Misplaced Pages

#296703

113-564: Previously Chery used the "Riich" name for a model of van (the Chery Riich) prior to the creation of the Riich sub-brand. In the spring of 2009, Chery Automobile implemented a multi-brand strategy, expanding its portfolio with new branches aimed at improving the image of the Chinese corporation, which has so far been characterized by a budget nature. Together with Rely the Riich was also launched, which

226-497: A breach of contract as well as any other relevant laws. That is because most end-user license agreements specifically prohibit it, and US courts have ruled that if such terms are present, they override the copyright law that expressly permits it (see Bowers v. Baystate Technologies ). According to Section 103(f) of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ( 17 U.S.C. § 1201 (f) ), a person in legal possession of

339-624: A 20 percent share in Chery. Ownership was soon sold due to rising tensions between Chery and another SAIC partner General Motors , and political pressure from the SAIC management towards Anhui authorities. In May 2003, Chery launched its smallest car, the QQ , which became popular due to its design and affordability. Despite its successful sales, it also received quality and durability complaints from owners. In June 2003, American manufacturer General Motors (GM) filed

452-456: A 3D model. The physical object can be measured using 3D scanning technologies like CMMs , laser scanners , structured light digitizers , or industrial CT scanning (computed tomography). The measured data alone, usually represented as a point cloud , lacks topological information and design intent. The former may be recovered by converting the point cloud to a triangular-faced mesh . Reverse engineering aims to go beyond producing such

565-408: A SEM is stitching the images together, which is necessary because each layer cannot be captured by a single shot. A SEM needs to sweep across the area of the circuit and take several hundred images to cover the entire layer. Image stitching takes as input several hundred pictures and outputs a single properly-overlapped picture of the complete layer. Next, the stitched layers need to be aligned because

678-575: A ceremony held in Wuhu, Anhui called Omoda and Jaecoo . Both brands are only marketed outside China to support Chery's export strategy. The two brands combined (referred to as "O&J" brands) were targeted to reach annual global sales of 1,400,000 units by 2030 (not including China). Also in 2023, Chery also announced its new high-performance plug-in hybrid platform marketed as "Chery Dual Mode" (C-DM) to be introduced into most of its models. The plug-in hybrid system became available in Chery vehicles carrying

791-504: A collaborative electric car brand with Huawei , Jetour that focuses on SUVs, iCar for electric SUVs, Karry for commercial vehicles, and Omoda , Jaecoo and Exlantix for export markets. The company also operates a joint venture with JLR since 2012 called Chery Jaguar Land Rover for the production of Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles in China. Yin Tongyue, a technical director proposed

904-507: A combination of geometric and freeform surfaces can provide a powerful method of 3D modeling . Areas of freeform data can be combined with exact geometric surfaces to create a hybrid model. A typical example of this would be the reverse engineering of a cylinder head, which includes freeform cast features, such as water jackets and high-tolerance machined areas. Reverse engineering is also used by businesses to bring existing physical geometry into digital product development environments, to make

1017-414: A competitor's product was built. That process is commonly used for "cracking" software and media to remove their copy protection , or to create a possibly-improved copy or even a knockoff , which is usually the goal of a competitor or a hacker. Malware developers often use reverse engineering techniques to find vulnerabilities in an operating system to build a computer virus that can exploit

1130-502: A digital 3D record of their own products, or to assess competitors' products. It is used to analyze how a product works, what it does, what components it has; estimate costs; identify potential patent infringement; etc. Value engineering , a related activity that is also used by businesses, involves deconstructing and analyzing products. However, the objective is to find opportunities for cost-cutting. Reverse engineering of printed circuit boards involves recreating fabrication data for

1243-690: A factory construction to assemble vehicles in the form of complete parts, which has lower tariffs than directly importing complete vehicles. Manufacture from kits in Iran began in 2004. In late 2007, Chery stated that it held a minority ownership in a joint venture with Iranian Khodro and Canadian Solitac as its partners. This joint venture controlled a knock-down factory in Babol , Mazandaran . In 2006, local manufacturer Proton considered producing an MPV and an SUV model together with Chery in Malaysia, which are reported as

