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53-503: Rijssen ( Dutch: [ˈrɛisə(n)] ; Sallands : Riesn [ˈriːsn̩] ) is a city in the Dutch province of Overijssel . It is part of Rijssen-Holten , one of thirteen municipalities in Twente . It has almost 28,000 inhabitants. The economy of Rijssen relies mostly on commerce and construction and transport companies. Archeological evidence shows that the monk Lebuinus founded

106-507: A church in Rijssen, as early as the seventh century, as part of a coordinated attempt to convert the local pagan Saxons to Christianity , though other archaeological finds, such as urns and grave mounds suggest habitation dating back as far as 5,000 years. Rijssen was first mentioned as Parrochia Risnen on a freight letter dating from 1188 by the Count of Dalen. After having a disagreement with

159-570: A different rhythm than other varieties, perhaps comparable with North Germanic languages . Sallands Sallaans ( Dutch : Sallands ; Low Saxon : Sallaands ) is a collective term for the Westphalian dialects of the region Salland , in the province of Overijssel , as well as in minor parts of Gelderland and Drenthe in the Eastern Netherlands , and a small part in the North and

212-663: A few houses dating from the eighteenth century remain. From 1580 to 1584, Rijssen suffered greatly from the Eighty Years' War . The city of Deventer was under the state's command, while the town of Oldenzaal was under Spanish command. The two opposing parties would often meet halfway for battle, around Rijssen. The 18th century saw the rise of the Industrial Revolution in Rijssen. Many farmers participated in textile manufacturing; whole families, women and children, were involved in this trade, often under poor conditions. In

265-547: A few language traits, while retaining some of the old Munsterlandic features that were lost in others. For instance, the pronunciation of the Riessens word 'weten', which is pronounced /ʋɪətn̩/ ( to know ) is, despite their different written forms, equal to the Munsterlandic wiäten . In more eastern parts of Tweante, this word has evolved into 'wetten' (pronounced /ʋɛtn̩/ ). Characteristic features include diphthongisation of

318-416: A focus on moving agricultural equipment. The inhabitants of Rijssen are known for their pride for their town, their self-sufficiency and working ethos. This pride shows in the fact that Rijssen has its own anthem. Rijssen has a large community of several Protestant groups, with several churches, as well as a small Roman Catholic parish. The conservative Calvinist Reformed Political Party (SGP) long held

371-502: A law that would accommodate their conscientious objections. A similar petition against compulsory vaccination received 27,059 signatures in 1922, but sorted no effect. For the 1922 general election , Kersten was lead candidate , accepting objections within his electorate. The party won one seat in the House of Representatives , which was taken by Kersten. His speeches in parliament regularly received media attention, for example when he opposed

424-629: A modest turnout in Drenthe and Gelderland . Despite SGP's opposition to women's suffrage , it draws significant support from women. In the period 1971–1977, when the Dutch National Voter Survey started, around half of its voters were female. This declined to 34% in 1989–1998, but rose back to half in 2010–2017. In the March 2021 general election and the March 2023 provincial elections , nearly 60% of SGP voters were female. The highest organ of

477-424: A number of vowels that are monophthongs in other varieties of Tweants. For instance, in other varieties, the words breef (letter), groot (large), and neuze (nose) are pronounced /bɾef, ɣɾɔːt, nœzə/ , whereas in Riessens they are pronounced /bɾeəf, ɣɾɔət, nœəzə/ . Older speakers may even be heard pronouncing them /bɾɪəf, ɣɾʊət, nʏəzə/ . This phenomenon is known as vowel breaking . This indicates that Riessens

530-509: A provincial federation in each province, except for Limburg . Initially, women were not allowed to be member of the party. In 1983, the first woman, W. van Donge-van Bezooijen, applied for membership, but The Hague electoral association had rejected her application because she was a woman. She then wrote to the national party board, after which she and Riet Grabijn-van Putten became member in 1985. The party board however changed its position in 1991, rejecting membership for women. This position

583-568: A seat. Despite not winning a seat, the SGP continued its activities In 1919, the party board started a petition against the Invaliditeitswet  [ nl ] (Disability Act), which forced workers to pay premiums to insure against disability. It received 4,800 signatures. The party encouraged its members to send back their stamp cards which tracked their premiums. In December 1920, the Senate passed

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636-511: A smaller party because of proportional representation. The party first participated in the 1918 general election . The hastily organised campaign focused on the ARP and its support of what SGP called state coercion, such as compulsory vaccination and insurance law. Because some might object to him combining being polician and pastor, Kersten was not a candidate, but instead Barend Lemans and Pieter Gijze. The party received over 5,000 votes, not enough for

