he saw images and translated them. Then he brought the texts, he didn't show what he had seen. That's why the Jewish people are accursed." Immediately after Cieply's article was published, Brody made a clear point of criticising the "extremely selective and narrow use" of passages in his book, and noted that Godard's work approached the Holocaust with "the greatest moral seriousness". Indeed, his documentaries feature images from

4998-456: The concept of pop rock, which blends pop and rock, is at odds with the typical conception of pop and rock as opposites. Auslander and several other scholars, such as Simon Frith and Grossberg, argue that pop music is often depicted as an inauthentic, cynical, "slickly commercial", and formulaic form of entertainment. In contrast, rock music is often heralded as an authentic, sincere, and anti-commercial form of music, which emphasizes songwriting by

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5096-513: The dam bought the film and used it for publicity purposes. As he continued to work for Cahiers , he made Une femme coquette (1955), a 10-minute short, in Geneva ; and in January 1956 he returned to Paris. A plan for a feature film of Goethe's Elective Affinities proved too ambitious and came to nothing. Truffaut enlisted his help to work on an idea he had for a film based on the true-crime story of

5194-525: The dam, he moved to the post of telephone switchboard operator. While on duty, in April 1954, he put through a call to Laubscher which relayed the fact that Odile Monod, Godard's mother, had died in a scooter accident. Thanks to Swiss friends who lent him a 35 mm movie camera, he was able to shoot on 35mm film. He rewrote the commentary that Laubscher had written, and gave his film a rhyming title Opération béton ( Operation Concrete ). The company that administered

5292-434: The end of the take (while the actors are coming out of character). Week End 's enigmatic and audacious end title sequence, which reads "End of Cinema", appropriately marked an end to the narrative and cinematic period in Godard's filmmaking career. Godard was known for his "highly political voice", and regularly featured political content in his films. One of his earliest features, Le petit soldat , which dealt with

5390-415: The era of talkies. We dreamed about film. We were like Christians in the catacombs ." His foray into films began in the field of criticism . Along with Maurice Schérer (writing under the to-be-famous pseudonym Éric Rohmer ) and Jacques Rivette, he founded the short-lived film journal La Gazette du cinéma  [ fr ] , which saw the publication of five issues in 1950. When Bazin co-founded

5488-605: The fall of 1952, Godard returned to Switzerland and went to live with his mother in Lausanne. He became friendly with his mother's lover, Jean-Pierre Laubscher, who was a labourer on the Grande Dixence Dam . Through Laubscher he secured work himself as a construction worker at the Plaz Fleuri work site at the dam. He saw the possibility of making a documentary film about the dam; when his initial contract ended, to prolong his time at

5586-439: The film during the planning phase for Pierrot le Fou (1965). In 1965, Godard directed Alphaville , a futuristic blend of science fiction, film noir , and satire. Eddie Constantine starred as Lemmy Caution , a detective who is sent into a city controlled by a giant computer named Alpha 60. His mission is to make contact with Professor von Braun ( Howard Vernon ), a famous scientist who has fallen mysteriously silent, and

5684-650: The film stock as "inherently racist" since it did not reflect the variety, nuance or complexity in dark brown or dark skin . This was because Kodak Shirley cards were only made for Caucasian subjects, a problem that was not rectified until 1995. In 1972, Godard and his life partner, Swiss filmmaker, Anne-Marie Miéville started the alternative video production and distribution company Sonimage, based in Grenoble . Under Sonimage, Godard produced Comment ca va , Numéro Deux (1975) and Sauve qui peut (la vie) (1980). In 1976, Godard and Miéville, his future wife, collaborated on

5782-432: The film, describes it as a "sociological study of the alienation of the modern woman". The period which spans from May 1968 into the 1970s has been given various labels—from his "militant" period, to his "radical" period, along with terms as specific as " Maoist " and as vague as "political". In any case, the period saw Godard employ consistent revolutionary rhetoric in his films and in his public statements. Inspired by

