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65-513: The Rio Negro State Park South Section is in the municipality of Manaus in the state of Amazonas. The park is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the city of Manaus, accessible from there by boat. It has an area of 86,601 hectares (214,000 acres). The park is near the right (east) bank of the Rio Negro near the point where it joins the Amazon River , set back about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from

130-603: A cathedral , opera house , zoological and botanical gardens , an eco-park, and regional and native peoples museums . The Solimões and Negro rivers meet just east of Manaus and join to form the Amazon River (using the Brazilian definition of the river; elsewhere, Solimões is considered the upper part of the Amazon ). Rubber made it the richest city in South America during the late 1800s. Rubber also helped Manaus earn its nickname,

195-419: A tropical rainforest climate , with the average annual compensated temperature of 27.4 °C (81.3 °F) and high air humidity , with a rainfall index around 2,300 mm (90.6 in) annually. The seasons are relatively well-defined concerning rain: July to September is relatively dry, and December to May is very rainy. Thunderstorms are frequent every day in the summer, but they can occur at any time of

260-697: A law was passed to allow the lands occupied by traditional populations in the park to become a sustainable development reserve . On 24 March 2014 a law created the Puranga Conquista Sustainable Development Reserve and changed the limits of the Rio Negro State Park South Section and the Aturiá-Apuauzinho section of the Margem Esquerda do Rio Negro Environmental Protection Area. The area of the state park

325-568: A major industrial center (the Free Economic Zone of Manaus). The mobile phone companies LG , Nokia , Samsung , Siemens , Sagem , Gradiente , and BenQ-Siemens operate mobile phone manufacturing plants in Manaus. Plastic lens manufacturer Essilor also has a plant here. The Brazilian sport utility vehicle manufacturer Amazon Veiculos is headquartered in Manaus. Two airlines, MAP Linhas Aéreas and Manaus Aerotáxi , have headquarters on

390-421: Is a large concentration of high-tech industries in the areas of electronics, two-wheeled vehicles, optical products, computer products, chemical industry, etc. The Manaus Free Trade Zone (MFTZ), which is regulated by Decree-Law No. 288/1967, was conceived as a free import and export trade area with special tax incentives. It was set up with the object of creating an industrial, commercial and agricultural center in

455-474: Is a plan to restore the city centre to its former glory by removing beggars and irregular sellers from sidewalks and by doing that provide more safety for tourists and locals who are trying to walk in the historical areas of the city. All these plans were prompted by the 2014 World Cup. Manaus is the sixth-largest economy in Brazil. According to IBGE in 2014, its GDP was R$ 67,5 billion. The per capita income for

520-436: Is a prison, Anisio Jobim Penitentiary Complex. Manaus has research centers, technology and public and private universities. Eduardo Gomes International Airport is the airport serving Manaus. The airport has two passenger terminals, one for scheduled flights and the other for regional aviation. It also has three cargo terminals . Eduardo Gomes International Airport is Brazil's third largest in freight movement, handling

585-509: Is above the national average, and 10% above the average for the capital (Brasilia). Most of the population is located in the North and East regions of the city, and the New Town (northern area) the neighborhood is the most populous, with more than 260,000 residents. According to the results of the last census, the city's population increased from 343,038 inhabitants in 1960 to 622,733 in 1970. By 1990,

650-631: Is administered by the Centro Estadual de Unidades de Conservação do Amazonas (State Centre of Amazonas Conservation Units). The consultative council for the south section was created on 22 November 2010. The conservation unit is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program . When the state park was created the existing population of indigenous and non-indigenous people was not taken into account. A long campaign for regularisation of property rights began. On 28 December 2010

715-633: Is administered by the Superintendence of the Manaus Free Trade Zone (SUFRAMA), an independent Federal Agency under the Brazilian Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade (MDIC). The metropolitan area of Manaus is the 11th most populous in Brazil, with an estimated population of 2.7 million inhabitants. This article about a location in the Brazilian state of Amazonas

