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92-529: Subsequently, lost, the Risley Park Lanx re-emerged in the 1990s, as a supposed heirloom of the now-notorious art forger Shaun Greenhalgh and his family. Bought by private buyers and donated to the British Museum , it was on display for several years, but was removed when its authenticity became suspect. It was later determined to be a complete fabrication. The fate of the original, genuine, Risley Park Lanx

184-496: A discharge tube of Ivan Pulyui 's design. In January 1896, on reading of Röntgen's discovery, Frank Austin of Dartmouth College tested all of the discharge tubes in the physics laboratory and found that only the Pulyui tube produced X-rays. This was a result of Pulyui's inclusion of an oblique "target" of mica , used for holding samples of fluorescent material, within the tube. On 3 February 1896 Gilman Frost, professor of medicine at

276-646: A 16th-century land deed and the face of a supermarket check-out girl named "Alison" who worked in Bolton. Greenhalgh repeated his claim to be the creator in a May 2017 interview with Simon Parkin in The Guardian , observing that he had studied the work again when it was exhibited at the Villa Reale di Monza in 2015. The Postscript chapter in Greenhalgh's 2017 autobiography provided further details about his claim, identifying

368-641: A contribution to the modulation transfer function of the imaging system. The dosage of radiation applied in radiography varies by procedure. For example, the effective dosage of a chest x-ray is 0.1 mSv, while an abdominal CT is 10 mSv. The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) have stated that the "risks of medical imaging at patient doses below 50 mSv for single procedures or 100 mSv for multiple procedures over short time periods are too low to be detectable and may be nonexistent." Other scientific bodies sharing this conclusion include

460-514: A curator from the Bolton Museum , actually visited the family at home prior to the purchase of the Amarna Princess and reported nothing untoward. Yet for all his daring – he once boasted that he could create a Thomas Moran watercolour in half an hour and claimed to have completed an "Amarna" statue in three weeks – Shaun Greenhalgh needed the help of his parents. At the trial it was said by

552-423: A degree". However, the general public was notably more cynical in its reaction, being unimpressed by what they perceived as the experts' incompetence, and the law's heavy-handedness. Richard Falkiner, the antiquities expert from Bonhams said, "I took one look at the relief and said 'don't make me laugh'...It was an obvious fake. It was far too freshly cut, was made of the wrong stone and was stylistically wrong for

644-410: A faint green glow from the screen, about 1 metre away. Röntgen realized some invisible rays coming from the tube were passing through the cardboard to make the screen glow: they were passing through an opaque object to affect the film behind it. Röntgen discovered X-rays' medical use when he made a picture of his wife's hand on a photographic plate formed due to X-rays. The photograph of his wife's hand

736-474: A latent image is known as "projection radiography". The "shadow" may be converted to light using a fluorescent screen, which is then captured on photographic film , it may be captured by a phosphor screen to be "read" later by a laser (CR), or it may directly activate a matrix of solid-state detectors (DR—similar to a very large version of a CCD in a digital camera). Bone and some organs (such as lungs ) especially lend themselves to projection radiography. It

828-466: A later date. Furthermore, it has been claimed that the Greenhalghs had cleverly invested in some actual Roman silver coins, which they melted down to create the lanx. This complicated the matter of authenticity. NB: Greenhalgh strongly denies this, arguing that the cost of such coins would have been prohibitive, the necessity is nonexistent since alloys can be (and are) mixed by counterfeiters, and that he

920-432: A medical intervention, such as angioplasty, pacemaker insertion, or joint repair/replacement. The last can often be carried out in the operating theatre, using a portable fluoroscopy machine called a C-arm. It can move around the surgery table and make digital images for the surgeon. Biplanar Fluoroscopy works the same as single plane fluoroscopy except displaying two planes at the same time. The ability to work in two planes

1012-452: A physical marker is not included, the radiographer may add the correct side marker later as part of digital post-processing. As an alternative to X-ray detectors, image intensifiers are analog devices that readily convert the acquired X-ray image into one visible on a video screen. This device is made of a vacuum tube with a wide input surface coated on the inside with caesium iodide (CsI). When hit by X-rays material phosphors which causes

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1104-527: A radiographic laboratory in the United Kingdom in 1896, before the dangers of ionizing radiation were discovered. Indeed, Marie Curie pushed for radiography to be used to treat wounded soldiers in World War I. Initially, many kinds of staff conducted radiography in hospitals, including physicists, photographers, physicians, nurses, and engineers. The medical speciality of radiology grew up over many years around