5880-506: The first of a series of more mainstream films marked by autobiographical currents: it was followed by Passion , Lettre à Freddy Buache (both 1982), Prénom Carmen (1983), and Grandeur et décadence d'un petit commerce de cinéma (1986). There was, though, another flurry of controversy with Je vous salue, Marie (1985), which was condemned by the Roman Catholic Church for alleged heresy , and also with King Lear (1987),

5978-509: The form of, rock music. Writer Johan Fornas views pop/rock as "one single, continuous genre field", rather than distinct categories. To the authors Larry Starr and Christopher Waterman, it is defined as an "upbeat variety of rock music" represented by artists and bands such as Andy Kim , the Bells , Paul McCartney , Lighthouse , and Peter Frampton . The term "pop" has been used since the early forties to refer to popular music in general, but in

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6076-515: The group was chosen to reflect the band's extremely diverse musical reference: Rita refers to the South American music (and the iconic actress Rita Hayworth ). Mitsouko is the French spelling of the Japanese first name Mitsuko , and is also the name of a perfume by Guerlain . The group originally went by the name "Rita Mitsouko" but in 1985 "Les" was added when they realized that many people believed

6174-399: The history of film itself. In 2001, Éloge de l'amour ( In Praise of Love ) was released. The film is notable for its use of both film and video—the first half captured in 35 mm black and white, the latter half shot in color on DV —and subsequently transferred to film for editing. The film is also noted for containing themes of ageing, love, separation, and rediscovery as it follows

6272-610: The influential critical magazine Cahiers du Cinéma in 1951 (a seminal publication on cinema and its main observers and participants), Godard was the first of the younger critics from the CCQL/Cinémathèque group to be published. The January 1952 issue featured his review of an American melodrama directed by Rudolph Maté , No Sad Songs for Me . His "Defence and Illustration of Classical Découpage" published in September 1952, in which he attacks an earlier article by Bazin and defends

6370-551: The innovative use of jump cuts (which were traditionally considered amateurish), character asides , and breaking the eyeline match in continuity editing . Another unique aspect of Breathless was the spontaneous writing of the script on the day of shooting—a technique that the actors found unsettling—which contribute to the spontaneous, documentary-like ambiance of the film. From the beginning of his career, Godard included more film references in his movies than any of his New Wave colleagues. In Breathless , his citations include

6468-491: The mid-1950s, it began to be used for a distinct genre, aimed at a youth market, often characterized as a softer alternative to rock and roll. In the aftermath of the British Invasion , from about 1967, it was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock, to describe a form that was more commercial, ephemeral and accessible. As of the 2010s, "guitar pop rock" and " indie rock " are roughly synonymous terms. " Jangle "

6566-480: The most influential body of work in the history of cinema" by Filmmaker magazine. In a 2002 Sight & Sound poll, Godard ranked third in the critics' top ten directors of all time. He is said to have "generated one of the largest bodies of critical analysis of any filmmaker since the mid-twentieth century." His work has been central to narrative theory and has "challenged both commercial narrative cinema norms and film criticism's vocabulary." In 2010, Godard

6664-479: The name Karl Marx is cited in conjunction with figures such as Jesus Christ . A constant refrain throughout Godard's cinematic period is that of the bourgeoisie's consumerism , the commodification of daily life and activity, and man's alienation —all central features of Marx's critique of capitalism . In an essay on Godard, philosopher and aesthetics scholar Jacques Rancière states, "When in Pierrot le fou , 1965,

6762-520: The name of the group was that of the singer. Rita Mitsouko began performing in the early 1980s in alternative spaces such as the Pali-Kao, a squatted factory building in Belleville, Paris . The band first achieved major popular success in 1985, with the release of the second single from their first album: " Marcia baila " rose to number 2 on the French record charts that summer. Philippe Gautier directed