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780-645: Is in the central Amazonia corridor, in the Lower Rio Negro Mosaic . It protects part of the basin of the Cuieiras river. The river and the Araras and Jaraqui streams, tributaries of the Rio Negro, are low-lying and have flooded mouths. The main plant formations are Igapó forest, dense terra firma forest and Campinarana . Wildlife is very diverse. It includes the pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor), an endemic primate, in

845-597: Is located in the middle of the Amazon Rainforest . The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome , and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species-rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia . As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in

910-530: Is only paved for about another 100 kilometers (60 mi) to Castanho. After that, the highway is not paved, and cannot be used. Various governments have promised to recover this land-link with the rest of the country, but environmental issues, high costs and complicated logistics have impeded any progress so far. The two major state highways are the AM-010 and the AM-070. The AM-010 heads east, to Itacoatiara, Amazonas at

975-553: Is operated by wide-body jets. Other freight routes include North America and Europe. The passenger terminal had been fully refurbished and expanded in time for the 2014 FIFA Football World Cup , which held 4 games in Manaus. The airport currently operates daily international flights to Miami and Orlando , United States, by American Airlines and LATAM Airlines Brasil ; to the city of Panama , by Copa Airlines ; and to Barcelona, Venezuela , by Avior Airlines . The airport has direct flights to all major airports in Brazil, operated by

1040-459: Is today Suriname . The fort was constructed in rock and clay, with four cannons guarding the curtains. It continued to function for more than 100 years. Next to the fort there were many indigenous mestizos , who helped in its construction and began to live in the vicinity. The population grew so much that, in 1695, the missionaries ( Carmelite , Jesuit , Franciscan ) built a nearby chapel dedicated to Nossa Senhora da Conceição (Our Lady of

1105-767: The Anglican Episcopal Church , the Baptist Church , an Assembly of God Church, the Seventh-day Adventist Church , the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God , and the Jehovah's Witnesses among others. These churches are experiencing considerable growth, mainly in the outskirts of the city. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints also has a large presence, with a LDS temple having been built in

1170-448: The Lineage B.1.1.248 variant starting in early January 2021. The largest city in northern Brazil, Manaus occupies an area of 11,401 square kilometres (4,402 sq mi), with a density of 158.06 inhabitants per square kilometre (409.4/sq mi). It is the neighboring city of Presidente Figueiredo , Careiro , Iranduba , Rio Preto da Eva , Itacoatiara , and Novo Airão . Manaus

1235-789: The National Institute of Amazonian Research , being the most important center for scientific studies in the Amazon region and for international sustainability issues. It was known at the beginning of the century as Heart of the Amazon and City of the Forest. Currently, its main economic engine is the Industrial Park of Manaus, a Free Economic Zone. The city has a free port and an international airport . Its manufactures include electronics, chemical products , and soap; there are distilling and ship construction industries. Manaus also exports Brazil nuts , rubber , jute , and rosewood oil . It has

1300-626: The Teatro Amazonas , was effectively closed for most of the 20th Century. However it was used in scenes of the Werner Herzog film Fitzcarraldo (1982). After a gap of almost 90 years, it reopened to produce live opera in 1997 and is now attracting performers from all over the world. When the seeds of the rubber tree were smuggled out of the Amazon region to be cultivated on plantations in Southeast Asia, Brazil and Peru lost their monopoly on

1365-589: The Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity . More than one-third of all species in the world live in the Amazon rainforest. Despite being located in the Amazon, Manaus is densely developed and has few green areas in the city. The largest green areas are: Manaus has a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) according to the Köppen climate classification system, just dry enough in its driest month to not be

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1430-534: The Conception), who, in time, became the patron saint of the city. A Royal Charter of March 3, 1755 created the captaincy of São José do Rio Negro, with capital in Mariuá (now Barcelos ), but with the governor, Lobo D'Almada, fearing a Spanish invasion, the seat went back to Lugar de Barra in 1791. Being located at the confluence of the Rio Negro and Amazon Rivers, it was a strategic point. On November 13, 1832, Lugar da Barra