1196-465: A scintillator material such as CsI, or directly by capturing the electrons produced when the X-rays hit the detector. Direct detectors do not tend to experience the blurring or spreading effect caused by phosphorescent scintillators or by film screens since the detectors are activated directly by X-ray photons. Dual-energy radiography is where images are acquired using two separate tube voltages . This

1288-411: A seventeen-year period, between 1989 and 2006, he produced a large number of forgeries. With the assistance of his brother and elderly parents, who fronted the sales side of the operation, he successfully sold his fakes internationally to museums, auction houses, and private buyers, accruing nearly £1 million. The family have been described by Scotland Yard as "possibly the most diverse forgery team in

1380-449: A three-dimensional image. Radiography's origins and fluoroscopy's origins can both be traced to 8 November 1895, when German physics professor Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered the X-ray and noted that, while it could pass through human tissue, it could not pass through bone or metal. Röntgen referred to the radiation as "X", to indicate that it was an unknown type of radiation. He received

1472-518: A translucent alabaster. It later emerged within a Panorama documentary that he had bought the tools to produce the work from hardware store B&Q . Done in the Egyptian "Amarna period" style of 1350 BC, the statue represents one of the daughters of the Pharaoh Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti . At the time, as Greenhalgh had researched, only two other similar statuettes were known to exist in

1564-434: A watercolour under the bed, a cheque for £20,000 dated 1993, and a bust of an American president in the loft. I’d never seen anything like it. A next-door neighbour recalled: "I was finding bits of pottery and coins around the edges of the garden over 20 years back – [things like] bits of metal with old kings on." While this sounds as though materials were openly displayed, it was perhaps not quite that obvious. Angela Thomas,

1656-510: A website selling his artworks. These comprise works the website describes as "examples of my old style of work...'fakes'," signed and sold as works by him, as well as sculptures in his own style. A member of the Metropolitan Police Art and Antique Squad stated "If a work is not copyrighted , it is not illegal to copy that work and sell that copy, as long as it is made very clear the work is not an original." In November 2015 as part of

1748-407: A wide range of crafts, from painting in pastels and watercolours, to sketches, and sculpture, both modern and ancient, busts and statues, to bas-relief and metalwork. He invested in a large range of different materials – silver, stone, marble, rare stone, replica metal, and glass. He also did meticulous research to authenticate his items with histories and provenance (for instance, faking letters from

1840-462: Is a relatively low-cost investigation with a high diagnostic yield. The difference between soft and hard body parts stems mostly from the fact that carbon has a very low X-ray cross section compared to calcium. Computed tomography or CT scan (previously known as CAT scan, the "A" standing for "axial") uses ionizing radiation (x-ray radiation) in conjunction with a computer to create images of both soft and hard tissues. These images look as though

1932-461: Is as low as possible. Lead is the most common shield against X-rays because of its high density (11,340 kg/m ), stopping power, ease of installation and low cost. The maximum range of a high-energy photon such as an X-ray in matter is infinite; at every point in the matter traversed by the photon, there is a probability of interaction. Thus there is a very small probability of no interaction over very large distances. The shielding of photon beam

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2024-411: Is designed to maintain high quality imaging studies while using the lowest doses and best radiation safety practices available on pediatric patients. This initiative has been endorsed and applied by a growing list of various professional medical organizations around the world and has received support and assistance from companies that manufacture equipment used in radiology. Following upon the success of

2116-415: Is generally done by radiologists . Some radiographers also specialise in image interpretation. Medical radiography includes a range of modalities producing many different types of image, each of which has a different clinical application. The creation of images by exposing an object to X-rays or other high-energy forms of electromagnetic radiation and capturing the resulting remnant beam (or "shadow") as

2208-409: Is important for orthopedic and spinal surgery and can reduce operating times by eliminating re-positioning. Angiography is the use of fluoroscopy to view the cardiovascular system. An iodine-based contrast is injected into the bloodstream and watched as it travels around. Since liquid blood and the vessels are not very dense, a contrast with high density (like the large iodine atoms) is used to view