689-524: Is against a "woman's calling". From the start, the party is not united on this issue. Opponents argue that the biblical argumentation is not clear or that this could hurt them electorally. In 1989 the party changed its principles, approving women voting if they can answer this to God in their conscience. Between 1984 and 2019, the SGP filed joint candidate lists with the Christian Union and its predecessors. See CU-SGP for these election results. Since

742-537: Is by some considered one of the more conservative varieties of Tweants , although there are no scientific grounds for this idea. A large peat bog to the west of the Tweante region long formed a natural border, separating it from the rest of the Netherlands. Twente was, therefore, more geographically, economically and culturally inclined towards the east, modelling their clothing and speech to Munsterlandic fashion. As

795-601: Is formed by so-called pietistic Reformed Protestants (" bevindelijk gereformeerden  [ nl ] "), Reformed Protestants for whom personal religious experience is very important. Most of the Old Reformed Congregations and the Reformed Congregations are considered pietistic Reformed Protestants. Pietistic Reformed Protestants are also present in the Christian Reformed Churches ,

848-457: Is part of the larger Westphalian branch of Low Saxon. Other features are vowel elongation, and some additional vowels that are absent in other varieties, such as the ASH vowel. Below are few examples: One notable feature that sets Riessens apart from other varieties of Tweants is its sing-song, nasal quality. Due to vowel elongation , combined with syllabic consonants , Riessens has (to some extent)

901-587: The 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. In the 1925 general election , the party won another seat which was taken by Pieter Zandt . Later that year, the anti-Catholic SGP would cause the fall of the second Ruijs de Beerenbrouck cabinet in what became known as the Night of Kersten ( Dutch : Nacht van Kersten ). During the debate on the budget of the Foreign Affairs Ministry , Kersten had proposed cutting

954-489: The 1984 European Parliament election the party has had one elected representative in the European Parliament . From 1984 to 1997 Leen van der Waal was the representative, from 1999 Bas Belder was the party's representative, succeeded by Bert-Jan Ruissen in the 2019 European Parliament election . In European Parliament elections, the SGP formed one candidate list with the Christian Union , called CU–SGP , until

1007-489: The 2010 cabinet formation , the negotiating CDA, VVD and Party for Freedom (PVV) took into account some wishes of the SGP, so that SGP would provide confidence and supply in the Senate where the first Rutte cabinet did not have a majority. As a Protestant fundamentalist party the SGP draws much from its ideology from the Reformed Christian tradition, specifically the ecclesiastical doctrinal standards known as

1060-631: The 2024 European Parliament election . Currently the SGP is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Group (ECR Group) in the European Parliament. The SGP has had a very stable electorate since first entering the States-General in 1922. Since winning a second seat in 1926, it has usually varied between two and three seats in the House of Representatives. Most of its electorate

1113-785: The Alblasserwaard in South Holland and the Veluwe in Gelderland to the Western part of Overijssel , around Staphorst . Outside the Bible Belt, the SGP also performs well in Urk , Uddel and Rijssen-Holten . The geographical concentration of SGP voters has however decreased between 1956 and 2017. Its votes have shifted away from Utrecht and South Holland towards Zeeland , Gelderland , Overijssel , with

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1166-653: The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) held talks with the SGP — the first time that the SGP was seriously considered as a possible coalition partner. Ultimately, the Democrats 66 joined the second Balkenende cabinet instead of the SGP, mostly because of the ideological differences between the VVD and the SGP. In 2010, Kees van der Staaij succeeded Van der Vlies. During

1219-559: The Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) and the Reformed Political League (GPV). They won one seat in the European Parliament, which was taken by SGP member Leen van der Waal , a mechanical engineer. In 1986, Van Rossum was succeeded by Bas van der Vlies . In the 1994 election the party lost one seat in the House, regained it in 1998 , and lost it again in 2002 . During the 2003 cabinet formation ,

1272-720: The Reformed Association in the Protestant Church in the Netherlands and the Restored Reformed Church . Not all SGP voters are however pietistic Reformed Protestants, and not all pietistic Reformed Protestants vote SGP. The SGP's support is concentrated geographically in the Dutch Bible Belt , a band of strongly Reformed and mostly rural municipalities ranging from Zeeland in the South via Goeree-Overflakkee and

1325-556: The Reformed Political Party Youth (SGPJ), which with its approximately 12,000 members is the largest political youth organization in the Netherlands. The SGP participates in the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy , a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties. The SGP has close links with several other orthodox Protestant organisations, such as several Reformed churches and

1378-500: The Schildkerk . The restored and fully functional mill de Pelmolen is one of the major attractions of the town. Rijssen is surrounded by a versatile landscape, accommodating a number of renowned camp sites. Being close to Germany, it is an ideal location for European companies, such as Zwaartransport Twente or ZTT, member of the Van der Vlist group, who are heavy transport specialists, with