1495-789: The Gods . The history of the European colonization of Manaus began in 1499 with the Spanish arrival at the mouth of the Amazon River. The Spanish then continued to colonize the region north of Brazil. Development continued in 1668–1669 with the building of the Fort of São José da Barra do Rio Negro by the Portuguese in order to ensure its predominance in the region, especially against the Dutch , at that time headquartered in what

1560-578: The Manaus Free Trade Zone Authority, SUBFRAME, was created. SUBFRAME is an independent body with its own legal status and assets and has financial and administrative autonomy. Tax incentives and the subsequent complementary legislation created comparative advantages in the region with respect to other parts of the country and as a result the Manaus Free Trade Zone attracted new investment to the area. These incentives constituted tax exemptions administered federally by SUBFRAME and SUDAM. There

1625-421: The Manaus Free Trade Zone in more concrete terms. The new Decree-Law stipulated that the Manaus Free Trade Zone would have a radius of 10 km (6.2 mi) with an industrial center as well as an agricultural center and that these would be given the economic means to allow for regional development in order to lift the Amazon out of the economic isolation that it had fallen into at that time. On August 28, 1967,

1690-504: The Paris of the Tropics . Many wealthy European families settled in Manaus and brought their love for sophisticated European art , architecture , and culture with them. Manaus was one of the twelve Brazilian host cities of the 2014 World Cup , as well as one of the five subsections of the 2016 Summer Olympics . The name Manaus comes from the native people called Manaós , which means Mother of

1755-455: The arrival of migrants from other regions of Brazil. Manaus has the largest neighborhood in Latin America, the neighborhood of Cidade Nova, which has 264,449 inhabitants, but it is estimated that the population exceeds 300,000 inhabitants. Cidade Nova is larger than all the cities inside the rest of Amazonas state. With the permanence and the strengthening of Free Economic Zone of Manaus ,

1820-499: The banks of the Amazon River, which is the third largest city of the state. The AM-070 heads south, starting on the other side of the new Rio Negro Bridge at Manaus, and reaching Manacapuru , which lies at the banks of the Solimoes River , also known as the upper River Amazon, and which is the fourth largest city of the state. Both roads are paved and operate all year round. Ships dock at the main port in Manaus directly downtown on

1885-669: The banks of the Negro River. The terraced city is home to a network of bridged channels that divide it into several compartments. Several mobile phone companies have manufacturing plants in the port area, and other major electronics manufacturers also have plants there. Major exports going through the port include Brazil nuts, chemicals , petroleum , electrical equipment, and forest products. Regular Manaus taxis are white and can be stopped anywhere. They are organized into separate cooperatives, each with their own contact phone numbers. All taxis are metered, which does not necessarily mean

1950-544: The capital of the State of Roraima and to Venezuela. Strictly speaking, Manaus is connected by road to the rest of Brazil, as it is possible to drive continuously from Manaus into Venezuela, and then reenter Brazil through the BR-364 in Acre and its capital, Rio Branco , therefore passing through the countries of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. As such a route is impractical for most motorists,

2015-584: The city began to receive investments and constant migration of people from many parts of the state and northern Brazil . The wealthiest neighborhood in Manaus is Adrianópolis, located in the Central-South Area of the city. Downtown Manaus is located in the Southern area of the city, next to Rio Negro River . After years of development, the historical center has been neglected by the authorities and it has become an area mostly for commerce and poor housing. There

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2080-434: The city centre, simply known as the "Aeroclube" ( Portuguese : Flying club ). On Sundays, it is used for parachuting and where flying classes can be hired. Due to the fact that it is surrounded by residential areas, and has a recent history of crashes, it is under constant pressure to be moved. There are two federal highways that intersect Manaus. There is a paved road heading North (BR-174) connecting Manaus to Boa Vista ,

2145-463: The city has had the highest rate of population growth in recent years, and has the largest neighborhood of the city, the Nova Cidade neighborhood. The Center-South region has the highest per capita income . The Eastern Zone is known for having a large number of hills. The first neighborhood (bairro) established in Manaus was Educandos. From there, other areas of the city began to be occupied since