6860-465: The next two years due to its political nature. The 'little soldier' Bruno Forestier was played by Michel Subor . Forestier was a character close to Godard himself, an image-maker and intellectual, 'more or less my spokesman, but not totally' Godard told an interviewer. The film begins on 13 May 1958, the date of the attempted putsch in Algeria , and ends later the same month. In the film, Bruno Forestier,

6958-509: The notion of what a film can be. In addition to abandoning mainstream filmmaking, Godard also tried to escape the cult of personality that had formed around him. He worked anonymously in collaboration with other filmmakers, most notably Jean-Pierre Gorin , with whom he formed the Dziga-Vertov cinema collective. During this period Godard made films in England, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Palestine, and

7056-478: The production went ahead. The film's importance was recognised immediately, and in January 1960 Godard won the Jean Vigo Prize , awarded "to encourage an auteur of the future". One reviewer mentioned Alexandre Astruc 's prophecy of the age of the caméra-stylo , the camera that a new generation would use with the efficacy with which a writer uses his pen—"here is in fact the first work authentically written with

7154-476: The script for an adaptation of Homer 's Odyssey , which the Austrian director Fritz Lang has been filming. Lang's ' high culture ' interpretation of the story is lost on Prokosch, whose character is a firm indictment of the commercial motion picture hierarchy. In 1964, Godard and Karina formed a production company, Anouchka Films. He directed Bande à part ( Band of Outsiders ), another collaboration between

7252-430: The singers and bands, instrumental virtuosity, and a "real connection with the audience". Frith's analysis of the history of popular music from the 1950s to the 1980s has been criticized by B. J. Moore-Gilbert, who argues that Frith and other scholars have overemphasized the role of rock in the history of popular music by naming every new genre using the "rock" suffix. Thus, when a folk-oriented style of music developed in

7350-623: The soundtrack— Mozart , Picasso , J. S. Bach , Paul Klee , and Auguste Renoir . "This first-person cinema invoked not the director's experience but his presence". Godard wanted to hire the American actress Jean Seberg, who was living in Paris with her husband François Moreuil, a lawyer, to play the American woman. Seberg had become famous in 1956 when Otto Preminger had chosen her to play Joan of Arc in his Saint Joan , and had then cast her in his 1958 adaptation of Bonjour Tristesse . Her performance in this film had not been generally regarded as

7448-422: The spectacle of life is intermingled with its analysis". He was very conscious of the way he wished to portray the human being. His efforts are overtly characteristic of Marx, who in his Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 gives one of his most nuanced elaborations, analysing how the worker is alienated from his product, the object of his productive activity. Georges Sadoul , in his short rumination on

7546-487: The two and described by him as " Alice in Wonderland meets Franz Kafka ." It follows two young men, looking to score on a heist, who both fall in love with Karina, and quotes from several gangster film conventions. While promoting the film, Godard wrote that according to D. W. Griffith , all one needs to make a film is "a girl and a gun." Une femme mariée ( A Married Woman , 1964) followed Band of Outsiders . It

7644-401: The unusual step of writing dialogue every day and calling the lines to the actors during filming – a technique made possible by filming without direct sound and dubbing dialogue in post-production. His following film was Les Carabiniers , based on a story by Roberto Rossellini , one of Godard's influences. The film follows two peasants who join the army of a king, only to find futility in

7742-590: The use of the shot–reverse shot technique, is one of his earliest important contributions to cinema criticism. Praising Otto Preminger and "the greatest American artist— Howard Hawks ", Godard raises their harsh melodramas above the more "formalistic and overtly artful films of Welles , De Sica , and Wyler which Bazin endorsed". At this point Godard's activities did not include making films. Rather, he watched films, and wrote about them, and helped others make films, notably Rohmer, with whom he worked on Présentation ou Charlotte et son steak . Having left Paris in