2300-482: Is known is that "two Halifax accounts... one containing £55,173 and the other £303,646" were frozen, pending a confiscation hearing in January 2008, and Shaun Greenhalgh was convicted for "conspiracy to conceal and transfer £410,392." Estimates of the amount of money the Greenhalghs actually made vary from £850,000 to £1.5 million. Possibly encouraged by their success in fooling experts, the Greenhalghs tried again using

2392-400: Is related to the wavelength . X and gamma rays have the shortest wavelength and this property leads to the ability to penetrate, travel through, and exit various materials such as carbon steel and other metals. Specific methods include industrial computed tomography . Image quality will depend on resolution and density. Resolution is the ability an image to show closely spaced structure in

2484-564: Is therefore exponential (with an attenuation length being close to the radiation length of the material); doubling the thickness of shielding will square the shielding effect. Table in this section shows the recommended thickness of lead shielding in function of X-ray energy, from the Recommendations by the Second International Congress of Radiology. In response to increased concern by the public over radiation doses and

2576-417: Is unknown. In 1729, a large silver dish was ploughed up at Risley Park, Derbyshire, and broken into pieces soon after its discovery. Lady Aston (Catherine Widdrington 1676–1752 m 1723 Thomas Aston 1655–1725), the owner of Risley Park, was in contact with the pioneer archaeologist William Stukeley about it, though it was some years before he acted. Indeed, there is some doubt as to whether he ever actually saw

2668-403: Is very low, much lower than projection radiography examinations. Fluoroscopy is a term invented by Thomas Edison during his early X-ray studies. The name refers to the fluorescence he saw while looking at a glowing plate bombarded with X-rays. The technique provides moving projection radiographs. Fluoroscopy is mainly performed to view movement (of tissue or a contrast agent), or to guide

2760-671: The Amarna Princess , a version of the Roman Risley Park Lanx , and works supposedly by Barbara Hepworth and Thomas Moran , were displayed. Greenhalgh's family was involved in "the garden shed gang". They established an elaborate cottage industry at his parents' house in The Crescent, Bromley Cross , South Turton , which is about 3.5 miles (6 km) north of Bolton town centre. His parents, George and Olive, approached clients, while his older brother, George Jr., managed

2852-768: The British Museum , the Henry Moore Institute , and auction houses Bonhams , Christie's , Sotheby's and other experts from "Leeds to Vienna." The Faun was displayed at the van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam; while the Amarna Princess went on display at the South Bank Hayward Art Gallery , in an exhibition opened by the Queen . Other unnamed galleries, and various private collectors were fooled as well. The Greenhalgh family did not appear to make much use of

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2944-801: The International Organization of Medical Physicists , the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation , and the International Commission on Radiological Protection . Nonetheless, radiological organizations, including the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and the American College of Radiology (ACR), as well as multiple government agencies, indicate safety standards to ensure that radiation dosage

3036-533: The photocathode adjacent to it to emit electrons. These electrons are then focused using electron lenses inside the intensifier to an output screen coated with phosphorescent materials. The image from the output can then be recorded via a camera and displayed. Digital devices known as array detectors are becoming more common in fluoroscopy. These devices are made of discrete pixelated detectors known as thin-film transistors (TFT) which can either work indirectly by using photo detectors that detect light emitted from

3128-512: The radiology department of hospitals handle all forms of imaging . Treatment using radiation is known as radiotherapy . Industrial radiography is a method of non-destructive testing where many types of manufactured components can be examined to verify the internal structure and integrity of the specimen. Industrial Radiography can be performed utilizing either X-rays or gamma rays . Both are forms of electromagnetic radiation . The difference between various forms of electromagnetic energy

3220-559: The "Obsessions" section. Had the Greenhalghs managed to sell all 120 artworks they had offered it is estimated that they could have earned as much as £10m. This would have made the average value of each piece more than £83,000, although money received varied between £100 (for the Eadred Reliquary) and £440,000 (for the Amarna Princess). The Greenhalghs did not manage to offload most of their works. Many which they did sell, such as

3312-494: The Bolton Museum that he was "thinking about using [the Amarna Princess statue] as a garden ornament". Greenhalgh's parents helped establish a logical explanation for why the Greenhalghs had possession of such items in the first place, namely as family heirlooms. It allowed them to offload items when they were discovered as fakes, such as the " Eadred Reliquary ", and an L.S. Lowry painting, The Meeting House . In 1999,