1431-574: The Three Forms of Unity , including an unamended version of the Belgic Confession ( Dutch : Nederlandse Geloofsbelijdenis ). It includes 21 words that were removed by the synod of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands in 1905, which state that the government must "eliminate and eradicate all idolatry and false religion, so as to destroy the kingdom of Antichrist". This contrasted with

1484-451: The 19th and early 20th century, Rijssen, like many other towns in the Netherlands, saw the introduction of power looms . This spearheaded the local Ter Horst factory among the regional top jute producers. These however went bankrupt in the 1970s due to overpowering Asian competition. Factory workers were forced to find other means of income and many started their own businesses, either in transport or in construction engineering . Rijssen

1537-474: The Dutch government, for subsidising SGP. The district court of The Hague ruled that the party could no longer receive subsidies from the government, while it did not force the SGP to change it statutes. Based on the verdict, the party decided to allow female membership, while still not allowing them on candidate lists. At the end of 2017, SGP had 800 female members. Meanwhile in 2005, the Dutch government had refused

1590-546: The East of Veluwe . In the Kop van Overijssel , the Stellingwarfs dialect is spoken. A common term used by native speakers for their dialect, which is also used by Low Saxon speakers from other regions for their respective dialects, is plat or simply dialect . Yet another common usage is to refer to the language by the name of the local variety, where for instance Dal(f)sens would be

1643-431: The Munsterlandic traits. Rijssen had its own (smaller-scale) textile industry, which obsoleted their need to look beyond. Additionally, in the 19th century, Rijssen and surrounding villages became largely protestant in an otherwise mainly Roman Catholic region. This caused a cultural rift between the eastern and western parts of Twente. Rijssen, by then becoming more and more conservative and therefore seclusive, developed

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1696-464: The SGP is the congress, which is formed by delegates from the municipal branches. It convenes once every year. It appoints the party board and decides the order of the Senate, House of Representatives, European Parliament candidates list and has the last say over the party program. The SGP chairman is always a minister . Since 2001 this position is ceremonial, as the general chair leads the party's organisation. The party has 245 municipal branches and has

1749-531: The SGP's application for subsidies. The administrative law division of the district court of The Hague supported the rejection. However, the Council of State overturned this decision in December 2007, maintaining that a party's political philosophy takes precedence, and that women have the opportunity to join other political parties where they can obtain a leadership role. Two weeks later, The Hague courts of appeal ruled on

1802-556: The SGP's position at the time on female suffrage prevented the SGP joining this closer cooperation. However, in 2000 the GPV and RPF merged to form the ChristianUnion (CU). Traditionally the SGP and the CU worked together closely as they were both based on Protestant Christian politics . Recently however, as the CU has moved more towards the centre-left, discernible differences of philosophy between

1855-543: The SGP, but cooperated more tightly with the KVP and the other Protestant party, the Christian Historical Union (CHU). In 1963 another orthodox Protestant party, the Reformed Political League (GPV) entered parliament, in 1981 they were joined by the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF). Together these three parties formed the "Small Christian parties". They shared the same orthodox Protestant political ideals and had

1908-503: The Viscount of Goor , Bishop Otto III van Holland granted city rights to Rijssen on 5 May 1243. The original city rights bill was lost in a large fire that swept through the town, reducing the town hall and the keep to rubble. In 2006, however, a copy was given to the newly instated town council. In the 14th century, Rijssen entered the Hanseatic league . Of the old town, only a church and

1961-623: The budget of the diplomatic mission of the Netherlands to the Holy See . The amendment received a majority, because it was supported by the Protestant Christian Historical Union (CHU), which was in cabinet together with the Catholic General League. It resulted in more publicity and a third seat in the 1929 general election , which was taken by Cor van Dis sr.  [ nl ] . Kersten, Zandt and Van Dis formed

2014-540: The first case that the SGP should also allow women's passive suffrage. The Supreme Court of the Netherlands affirmed this decision in 2010 and an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights was unsuccessful in 2012. As a result, the SGP changed its internal regulations to allow women to be candidates in elections. Some women have been candidates starting with the 2014 municipal elections , with lead candidate Lilian Janse-van der Weele  [ nl ] becoming

2067-501: The first female elected representative for the SGP when she was elected municipal councilor in Vlissingen in 2014. The party publishes the Banner ( Dutch : De Banier ) two-weekly since 1921. Its think tank was founded in 1974, and it was renamed after Walloon theologian Guido de Brès in 1992. It publishes the quarterly magazine Zicht (Sight). The youth organisation of the SGP is called

2120-419: The first time. It lost that seat in 1960 Senate election , but regained it in the 1971 Senate election . In 1961 Zandt died and was succeeded by Van Dis sr. After ten years he stood down in favour of Reverend Hette Abma , who also stepped down after ten years, in favour of Henk van Rossum , a civil engineer. In the 1984 European Parliament election , the SGP joined the two other orthodox Protestant parties,