SECTION 10

#1732890982297

1356-828: A lawsuit in 2003 filed by General Motors alleging that Chery had copied the design of one of its cars. Chery has since developed and improved its technologies. Since 2006, Chery has produced its engines branded as ACTECO , which it also sells to other manufacturers. The company started exporting cars from China in 2001, ahead of other Chinese manufacturers and has been the top exporter of Chinese brand passenger vehicles since 2003. The company exported 269,154 vehicles in 2021, 451,337 vehicles in 2022, and 937,148 vehicles in 2023, accounting for 52 percent of its overall sales. Chery invests more heavily in overseas markets than other Chinese manufacturers, and many of its vehicles are assembled outside China using complete or semi-complete knock-down kits . In 2024, Chery Holding Group made its debut on

1469-679: A lot in common with reverse engineering. The tester usually has the API but has the goals to find bugs and undocumented features by bashing the product from outside. Other purposes of reverse engineering include security auditing, removal of copy protection (" cracking "), circumvention of access restrictions often present in consumer electronics , customization of embedded systems (such as engine management systems), in-house repairs or retrofits, enabling of additional features on low-cost "crippled" hardware (such as some graphics card chip-sets), or even mere satisfaction of curiosity. Binary reverse engineering

1582-449: A mesh and to recover the design intent in terms of simple analytical surfaces where appropriate ( planes , cylinders , etc.) as well as possibly NURBS surfaces to produce a boundary-representation CAD model. Recovery of such a model allows a design to be modified to meet new requirements, a manufacturing plan to be generated, etc. Hybrid modeling is a commonly used term when NURBS and parametric modeling are implemented together. Using

1695-500: A particular circuit board. This is done primarily to identify a design, and learn the functional and structural characteristics of a design. It also allows for the discovery of the design principles behind a product, especially if this design information is not easily available. Outdated PCBs are often subject to reverse engineering, especially when they perform highly critical functions such as powering machinery, or other electronic components. Reverse engineering these old parts can allow

1808-450: A partnership with foreign carmakers. Several possible tie-ups with both Chrysler and Fiat were explored, but fell through. In mid-2011, the company signed an agreement with Fuji Heavy Industries (currently Subaru Corporation ) to establish a manufacturing joint venture in China, with a production site planned in Dalian, Liaoning . The planned joint venture failed to receive an approval from

1921-470: A problem for Chery. With over 100 new models in the works, Chery decided to cancel the Rely and Riich brands in the fall of 2012. Since then, Chery has entered an adjustment period of "returning to one Chery", and reduced its planned models to around 30. Chery became the seventh-most productive Chinese vehicle manufacturer in 2010 by selling nearly 700,000 units. Slipping sales marked 2011 and 2012; in these years,

2034-480: A process or artifact in which the manner of its construction, use, or internal processes has not been made clear by its creator. Patented items do not of themselves have to be reverse-engineered to be studied, for the essence of a patent is that inventors provide a detailed public disclosure themselves, and in return receive legal protection of the invention that is involved. However, an item produced under one or more patents could also include other technology that

2147-416: A program may reverse-engineer and circumvent its protection if that is necessary to achieve "interoperability", a term that broadly covers other devices and programs that can interact with it, make use of it, and to use and transfer data to and from it in useful ways. A limited exemption exists that allows the knowledge thus gained to be shared and used for interoperability purposes. EU Directive 2009/24 on

2260-402: A reproduction of the code and translation of its form are indispensable to obtain the necessary information to achieve the interoperability of an independently created program with other programs. It has therefore to be considered that, in these limited circumstances only, performance of the acts of reproduction and translation by or on behalf of a person having a right to use a copy of the program

2373-556: A subsidiary owned directly by Chery. The first model it introduced is the Chery Omoda 5, which started deliveries in March 2023. That year, the brand sold 5,890 vehicles in the market. Chery models were assembled from knock-down kits and sold in Indonesia since 2006 until 2011 by Indomobil Group . Indomobil ended sales of Chery in 2011 due to low sales and recurring quality issues. In 2022,

SECTION 20

#1732890982297

2486-476: A trial, which marks the beginning of Chery's venture into overseas markets. Subsequently, Chery started exporting cars in larger volumes to other regions. Prior to 2012, unlike most larger Chinese carmakers, Chery lacked a joint venture with any foreign manufacturer. A 2009 report by the US Congressional Research Service asserted that such joint ventures usually restrained overseas sales. In