3404-530: The British Museum about various suspicious aspects, and the museum then spotted several improbable anomalies. The horses' reins were "not consistent" or "atypical" with respect to other Assyrian reliefs; and the cuneiform inscription contained a spelling mistake, an absent diacritical mark, which was considered extremely unlikely in a piece "destined for the eyes of the king". These concerns became full blown suspicion when George seemed too willing to part with

3496-528: The Eadred Reliquary, purportedly were undersold, garnering only minimal amounts. Others, such as the Lowry painting The Meeting House , only gained in value from their repeated resale, which would not have benefited the Greenhalghs. As time went on, more ambitious, expensive pieces of work were produced, some of which did sell, like the Risley Park Lanx. However, these were subject to more scrutiny and indeed it

3588-457: The Greenhalghs began their most ambitious project. They bought an 1892 catalogue which listed the contents of an auction in Silverton Park , Devon , the home of the 4th Earl of Egremont . Among the items listed were "eight Egyptian figures." Using the leeway this vague description allowed, Greenhalgh manufactured what became known as the Amarna Princess , a 20-inch statue, apparently made of

3680-472: The Greenhalghs were exposed as forgers, the Museum remained ambivalent about the worth of their lanx. Andrew Burnett, Deputy Director said: "There have been different views of it and it's something we're looking at again in the light of the Amarna Princess case. We haven't formed a final view on it yet." Shaun Greenhalgh Shaun Greenhalgh (born 1961) is a British artist and former art forger . Over

3772-975: The Image Gently campaign, the American College of Radiology, the Radiological Society of North America, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine, and the American Society of Radiologic Technologists have launched a similar campaign to address this issue in the adult population called Image Wisely. The World Health Organization and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) of the United Nations have also been working in this area and have ongoing projects designed to broaden best practices and lower patient radiation dose. Contrary to advice that emphasises only conducting radiographs when in

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3864-455: The Risley Park Lanx, claiming that he and his family had found the pieces and welded them together. In fact, the piece had been crafted by his son, Shaun, based on an article written by Catherine Johns in 1981, and Stukeley's 1736 account. George also presented a forged will that apparently bequeathed the Risley Park Lanx to his family. The British Museum was unconvinced that this was the original lanx, but nevertheless considered it probable that it

3956-546: The college, and his brother Edwin Frost, professor of physics, exposed the wrist of Eddie McCarthy, whom Gilman had treated some weeks earlier for a fracture, to the X-rays and collected the resulting image of the broken bone on gelatin photographic plates obtained from Howard Langill, a local photographer also interested in Röntgen's work. X-rays were put to diagnostic use very early; for example, Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton opened

4048-622: The county of Lincoln &c, &c, &c... This lanx, what was left of it, was decorated with pastoral and hunting motifs around the edges, and at the centre was a scene from a boar hunt, similar to the pagan ones on the Mildenhall bowls. On one fragment there was also a curious scene of a cherubic figure riding a lion. Like the Corbridge Lanx, the Risley Park one was done in a raised relief style with cast figures. The inscription "round

4140-478: The depiction of himself and his family, calling the drama "character assassination". Shaun Greenhalgh appeared in the 2012 BBC documentary The Dark Ages: An Age of Light and is listed as "Craftsman" in the credits. In October 2019, he appeared in Handmade in Bolton on BBC2, a short documentary series fronted by Janina Ramirez , directed and narrated by Waldemar Januszczak , in which he remade four objects from

4232-481: The first Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery. There are conflicting accounts of his discovery because Röntgen had his lab notes burned after his death, but this is a likely reconstruction by his biographers: Röntgen was investigating cathode rays using a fluorescent screen painted with barium platinocyanide and a Crookes tube which he had wrapped in black cardboard to shield its fluorescent glow. He noticed

4324-662: The foot at bottom" was on the back and reads " Exsuperius episcopus ecclesiae Bagiensi dedit " ("Bishop Exuperius gives this to the church of Bagiensi"). This has inspired several different possible theories of the lanx's origin, depending on interpretation of the word "Bagiensi". Stukeley conjectured that it belonged to Exuperius , the Bishop of Tholouse in 405 AD, who gave it to the Bouge church in Touraine, and that it only ended up in England after it

4416-494: The forgeries were detected. Certainly they have not had the same exposure as the debacle surrounding the Bolton Museum, for example. Two individual buyers, "wealthy Americans" have been identified, but only after they donated their purchase to the British Museum. Another piece sold to an unnamed private buyer came to light when the Art Institute of Chicago announced that The Faun , a ceramic sculpture on display since 1997 as