2173-448: The motorway A1 from Amsterdam to the German border. All neighbourhoods in Rijssen are easily accessible by bus. Rijssen has multiple shopping facilities in its centre, which also accommodates a number of bars, pubs and lunchrooms. It has a large discothèque that attracts visitors from all neighbouring towns and villages. The small town has a fire brigade museum and a monumental church,

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2226-692: The name for the Sallaans variety spoken in the village of Dalfsen . Sallands is more influenced by the Hollandic dialects than Twents or Achterhoeks . This influence is known as the Hollandse expansie . For example, the word 'house' (Standard Dutch huis [ɦœys] ) is hoes [ɦuːs] in Twents but huus [ɦyːs] in Sallaans. The Hollandic dialects of the 17th century still had not diphthongized [ yː ] to [œy] , and due to their prestigious status they triggered

2279-489: The newspaper Reformatorisch Dagblad . Together they form a small but strong orthodox-Reformed pillar . Until 1963, the SGP was relatively isolated in parliament. The strongly antipapal SGP refused to cooperate with either the Catholic People's Party or the secular People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and Labour Party (PvdA). The also Protestant, larger Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) had some sympathy for

2332-479: The other two Protestant parties, the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and the Christian Historical Union (CHU), which had accepted the change. The SGP does favor some, but no strict, separation of church and state . The church and state should cooperate, including the advancement of the true faith. The state should not curtail the freedom of the church, while the church similarly should not impose upon

2385-510: The parliamentary group until the 1937 general election , when the SGP lost one seat. The SGP did not achieve much in parliament other than during the Night of Kersten, but achieved some smaller goals outside of parliament through contact with the ministers. Kersten saw the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940 as a punishment for its sins. He rejected resistance against the German occupation and

2438-458: The same political strategy, as testimonial parties . They cooperated in municipalities, both in municipal executives , where the parties were strong, as well as in common municipal parties, where the parties were weak. In the 1984 European Parliamentary election the parties presented a common list and they won one seat in parliament. After 1993 the cooperation between the GPV and the RPF intensified, but

2491-612: The shift from [ uː ] to [ yː ] . Reformed Political Party The SGP was founded in 1918 by orthodox Protestants led by Yerseke pastor Gerrit Hendrik Kersten , some of which originated from the Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP). After the Pacification of 1917 , compulsory voting and proportional representation was introduced in the Netherlands. The founders did not want to vote for existing parties, but saw an opportunity for

2544-506: The state. Abma rejected theocracy as form of government, instead harmonizing theocracy and democracy . Over time, it has however become more realistic, accepting the religiously neutral state. The SGP supports the freedom of conscience , but not an unconditional freedom of religion . For example, it rejects the freedom of publicly exercising religion when they consider it idolatry or false religion. The SGP generally opposes women's suffrage , both passive and active. SGP believes it

2597-714: The strongest position in the municipality's council. A large percentage of Rijssen's population are members of one of these conservative groups. Rijssen also has communities of Moluccan, Turkish , Syrian and Moroccan people. As Rijssen lies in the Dutch Low Saxon language area of Western Europe, and has a rich trading history going back to Heanseatic times , the town has developed a distinct variety of Low Saxon, known as Riessens. It shares many characteristics with Low Saxon dialects of surrounding communities, which are categorised as Tweants , although it has some very distinct characteristics, most notably in pronunciation. Riessens

2650-422: The town of Enschede in the east of Twente became a textile powerhouse during the Industrial Revolution and the model for fashion and language, Twente gradually severed the old ties with Münster . Enschede attracted people from the entire country, while settlers from the nearby Drenthe and Groningen regions were invited to come and till the eastern parts of Twente. Their dialect features gradually influenced

2703-524: Was a separate municipality until it merged with Holten in 2001. The working title of the municipality was "Rijssen", and it got the final name "Rijssen-Holten" in 2003. Rijssen is easily accessible through a number of provincial roads, such as the N347 and the N350 , the latter connects Rijssen to the village of Holten and lends its name to the local radio station. Through these provincial roads, Rijssen has access to

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2756-453: Was seen as friendly towards them. After the war, he was nominated again as lead candidate, but he was barred from the House of Representatives for his stances during the war. Kersten was succeeded by Zandt, under whose leadership the SGP was very stable, continually getting 2% of votes. In the 1956 general election , the SGP profited from the enlargement of parliament, and entered the Senate for

2809-584: Was supported by ninety percent of electoral associations in 1993. The party was aware that this might be against the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women . Meanwhile, public opinion in the Netherlands turned against SGP's decision not to allow women. UN committees also recommended intervention. In 2003, the Clara Wichmann Institute and some other organisations sued

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