2599-460: A widely publicized lawsuit against Chery, alleging that the design of the QQ copied the first-generation Daewoo Matiz , a vehicle developed by GM Daewoo . In late 2005, the lawsuit was settled out of court . GM was not the only manufacturer to have been exasperated with Chery; Volkswagen planned to file a lawsuit against Chery regarding the secret side deals it engaged with VW parts suppliers to produce

2712-485: Is a process or method through which one attempts to understand through deductive reasoning how a previously made device, process, system, or piece of software accomplishes a task with very little (if any) insight into exactly how it does so. Depending on the system under consideration and the technologies employed, the knowledge gained during reverse engineering can help with repurposing obsolete objects, doing security analysis, or learning how something works. Although

2825-625: Is an electrified version of the original Chery QQ . The company established an EV division called Chery New Energy in 2010. Following this, Chery released the Chery eQ in 2014, an EV variant of the second-generation QQ, and later launched the eQ1 in 2016. The eQ1 went on sale in 2017, and became one of the most popular electric car in China until 2020, when rivals such as the Wuling Hongguang Mini EV became available. In June 2021, Chery produced its 200,000th eQ1. Chery attempted to enter

2938-417: Is an invasive and destructive form of analyzing a smart card . The attacker uses chemicals to etch away layer after layer of the smart card and takes pictures with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). That technique can reveal the complete hardware and software part of the smart card. The major problem for the attacker is to bring everything into the right order to find out how everything works. The makers of

3051-494: Is being used mostly for long and thorough reverse engineering tasks (complete analysis of a complex algorithm or big piece of software). In general, statistical classification is considered to be a hard problem, which is also true for software classification, and so few solutions/tools that handle this task well. A number of UML tools refer to the process of importing and analysing source code to generate UML diagrams as "reverse engineering". See List of UML tools . Although UML

3164-473: Is generally available only to large chip manufacturers. Furthermore, the payoff from this attack is low since other security techniques are often used such as shadow accounts. It is still uncertain whether attacks against chip-and-PIN cards to replicate encryption data and then to crack PINs would provide a cost-effective attack on multifactor authentication. Full reverse engineering proceeds in several major steps. The first step after images have been taken with

3277-493: Is known to be NP-complete , but online learning can be done in polynomial time. An automatic offline approach has been demonstrated by Comparetti et al. and an online approach by Cho et al. Other components of typical protocols, like encryption and hash functions, can be reverse-engineered automatically as well. Typically, the automatic approaches trace the execution of protocol implementations and try to detect buffers in memory holding unencrypted packets. Reverse engineering

3390-400: Is legitimate and compatible with fair practice and must therefore be deemed not to require the authorisation of the rightholder. An objective of this exception is to make it possible to connect all components of a computer system, including those of different manufacturers, so that they can work together. Such an exception to the author's exclusive rights may not be used in a way which prejudices

3503-523: Is not patented and not disclosed. Indeed, one common motivation of reverse engineering is to determine whether a competitor's product contains patent infringement or copyright infringement . In the United States, even if an artifact or process is protected by trade secrets , reverse-engineering the artifact or process is often lawful if it has been legitimately obtained. Reverse engineering of computer software often falls under both contract law as

Riich - Misplaced Pages Continue

3616-545: Is one approach in providing "reverse engineering" more recent advances in international standards activities have resulted in the development of the Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM). The standard delivers an ontology for the intermediate (or abstracted) representation of programming language constructs and their interrelationships. An Object Management Group standard (on its way to becoming an ISO standard as well), KDM has started to take hold in industry with

3729-595: Is performed if source code for a software is unavailable. This process is sometimes termed reverse code engineering , or RCE. For example, decompilation of binaries for the Java platform can be accomplished by using Jad. One famous case of reverse engineering was the first non- IBM implementation of the PC BIOS , which launched the historic IBM PC compatible industry that has been the overwhelmingly-dominant computer hardware platform for many years. Reverse engineering of software

3842-528: Is protected in the US by the fair use exception in copyright law . The Samba software , which allows systems that do not run Microsoft Windows systems to share files with systems that run it, is a classic example of software reverse engineering since the Samba project had to reverse-engineer unpublished information about how Windows file sharing worked so that non-Windows computers could emulate it. The Wine project does