4508-574: The fragments of it that could be got together, by one that saw it, before it was broken in pieces, by the ignorant peoples that found it. Stukeley, at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries in 1736, read his account, which was later published, complete with a dedication underneath the drawing of the lanx: To the most noble prince PEREGRINE duke of Ancaſter and keſteven, Marquis and Earl of Lindſey, Baron Willughby of Ereſby, hereditary Lord great Chamberlain of England, Lord Lieutenant & Custers Rotuleram of

4600-495: The garden shed." In fact, "there can be little doubt that there are a number of forgeries still circulating within the art market." A description of known forgeries includes: Dear George, Thank you very much for your recent letter and cheque for the paintings. I have about finished the [illegible] but I will hold onto it untill I am(?) ready. I will slip round to the yard on Wed. L S Lowry. Received 45.0.0 for paintings Following Shaun Greenhalgh's release in early 2010, he launched

4692-444: The hip (head of the femur ), lower back ( lumbar spine ), or heel ( calcaneum ) are imaged, and the bone density (amount of calcium) is determined and given a number (a T-score). It is not used for bone imaging, as the image quality is not good enough to make an accurate diagnostic image for fractures, inflammation, etc. It can also be used to measure total body fat, though this is not common. The radiation dose received from DEXA scans

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4784-404: The internal form of an object. Applications of radiography include medical ("diagnostic" radiography and "therapeutic radiography") and industrial radiography . Similar techniques are used in airport security , (where "body scanners" generally use backscatter X-ray ). To create an image in conventional radiography , a beam of X-rays is produced by an X-ray generator and it is projected towards

4876-455: The internal structure of the body on an image receptor by highlighting these differences using attenuation , or in the case of ionising radiation, the absorption of X-ray photons by the denser substances (like calcium -rich bones). The discipline involving the study of anatomy through the use of radiographic images is known as radiographic anatomy . Medical radiography acquisition is generally carried out by radiographers , while image analysis

4968-543: The items at a low price. The museum contacted the police, who investigated the Greenhalghs for the next 20 months. At their trial at Bolton Crown Court in 2007, the three defendants pleaded guilty to creating the forgeries and laundering the money they received. On 16 November, Shaun Greenhalgh was sentenced to 4 years and eight months, while his mother received a 12-month suspended sentence. The parents were using wheelchairs at their appearance for sentencing. Judge William Morris, in sentencing Shaun Greenhalgh, stated: "This

5060-468: The lanx himself. However he became sufficiently interested after the discovery of the Corbridge Lanx to have Gerard Vandergucht make line drawings and an engraving of the remaining pieces. Vandergucht certainly saw them, and may well be the "one that saw it" mentioned in the testament inscribed at the bottom of the engravings: This print of a curious piece of Antiquity in silver... was defined from all

5152-550: The lanx was actually cast in Roman Britain by a local pewterer and "eventually came into the possession of an important Christian", another Exuperius. He gave it to a rural estate called "Bogium", which was possibly a Roman estate in Derbyshire. Whatever its origins, shortly after its discovery the "Risley Park Lanx", as it became known, disappeared again. In 1991, the elderly George Greenhalgh came forward with an item resembling

5244-422: The lawyer, Brian McKenna, that Greenhalgh's mother, Olive (1925–2016), made the telephone calls "because he was shy and did not like to use the telephone." Olive may have been a peripheral figure, but Shaun's father, George (1923–2014), was more involved. He was the frontman, who met face-to-face with potential buyers. "He looks honest, he's elderly and he shows up in a wheelchair." For example, George Sr. told

5336-431: The local radiation exposure , dose , and/or dose rate, for example, for verifying that radiation protection equipment and procedures are effective on an ongoing basis). A radiopaque anatomical side marker is added to each image. For example, if the patient has their right hand x-rayed, the radiographer includes a radiopaque "R" marker within the field of the x-ray beam as an indicator of which hand has been imaged. If

5428-483: The love he had for such arts". By implication, the forgeries were a mere unintended, if unfortunate, consequence. In fact, institutions proclaimed the works and their achievement in obtaining them. The Art Institute of Chicago described The Faun sculpture as a "major rediscovery" and included it in their "definitive" exhibition on Gauguin. Bolton Museum hailed their purchase of the Amarna Princess as "a coup," calling George Greenhalgh "a nice old man who had no idea of