7840-491: The viewer ( Verfremdungseffekt ) through a radical separation of the elements of the medium (theatre in Brecht's case, but in Godard's, film). Brecht's influence is keenly felt through much of Godard's work, particularly before 1980, when Godard used cinematic expression for specific political ends. For example, Breathless 's elliptical editing, which denies the viewer a fluid narrative typical of mainstream cinema, forces

7938-509: The viewers to take on more critical roles, connecting the pieces themselves and coming away with more investment in the work's content. In many of his most political pieces, specifically Week-end , Pierrot le Fou , and La Chinoise , characters address the audience with thoughts, feelings, and instructions. A Marxist reading is possible with most if not all of Godard's early work. Godard's direct interaction with Marxism does not become explicitly apparent, however, until Week End , where

8036-457: The violence and loneliness that lie so close to happiness today. It's very much a film about France." Masculin Féminin (1966), based on two Guy de Maupassant stories, La Femme de Paul and Le Signe , was a study of contemporary French youth and their involvement with cultural politics. An intertitle refers to the characters as "The children of Marx and Coca-Cola ." Although Godard's cinema

8134-876: The way the radio dehumanises the Northern Vietnamese combatants. The war is present throughout the film in mentions, allusions, and depictions in newsreel footage, and the film's style was affected by Godard's political anger at the war, upsetting his ability to draw from earlier cinematic styles. Notably, he also participated in Loin du Vietnam (1967). An anti-war project, it consists of seven sketches directed by Godard (who used stock footage from La Chinoise ), Claude Lelouch , Joris Ivens , William Klein , Chris Marker , Alain Resnais , and Agnès Varda . Godard's engagement with German poet and playwright Bertolt Brecht stems primarily from his attempt to transpose Brecht's theory of epic theatre and its prospect of alienating

8232-428: The whole thing as the king reveals the deception of war-administrating leaders. His final film of 1963 and the most commercially successful film of his career was Le Mépris ( Contempt ), starring Michel Piccoli and one of France's biggest female stars, Brigitte Bardot . The film follows Paul (Piccoli), a screenwriter who is commissioned by Prokosch ( Jack Palance ), an arrogant American movie producer, to rewrite

8330-547: The writer Jean Schlumberger . Having failed his baccalauréat exam in 1948, he returned to Switzerland. He studied in Lausanne and lived with his parents, whose marriage was breaking up. He spent time in Geneva also with a group that included another film fanatic, Roland Tolmatchoff, and the extreme rightist philosopher Jean Parvulesco. His elder sister Rachel encouraged him to paint, which he did, in an abstract style. After time spent at

8428-636: The young artist Edgar in his contemplation of a new work on the four stages of love. In Notre musique (2004), Godard turned his focus to war, specifically, the war in Sarajevo , but with attention to all war, including the American Civil War , the war between the U.S. and Native Americans , and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . The film is structured into three Dantean kingdoms: Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise . Godard's fascination with paradox

8526-792: Was a French and Swiss film director, screenwriter, and film critic. He rose to prominence as a pioneer of the French New Wave film movement of the 1960s, alongside such filmmakers as François Truffaut , Agnès Varda , Éric Rohmer and Jacques Demy . He was arguably the most influential French filmmaker of the post-war era . According to AllMovie , his work "revolutionized the motion picture form" through its experimentation with narrative, continuity , sound , and camerawork . His most acclaimed films include Breathless (1960), Vivre sa vie (1962), Contempt (1963), Band of Outsiders (1964), Alphaville (1965), Pierrot le Fou (1965), Masculin Féminin (1966), Weekend (1967) and Goodbye to Language (2014). During his early career as

8624-438: Was a slow, deliberate, toned-down black-and-white picture without a real story. The film was shot in four weeks and was "an explicitly and stringently modernist film". It showed Godard's "engagement with the most advanced thinking of the day, as expressed in the work of Claude Lévi-Strauss and Roland Barthes " and its fragmentation and abstraction reflected also "his loss of faith in the familiar Hollywood styles." Godard made