2210-426: The city was R$ 33,446. Although the main industry of Manaus through much of the 20th century was rubber , its importance has declined. Given its location, fish, wild fruits like Açaí and Cupuaçu, and Brazil nuts initiate important trades, as do petroleum refining, soap manufacturing, and chemical industries. Over the last decades, a system of federal investments and tax incentives has turned the surrounding region into

2275-462: The city, the sixth in Brazil. The Metropolitan Region of Manaus (RMM) is a metropolitan area that comprises eight cities of the Amazonas state, but without conurbation. Manaus is divided into seven regions: North, Southern, Central-South, East, West, Mid-West, and Rural area. The eastern region of the city is the most populated, with approximately 600,000 inhabitants (2007). The northern region of

2340-632: The city. Judaism , Candomblé , Islam , and spiritualism , among others, are also practised. There is a community of Amazonian Jews in Manaus. The city's Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora da Conceição is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manaus . The city has a very diverse presence of Protestant or Reformed faiths, such as the Presbyterian Church , Calvary Chapel , For Christ International Church of Grace of God, Pentecostal Church of God in Brazil, Methodist Church ,

2405-478: The climate, causing the temperature to drop to 18 °C (64.4 °F) or below. The proximity to the forest usually avoids extremes of heat and makes the city wet. According to the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), the highest temperature registered in the city was 39 °C (102.2 °F), in 2015 and the lowest was 12 °C (53.6 °F) in 1989. On November 26, 2009, a case of acid rain

2470-622: The east boundary of the urban area in its lower section. According to the IBGE in 2019, there were 2,182,763 people residing in the city, and 2,676,936 people in the Metropolitan Region of Manaus . The population density was 191.45 inhabitants per square kilometre (495.9/sq mi). Manaus is the seventh largest city in Brazil , after São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro , Salvador , Brasília , Fortaleza and Belo Horizonte . The city's population growth

2535-514: The grounds of Eduardo Gomes International Airport in Manaus. The initial idea of a Free Trade Port in Manaus came from Deputy Francisco Pereira da Silva and was subsequently formalized by Law No. 3.173 on June 6, 1957. The project was approved by the National Congress on October 23, 1951, under No. 1.310 and regulated by Decree No. 47.757 on February 2, 1960. It was then amended by rapporteur Maurício Jopper, an engineer, who by agreement with

2600-472: The hinterland of the Amazon Region, which would be equipped with economic conditions that would enable the region to be occupied and developed. Today, around fifty years after it was founded, the Manaus Free Trade Zone represents a virtuous Brazilian government development model that has managed to make a socio-economic base in the Amazon region feasible, promote the better productive and social integration of

2665-492: The import and export demand from the Manaus Industrial Complex . For this reason, Infraero invested in the construction of the third cargo terminal, opened on December 14, 2004. TAM Airlines also inaugurated its own cargo terminal near the airport in 2008, which claims to be the largest cargo terminal in Brazil. The country's major dedicated freight route is between Manaus and Viracopos International Airport , which

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2730-605: The meter will be used. Greater Manaus Greater Manaus (Grande Manaus, officially Região Metropolitana de Manaus, in Portuguese) is a large metropolitan area located in Amazonas state in Brazil . It consists of 13 municipalities, including the capital, Manaus. Its GDP is estimated at 61 billion dollars, the richest in northern Brazil . Greater Manaus is home to one of the most modern industrial centers of Latin America . This

2795-456: The military dictatorship in Brazil, the newly installed government concerned about the "demographic gap in Brazil", began to introduce numerous projects in the interior of the country, especially in the Amazon region, with the introduction of the Manaus free trade zone in 1967, and with the opening of new roads within the region, the city had a wide period of investments in financial and economic capital, both national and international, attracted by