5520-589: The money they gained. They lived a "far from lavish life" in a "shabby" council house; among their possessions were "an old TV, battered sofa, and a Ford Focus ", but not a computer. According to Detective Sgt Rapley of the Metropolitan Police, the conditions were "relatively frugal" even "abject poverty". Olive Greenhalgh claimed that she had "not even travelled outside of Bolton." As they did not display wealth, explanations other than desire for money have been proposed. Police suggested that Shaun Greenhalgh

5612-657: The money. Other members of the family were invoked to help establish the legitimacy of the fake items. These included Olive's father who owned an art gallery, a great-grandfather who it seemed had had the foresight to buy well at auctions, and an ancestor who had apparently worked for the Mayor of Bolton as a cleaner and was given a Thomas Moran painting. Shaun Greenhalgh left school at 16 with no qualifications. A self-taught artist, undoubtedly influenced by his job as an antiques dealer, he worked up his forgeries from sketches, photographs, art books and catalogues. He attempted

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5704-439: The new technology. When new diagnostic tests were developed, it was natural for the radiographers to be trained in and to adopt this new technology. Radiographers now perform fluoroscopy , computed tomography , mammography , ultrasound , nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging as well. Although a nonspecialist dictionary might define radiography quite narrowly as "taking X-ray images", this has long been only part of

5796-417: The object as separate entities in the image while density is the blackening power of the image. Sharpness of a radiographic image is strongly determined by the size of the X-ray source. This is determined by the area of the electron beam hitting the anode. A large photon source results in more blurring in the final image and is worsened by an increase in image formation distance. This blurring can be measured as

5888-493: The object. A certain amount of the X-rays or other radiation are absorbed by the object, dependent on the object's density and structural composition. The X-rays that pass through the object are captured behind the object by a detector (either photographic film or a digital detector). The generation of flat two-dimensional images by this technique is called projectional radiography . In computed tomography (CT scanning), an X-ray source and its associated detectors rotate around

5980-635: The ongoing progress of best practices, The Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging was formed within the Society for Pediatric Radiology . In concert with the American Society of Radiologic Technologists , the American College of Radiology , and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine , the Society for Pediatric Radiology developed and launched the Image Gently campaign which

6072-620: The past using traditional materials and methods. His autobiography A Forger's Tale: Confessions of the Bolton Forger was originally published in a limited edition in 2015 by ZCZ Editions. The first full edition was published on 1 June 2017 with an Introduction by Waldemar Januszczak . It won The Observer ' s Best Art Book of the Year, 2018. Radiography Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays , gamma rays , or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view

6164-557: The patient and the detector to reduce the quantity of scattered x-rays that reach the detector. This improves the contrast resolution of the image, but also increases radiation exposure for the patient. Detectors can be divided into two major categories: imaging detectors (such as photographic plates and X-ray film ( photographic film ), now mostly replaced by various digitizing devices like image plates or flat panel detectors ) and dose measurement devices (such as ionization chambers , Geiger counters , and dosimeters used to measure

6256-403: The patient was sliced like bread (thus, "tomography" – "tomo" means "slice"). Though CT uses a higher amount of ionizing x-radiation than diagnostic x-rays (both utilising X-ray radiation), with advances in technology, levels of CT radiation dose and scan times have reduced. CT exams are generally short, most lasting only as long as a breath-hold, Contrast agents are also often used, depending on

6348-809: The patient's interest, recent evidence suggests that they are used more frequently when dentists are paid under fee-for-service. In medicine and dentistry, projectional radiography and computed tomography images generally use X-rays created by X-ray generators , which generate X-rays from X-ray tubes . The resultant images from the radiograph (X-ray generator/machine) or CT scanner are correctly referred to as "radiograms"/"roentgenograms" and "tomograms" respectively. A number of other sources of X-ray photons are possible, and may be used in industrial radiography or research; these include betatrons , linear accelerators (linacs), and synchrotrons . For gamma rays , radioactive sources such as Ir , Co , or Cs are used. An anti-scatter grid may be placed between

6440-485: The period." During the trial, 44 forgeries were discussed, while 120 were known to have been presented to various institutions. However, given the family's bank records only extended back for a third of the period they were operating, and Shaun Greenhalgh's high level of productivity, there are probably many more. On raiding the Greenhalgh home police discovered many raw materials and "scores of sculptures, paintings and artifacts, hidden in wardrobes, under their bed and in