8722-637: Was awarded an Academy Honorary Award . Jean-Luc Godard was born on 3 December 1930 in the 7th arrondissement of Paris , the son of Odile ( née Monod) and Paul Godard, a Swiss physician. His wealthy parents came from Protestant families of Franco–Swiss descent, and his mother was the daughter of Julien Monod, a founder of the Banque Paribas . She was the great-granddaughter of theologian Adolphe Monod . Other relatives on his mother's side include composer Jacques-Louis Monod , naturalist Théodore Monod , and pastor Frédéric Monod . On his father's side, he

8820-565: Was founded by Henri Langlois and Georges Franju in 1936; Work and Culture was a workers' education group for which André Bazin had organised wartime film screenings and discussions and which had become a model for the film clubs that had risen throughout France after the Liberation; CCQL, founded in about 1947 or 1948, was animated and intellectually led by Maurice Schérer . At these clubs he met fellow film enthusiasts including Jacques Rivette , Claude Chabrol , and François Truffaut . Godard

8918-441: Was in debt from two productions based on Pierre Loti stories; hence, financing came instead from a film distributor, René Pignières. Godard's most celebrated period as a director spans roughly from his first feature, Breathless (1960), through to Week End (1967). His work during this period focused on relatively conventional films that often refer to different aspects of film history. Although Godard's work during this time

9016-487: Was in the context of a joke, a piece of art, or a relationship, presented to be used as tools of reference, romanticising the Marxist rhetoric, rather than being solely tools of education. Une femme mariée is also structured around Marx's concept of commodity fetishism . Godard once said that it is "a film in which individuals are considered as things, in which chases in a taxi alternate with ethological interviews, in which

9114-423: Was known for a series of radical documentaries titled " Kino Pravda " (literally, "film truth") and the late silent-era feature film Man with a Movie Camera (1929). Vertov was also a contemporary of both Soviet montage theorists, notably Sergei Eisenstein , and Russian constructivist and avant-garde artists such as Alexander Rodchenko and Vladimir Tatlin . Part of Godard's political shift after May 1968

9212-399: Was one of his most popular among critics. Karina starred as Nana, an errant mother and aspiring actress whose financially strained circumstances lead her to the life of a streetwalker . It is an episodic account of her rationalisations to prove she is free, even though she is tethered at the end of her pimp 's short leash. In one scene, within a café, she spreads her arms out and announces she

9310-471: Was part of a generation for whom cinema took on a special importance. He said: "In the 1950s cinema was as important as bread—but it isn't the case anymore. We thought cinema would assert itself as an instrument of knowledge, a microscope... a telescope.... At the Cinémathèque I discovered a world which nobody had spoken to me about. They'd told us about Goethe , but not Dreyer . ... We watched silent films in

9408-447: Was reconsidered, he began to collaborate with like-minded individuals in the filmmaking arena. His most notable collaborator was Jean-Pierre Gorin , a Maoist student of Louis Althusser , Michel Foucault , and Jacques Lacan , who later became a professor of Film Studies at the University of California at San Diego , with a passion for cinema that attracted Godard's attention. Between 1968 and 1973, Godard and Gorin collaborated to make

9506-504: Was the legendary French singer and actor Yves Montand , who had appeared in prestigious films by Georges Clouzot , Alain Résnais, Sacha Guitry , Vincente Minelli , George Cukor , and Costa-Gavras . The small group of Maoists that Godard had brought together, which included Gorin, adopted the name Dziga Vertov Group. Godard had a specific interest in Dziga Vertov , a Soviet filmmaker—who

9604-566: Was toward a proactive participation in the class struggle and he drew inspiration from filmmakers associated with the Russian Revolution . Towards the end of this period of his life, Godard began to feel disappointed with his Maoist ideals and was abandoned by his wife at the time, Anne Wiazemsky. In this context, according to biographer Antoine de Baecque, Godard attempted suicide on two occasions. Godard returned to somewhat more traditional fiction with Sauve qui peut (la vie) (1980),

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