3955-404: Is reverse-engineered back to the analysis phase, in an inversion of the traditional waterfall model . Another term for this technique is program comprehension . The Working Conference on Reverse Engineering (WCRE) has been held yearly to explore and expand the techniques of reverse engineering. Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) and automated code generation have contributed greatly in

4068-455: Is tested by genetic perturbation experiments followed by dynamic modelling, based on the principle that removing one network node has predictable effects on the functioning of the remaining nodes of the network. Applications of the reverse engineering of gene networks range from understanding mechanisms of plant physiology to the highlighting of new targets for anticancer therapy. Reverse engineering applies primarily to gaining understanding of

4181-418: Is the creation of new representation of the computer code so that it is easier to understand. Meanwhile, design recovery is the use of deduction or reasoning from general knowledge or personal experience of the product to understand the product's functionality fully. It can also be seen as "going backwards through the development cycle". In this model, the output of the implementation phase (in source code form)

4294-420: Is the process of identifying similarities between different software binaries (such as two different versions of the same binary) used to detect code relations between software samples. The task was traditionally done manually for several reasons (such as patch analysis for vulnerability detection and copyright infringement ), but it can now be done somewhat automatically for large numbers of samples. This method

4407-616: The Chery V5 and Chery Tiggo, respectively. By 2008, a factory assembling Chery models from kits opened in Johor Bahru , Johor through a 50–50 joint venture between local company Alado Corp Sdn Bhd and Chery. Its first model was the Chery Eastar MPV, originally the V5 in China. In 2012, Chery planned another factory that was expected to be built and operational in Malaysia by 2015. In 2023,

4520-611: The Fiat Linea . The A3 , introduced in August 2007, became a turning point of the brand. The sedan was styled by Pininfarina , and became the first Chinese-developed car to receive a 5-star rating in the China NCAP safety test. In 2009, Chery produced 508,500 units, and at that time, it had an annual production capacity around 650,000 units. More than 400,000 of its 2009 sales were sedans . In that year, Yin Tongyue announced changes to

4633-481: The Fortune Global 500 list, securing the 385th position with a revenue of $ 39.0917 billion. Chery adopts a multi-brand strategy by establishing many car brands for different purposes. As of 2024 , the company has eight active brands, including the main Chery brand (with Chery Fulwin and Chery New Energy sub-brands for plug-in hybrid and electric cars respectively), Exeed for premium vehicles, Luxeed as

Riich - Misplaced Pages Continue

4746-559: The Fulwin sub-brand, Jetour vehicles under the Shanhai sub-brand, and Exeed vehicles. In January 2024, Chery has signed strategic cooperation framework agreements with Nio to establish cooperation in battery standards, battery swapping technology, the construction of battery swapping service networks, and operation. In March 2024, Chery fully acquired Soueast , a carmaker based in Fujian that

4859-792: The International Motor Show Germany in Frankfurt by showcasing the TX concept vehicle . The first production model from Exeed was the Exeed TX/TXL mid-size SUV in March 2019. In January 2018, Chery introduced another brand called Jetour at an event in Beijing , which focuses on "value for money" mid-size SUVs and targets Chinese families living in tier-three and tier-four cities who travel often. Chery started early in producing electric vehicles (EVs) by introducing its first EV in 2009, which

4972-503: The J1 , J3 hatchback and J11 SUV. The J1 became the cheapest car on sale in the country during its introduction at A$ 9,990. In August 2012, Ateco recalled 2,250 Chery vehicles after the cars' engines and exhaust gaskets were found to contain asbestos . Ateco ended sales of Chery vehicles in 2015, citing Chery's shifting focus to its home market and communication difficulties with the headquarters. The brand re-entered Australia in 2023 under

5085-722: The Middle East are its key export markets. Chery's export business started in October 2001 when a car dealership owner from Syria spotted a Chery car on the streets of Beijing , catching his interest. Following numerous inquiries, he learned that this car was the recently released first-generation Fengyun/Fulwin sedan . The dealer promptly visited Chery's headquarters in Anhui, aiming to meet current chairman Yin Tongyue, at that time an executive deputy general manager to discuss potential export collaboration. Eventually, Yin agreed to export 10 cars as