6532-526: The publicity for the upcoming A Forger's Tale , an article in The Sunday Times put forward Greenhalgh's claim that he was the creator of La Bella Principessa attributed to Leonardo da Vinci . A December 2015 article in The New York Times also promoted Greenhalgh's claimed authorship of the work, which it said he had made in the late 1970s, around the age of 20, using vellum recycled from

6624-446: The purported worth of the original – a million pounds – yet still a clear indication that it was considered to be a significant historical rediscovery. When "two wealthy Americans" gifted the lanx to the British Museum in honour of David Wilson, outgoing director of the Museum, it was placed on display as a replica. It remained there until the rising publicity over the Greenhalghs forced its withdrawal for reassessment. However, even after

6716-640: The same Silverton Park provenance. They produced what were purportedly three Assyrian reliefs of soldier and horses, from the Palace of Sennacherib in 600 BC. The British Museum examined them in November 2005, concluded that they were genuine, and expressed an interest in buying one of them, which seemed to match a drawing by A. H. Layard in its collection. However, when two of the reliefs were submitted to Bonhams auction house, its antiquities consultant Richard Falkiner spotted "an obvious fake". Bonhams consulted with

6808-550: The significance of what he owned." After the trial, Bolton Museum scrambled to distance itself and described itself as "blameless" insisting that it had followed established procedure. The presiding judge, William Morris, exonerated the institution and any Council staff involved, preferring to focus on what he saw as "misapplied" talent and an "ambitious conspiracy;" while the Metropolitan Police Arts and Antiquities Unit would only admit that Greenhalgh had succeeded "to

6900-624: The sitter as "Bossy Sally from the Co-Op" (p. 356). Art historian Martin Kemp said he found the claim hilarious and ridiculous. On 4 January 2009, BBC Two broadcast a dramatisation of the Greenhalgh story called The Antiques Rogue Show , a play on the title of the BBC series Antiques Road Show , already used by headline writers. In a letter from prison to the Bolton News , Shaun Greenhalgh complained about

6992-401: The subject, which itself moves through the conical X-ray beam produced. Any given point within the subject is crossed from many directions by many different beams at different times. Information regarding the attenuation of these beams is collated and subjected to computation to generate two-dimensional images on three planes (axial, coronal, and sagittal) which can be further processed to produce

7084-420: The supposed artists) in order to demonstrate his ownership. Completed items were then stored about the house and garden shed. The latter probably served as a workshop as well. Detective Constable Ian Lawson of Scotland Yard, who searched the house, gave an indication of Greenhalgh's activities: There were blocks of stone, a furnace for melting silver on top of the fridge, half-finished and rejected sculptures,

7176-412: The tissues needing to be seen. Radiographers perform these examinations, sometimes in conjunction with a radiologist (for instance, when a radiologist performs a CT-guided biopsy ). DEXA , or bone densitometry, is used primarily for osteoporosis tests. It is not projection radiography, as the X-rays are emitted in two narrow beams that are scanned across the patient, 90 degrees from each other. Usually

7268-696: The vessels under X-ray. Angiography is used to find aneurysms , leaks, blockages ( thromboses ), new vessel growth, and placement of catheters and stents. Balloon angioplasty is often done with angiography. Contrast radiography uses a radiocontrast agent, a type of contrast medium , to make the structures of interest stand out visually from their background. Contrast agents are required in conventional angiography , and can be used in both projectional radiography and computed tomography (called contrast CT ). Although not technically radiographic techniques due to not using X-rays, imaging modalities such as PET and MRI are sometimes grouped in radiography because

7360-557: The work of "X-ray departments", radiographers, and radiologists. Initially, radiographs were known as roentgenograms, while skiagrapher (from the Ancient Greek words for "shadow" and "writer") was used until about 1918 to mean radiographer . The Japanese term for the radiograph, rentogen ( レントゲン ) , shares its etymology with the original English term. Since the body is made up of various substances with differing densities, ionising and non-ionising radiation can be used to reveal

7452-464: The work of the 19th-century French master Paul Gauguin , was also a forgery by Shaun Greenhalgh. The museum purchased the sculpture from a private dealer in London, who had bought it at a Sotheby's auction in 1994. In addition, the bank records of the Greenhalghs only went back six years, so in the final analysis the exact amount of monies involved over the seventeen-year scam has not been determined. What