2860-549: The original author, justified the creation of a Free Trade Zone instead of a Free Trade Port. For the first ten years, the ZFM (Manaus Free Trade Zone) was located in a warehouse rented from Manaus Harbour, in the Port of Manaus, and relied on federal funds. It was perhaps due to this lack of its own resources that there was little credibility in the project. On February 28, 1967, President Castelo Branco signed Decree-Law No. 288, which redefined

2925-556: The other host cities. A massive prison riot occurred in January 2017 , having begun in Manaus and later spreading to two additional cities in Brazil, thus unleashing security problems within the country. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil , an estimated 76% of the population of Manaus was infected with coronavirus, and the possibility of herd immunity was discussed. However, a second outbreak infected people in Manaus, this time with

2990-471: The population grew to 1,025,979 inhabitants, increasing its density to 90 inhabitants per square kilometre (230/sq mi). According to a 2013 genetic study, the ancestry of the inhabitants of Manaus is 45.9% European, 37.8% Native American, and 16.3% African. The city has been influenced by Catholicism since the time of European colonialism, and the majority of Manauenses are Catholic —there are nevertheless dozens of different Protestant denominations in

3055-589: The population of the then state of Grão-Pará from about 100,000 to 60,000. The involvement of rebels from the Upper Amazon (Manaus today) in what was originally a movement based in Belém was crucial for the birth of the current state of the Amazon. During the brief period of revolution, the Cabanos of the Upper Amazon, bands of rebels, roamed throughout the region, occupying Manaus twice, and, in most settlements, their arrival

3120-406: The primary purpose. The state park had a total area of 436,042 hectares (1,077,480 acres) of which the north section had an area of 178,620 hectares (441,400 acres) and the south section had an area of 257,422 hectares (636,100 acres). Law 2646 of 22 May 2001, also signed by governor Amazonino Mendes, reduced the areas of both sections. The north section now had 146,028 hectares (360,840 acres) and

3185-400: The product. The rubber boom ended abruptly, many people left its major cities, and Manaus fell into poverty. The rubber boom had made possible electrification of the city before it was installed in many European cities, but the end of the rubber boom made the generators too expensive to run. The city was not able to generate electricity again for years. In the 1960s during the establishment of

3250-479: The region with the rest of Brazil, and guarantee national sovereignty over its borders. During its historical evolution, the Manaus Free Trade Zone has enabled three economic hubs to be developed: industrial, commercial and agricultural. The first of these, represented by the Manaus Industrial Sector (PIM), is considered to be the foundation stone that sustains the model. The Manaus Free Trade Zone model

3315-491: The river. The Rio Negro in this region is protected by the Anavilhanas National Park . The Margem Esquerda do Rio Negro Environmental Protection Area surrounds the park on the west, north and east. The Cuieiras River defines its south and east boundary. The Puranga Conquista Sustainable Development Reserve is to the south of the park, on the opposite side of the Cuieiras. The Rio Negro State Park South Section

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3380-458: The rubber barons. "If one rubber baron bought a vast yacht, another would install a tame lion in his villa, and a third would water his horse on champagne." The city built a grand opera house, with vast domes and gilded balconies, and using marble, glass, and crystal, from around Europe. The opera house cost ten million (public-funded) dollars. In one season, half the members of one visiting opera troupe died of yellow fever . The opera house, called

3445-475: The smoke from forest fires. The urban area covers all or part of four river basins, all tributaries of the Rio Negro. The São Raimundo and Educandos streams are completely contained in the city. The Tarumã Açu forms the western boundary of the city in its lower reaches, and is fed by several tributaries that originate in the Ducke Reserve and run through the north and west of the city. The Puraquequara forms

3510-539: The south had 157,807 hectares (389,950 acres). The original sections had both extended along both banks of the Rio Negro. With the revised boundaries the north section was reduced to a smaller part of the right (west) bank of the Rio Negro, although it now extended further to west, and the south section was reduced to a smaller part of the left (east) bank of the river. It became part of the Central Amazon Ecological Corridor , established in 2002. The park