5198-587: The "Double 50" strategic plan that aimed to export 500,000 vehicles and to achieve an export revenue of US $ 5 billion by 2025. The company ended up surpassing the plan by a large margin by exporting 937,148 vehicles in 2023. The company started entering or reentering markets in this period. Chery resumed operations in South Africa in late 2021 after years of absence. In 2022, Chery entered the Mexican market as Chirey due to trademark reasons, as Malcolm Bricklin held

5311-467: The "subject system" is the end product of software development. Reverse engineering is a process of examination only, and the software system under consideration is not modified, which would otherwise be re-engineering or restructuring. Reverse engineering can be performed from any stage of the product cycle, not necessarily from the functional end product. There are two components in reverse engineering: redocumentation and design recovery. Redocumentation

5424-465: The "top eight" in the domestic passenger car industry. However, the company was only awarded a national passenger car production license in 2003, so while its first product rolled off the line in December 1999, it could not be legally sold outside the Anhui province for several years. During that period, Chery solved the problem by piggybacking on a SAIC Motor license until 2003. In this period, SAIC held

5537-714: The American ArvinMeritor , American Autoliv , American Delphi Automotive , the Australian company Futuris, German Robert Bosch GmbH , American PPG Industries , German Siemens VDO , French Valeo , and the American Visteon . Some have helped Chery establish a local supply chain . Chery established a R&D center at Raunheim , Germany near Frankfurt in 2018, which went operational in 2019 under Chery Europe GmbH. The facility employed around 30 to 50 people in its initial phase. In early 2024, Chery announced

5650-507: The Anhui provincial government, amounting to millions of yuan. The plan was to set up an engine production line and creating a components industry, before initiating car manufacturing operations. Chery began automobile production in 1999 using a SEAT Toledo chassis licensed from Spanish manufacturer SEAT . Called the Fengyun , Chery's first car sold nearly 30,000 units. By 2002, Chery's production and sales exceeded 50,000 units, ranking among

5763-701: The Arrizo 5, Arrizo 6, Tiggo 2, Tiggo 3x, Tiggo 5x, Tiggo 7 and Tiggo 8, totaling around 146,921 vehicles. In August 2023, Caoa announced a R$ 3 billion investment in the Anápolis facility to expand and modernize the plant. It resulted in the opening of a second production shift in January 2024, which created 1,357 new jobs in total. In 2024, Chery will enter the Brazilian market independently without Caoa by using three brands: Omoda, Jaecoo, and Exeed. The company also plans to reactivate

SECTION 50

#1732890982297

5876-587: The Chery Fengyun that resembled the Volkswagen Jetta . Volkswagen agreed to abstain from a planned lawsuit after Chery offered financial settlement out of court. These entrepreneurial risk-taking led The Wall Street Journal in 2007 to describe Chery's corporate culture as "an odd hybrid of Communist state enterprise and entrepreneurial start-up ". In December 2004, Chery entered an importation agreement with American company Visionary Vehicles , laying

5989-456: The Chinese government despite multiple attempts. Chery started partnering with Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) in March 2012, which was looking to produce cars in China through a mandatory 50-50 joint venturer with a local company. The joint venture was formalised as Chery Jaguar Land Rover in November 2012. Its first product, a Range Rover Evoque , rolled off the production line in October 2014 from

6102-565: The FR Brand Division to lead the development and marketing of Freelander-branded models. In October 2024, South Korean manufacturer KG Mobility , formerly SsangYong Motor, signed an agreement with Chery to co-develop electrified vehicles for global markets. KG Mobility will receive the T2X platform developed by Chery. Chery's main production base in mainland China is located in Anhui . As of 2007,

6215-575: The Jacareí plant to produce cars from the three brands; the plant is currently owned by Caoa Chery and has sat dormant since February 2022. In 2022, Chery entered the Mexican market as Chirey . An alternate form of the name was chosen due to American businessman Malcolm Bricklin owning the Chery trademark in North America; he had planned to import Chery vehicles to the US and Canada in the 2000s. In May 2023, Chery introduced Omoda as its second brand in

6328-614: The Middle East and Russia; they have also been expanding to Southeast Asia and Europe. Chery has a production base in Jacareí , Brazil, that began construction in July 2011, in a joint effort with the government of the state of São Paulo. The plant began operating in August 2014, with a first-phase production capacity of 50,000 units per year. In phase two, the plant would achieve an annual production capacity of 150,000 units. Models produced there were