7544-445: The world, ever". However, when they attempted to sell three Assyrian reliefs using the same provenance as they had previously, suspicions were finally raised. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London held an exhibition of Greenhalgh's works from 23 January to 7 February 2010. The Metropolitan Police 's Art and Antiques Unit built a replica model of the shed where the works were created. Many of Greenhalgh's fakes, including

7636-465: The world. He "knocked up" his copy in his shed in three weeks out of calcite, "using basic DIY tools and making it look old by coating it in a mixture of tea and clay". George then approached Bolton Museum in 2002, claiming the Amarna Princess was from his grandfather's "forgotten collection", bought at the Silverton Park auction. He pretended to be ignorant about its true worth or value, but

7728-480: Was a genuine period replica. The original had been fragile, therefore it was feasible that "moulds of the pieces were taken and copies cast". No suspicions were raised by the fact that the pieces did not match the arrangement in the Stukeley engraving – itself a mere guess by Vandergucht, who had less than half of the lanx to work with. They could have reasonably been the remaining original pieces put together differently at

7820-567: Was an ambitious conspiracy of long duration based on your undoubted talent and based on the sophistication of the deceptions underpinning the sales and attempted sales. I speak of your talent but not in admiration. Your talent was misapplied to the ends of dishonest gain." George Greenhalgh's sentence was delayed for medical reports in 2007, eventually he received a suspended sentence of two years. If his age had not been grounds for mitigation, Judge William Morris said, he would have been sentenced to 3 1 ⁄ 2 years imprisonment. The prison service

7912-469: Was careful to provide the letters Shaun had also faked, showing how the artefact had been in the family for "a hundred years". In 2003, after consulting experts at the British Museum and Christie's , the Bolton Museum bought the Amarna Princess for £439,767. It remained on display until February 2006. It has been subsequently re-displayed, since September 2018, as part of Bolton Museum's "Bolton's Egypt" Gallery as an example of fake Egyptian artefacts in

8004-443: Was motivated less by profit than by resentment at his own lack of recognition as an artist. This "general hatred" became a need to "shame the art world" and "show them up", but this was denied by Greenhalgh in his autobiography, A Forger's Tale . The defence lawyer Andrew Nutall characterized Shaun Greenhalgh as a shy, introverted person, obsessed with "one outlook and that was his garden shed". The forgeries were an attempt to "perfect

8096-412: Was not willing to consider, let alone engage in, the 'wanton destruction of thousands of ancient artefacts'. Radiographic analysis also showed that different era solders had been used, suggesting it had been recast in the eighteenth or nineteenth century, perhaps using fragments of the original. In the event, the Risley Park Lanx was sold through Sotheby's in 1992 for £100,000. This was far less than

8188-469: Was one of these, the Assyrian reliefs, which led to their exposure and arrests, which suggests that the longevity of their scam was concentrated on the passing-off of lower level items. Balanced against this must be the success of sales to private individuals. They are unlikely to have had the same level of expertise at their disposal as institutions, and are probably less willing to advertise their losses once

8280-562: Was plundered as spoils of the Battle of Bouge in 1421. However, this turns on his reading of "Bagiensi" as "Bogiensi", whereas the Abbe de la Rue's considered choice was Exuperius of Bayeux as a more likely candidate. This Exuperius was the Bishop of Bayeux , and it was suggested that he had gifted the lanx to his own church, before it was plundered by Henry I after he wrested the city from his brother Duke Robert in 1106. A third theory suggests that

8372-528: Was the first ever photograph of a human body part using X-rays. When she saw the picture, she said, "I have seen my death." The first use of X-rays under clinical conditions was by John Hall-Edwards in Birmingham, England , on 11 January 1896, when he radiographed a needle stuck in the hand of an associate. On 14 February 1896, Hall-Edwards also became the first to use X-rays in a surgical operation . The United States saw its first medical X-ray obtained using

8464-535: Was unable to hold someone with his infirmities. Detective Sergeant Vernon Rapley, from the Metropolitan Police Arts and Antiquities Unit said shortly after the Greenhalgh's were sentenced: "Looking at them now I'm not sure the items would fool anyone, it was the credibility of the provenances that went with them." The list of experts and institutions who were fooled is long, and includes the Tate Modern ,

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