3575-473: The south of the park and the red-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas) on the right bank of the Cuieiras. The two sections of the Rio Negro State Park were created by state governor Amazonino Mendes by decree 16.497 of 2 April 1995 with the stated purpose of preserving its natural ecosystems without alteration and supporting scientific, cultural, educational and recreational activities. Tourism was clearly

3640-622: The state, the city is the centre of the Manaus metropolitan area and the largest metropolitan area in the North Region of Brazil by urban landmass. It is situated near the confluence of the Negro and Amazon rivers. It is one of the two cities in the Amazon Rainforest with a population of over 1 million people, alongside Belém . The city was founded in 1669 as the Fort of São José do Rio Negro. It

3705-401: The tax incentives granted by the free zone, in this period, Manaus had enormous demographic growth becoming one of the most populous cities in Brazil. Manaus was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and one of the seats of some Olympic football games. It was the only host city in the Amazon rainforest and the most geographically isolated, being further north and west than any of

3770-635: The three major carriers: Gol Transportes Aéreos , TAM Airlines , and Azul Brazilian Airlines . The airport's IATA code is MAO. Manaus Air Force Base - ALA8 , one of the most important bases of the Brazilian Air Force , is located in Manaus at the former Ponta Pelada Airport . Apart from the Eduardo Gomes International Airport and Ponta Pelada Airport, Manaus is also served by Flores Airport , used by small propeller aircraft and helicopters about 6 kilometres (4 miles) north of

3835-458: The vast majority of transportation to and from Manaus is by boat or plane, except for journeys to Roraima . The Independent noted that "there are still no roads to Manaus" from the rest of the country. The BR-319 heads South connecting Manaus to Porto Velho , the state capital of Rondônia . However, access to this highway requires a ferry crossing to Careiro , across the Rio Negro and Amazon River , which takes about 40 minutes, and then

3900-568: The year. There have been occasional occurrences of hail in the city. Due to the city's proximity to the equator , the heat is constant in the local climate. There are no cold days in winter, and rarely very intense polar air masses in the South-Central part of Brazil and in the southwest of the Amazon have some effect on the city, as occurred in August 1955. But although they are rare, they influence

3965-432: Was elevated to town status and named Manaus. On October 24, 1848, under Law 145 of the Provincial Assembly of Para, it was renamed the City of Barra do Rio Negro. On September 4, 1856, the governor, Herculano Ferreira Pena, finally gave it the name "Manaus". The Cabanagem was the revolt in which blacks, Native Americans, and mestizos fought against the white political elite and took power in 1835. The Cabanagem reduced

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4030-415: Was elevated to a town in 1832 with the name of "Manaus", an altered spelling of the indigenous Manaós peoples, and legally transformed into a city on October 24, 1848, with the name of Cidade da Barra do Rio Negro , Portuguese for "The City of the Margins of the Black River". On September 4, 1856, it returned to its original name. Manaus is located in the center of the Amazon rainforest , and home to

4095-464: Was greeted by the non-white population spontaneously joining their ranks, leading to a greater number of adherents to the movement. With that there was an integration of people in the region thus forming the state. Manaus was at the center of the Amazon region's rubber boom during the late 19th century. For a time, it was "one of the gaudiest cities of the world". Historian Robin Furneaux wrote of this period, "No extravagance, however absurd, deterred"

4160-422: Was recorded in Manaus. Air pollution, caused in large part by the accumulation of smoke from burning, associated with the sulfur dioxide emitted by cars, was the cause of this phenomenon. Although the incidence of acid rain is common in some Brazilian capitals where there is a great concentration of cars, in Manaus and other cities of the Amazonas the situation is aggravated by the prolonged period of drought with

4225-402: Was reduced to 86,601 hectares (214,000 acres). Manaus Manaus ( Portuguese: [mɐˈnaws, ma-] ) is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Amazonas . It is the seventh-largest city in Brazil, with an estimated 2022 population of 2,063,689 distributed over a land area of about 11,401 km (4,402 sq mi). Located at the east centre of

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