6441-511: The Qoros 3 sedan in 2013. Qoros was sold off in 2018, and faced bankruptcy in 2022. In 2014, Chery revived its multi-brand strategy by establishing Cowin as a separate brand, which is positioned as a low-budget offering. The brand was partially sold in 2018. Another brand that was established by Chery is Exeed , which is positioned in the premium segment. The brand was introduced in September 2017 at

6554-671: The Sterra electric product line (Exlantix for export markets) under its Exeed brand. The company also started a partnership Huawei under the Harmony Intelligent Mobility Alliance (HIMA), where Chery supplied HIMA with electric vehicles under the new Luxeed brand. Luxeed's first product is the Luxeed S7 , which is the first car to have the Harmony OS 4 on board. In April 2023, Chery also launched another two new brands in

6667-499: The US for the second time in February 2020, when the company struck a deal with a California -based dealership group HAAH Automotive to sell Exeed and Chery Tiggo models in the country by 2022. The vehicles were planned be rebranded as Vantas and T-GO respectively, and would be assembled at an American plant using both domestic and imported parts. The plans were cancelled in mid-2021 as HAAH filed for bankruptcy. In 2021, Chery announced

6780-630: The Wuhu municipal government. Founded in 1997, it is currently the fifth largest automobile manufacturer group in China with 1,881,316 vehicles sold in 2023. Chery was founded in 1997 by government officials of Wuhu City, who appointed Yin Tongyue, the current chairman, as the company's first technical director. Chery launched its first car called the Fengyun in 1999, using a licensed SEAT chassis. During its early years, Chery utilized technologies from other manufacturers; some were licensed and others were acquired by reverse engineering . This practice led to

6893-545: The Z5 compact coupe, which never made it beyond the development stage, as did the X6 mid-size SUV and the G2 subcompact hatchback. The body range of the flagship G6 was to be expanded with a coupé variant, and the family based on the urban M1 was planned to be expanded with further variations. The extensive development plans were thwarted by the low popularity of Riich cars, which in 2012 prompted

SECTION 60

#1732890982297

7006-404: The analysis of hardware for commercial or military advantage. However, the reverse engineering process may not always be concerned with creating a copy or changing the artifact in some way. It may be used as part of an analysis to deduce design features from products with little or no additional knowledge about the procedures involved in their original production. In some cases, the goal of

7119-474: The brand returned to Indonesia under direct factory-backed operations, and contracted PT Handal Motor Indonesia to assemble Chery vehicles in the country as of late 2022. Chery plans to export vehicles from Indonesia to the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand in 2024. In 2003, Chery signed CKD (completely knock down) agreements with Iran's SKT Company and Modiran Vehicle Manufacturing Company , which involved

7232-530: The brand returned to Malaysia under direct factory-backed operations, and assembled vehicles at Inokom 's facility in Kulim, Kedah since August 2023. In 2024, Chery Malaysia announced that it will build a fully-owned plant in Shah Alam to complement production at Kulim, which will produce Jaecoo vehicles. Reverse engineering Reverse engineering (also known as backwards engineering or back engineering )

7345-843: The brand's design direction, steering it away from the budget perception associated with its popular Chery QQ. In 2018, former Mazda Europe design director Kevin Rice joined Chery to lead its design centre in Raunheim, Germany. Rice left the company in 2020 to join Pininfarina in Turin, Italy, and his position was replaced by Steve Eum, who hailed from General Motors and joined Chery in 2017. As of 2023 , Chery has six design centers, including one in Wuhu , two in Shanghai , and another in Raunheim , Germany. Chery has been

7458-409: The broad language set as well as evolution. KDM is compatible with UML, BPMN, RDF, and other standards enabling migration into other environments and thus leverage system knowledge for efforts such as software system transformation and enterprise business layer analysis. Protocols are sets of rules that describe message formats and how messages are exchanged: the protocol state machine . Accordingly,

7571-404: The card try to hide keys and operations by mixing up memory positions, such as by bus scrambling. In some cases, it is even possible to attach a probe to measure voltages while the smart card is still operational. The makers of the card employ sensors to detect and prevent that attack. That attack is not very common because it requires both a large investment in effort and special equipment that

7684-514: The company had two auto-making production bases, two engine-making facilities, and a transmission production plant. Another car-making production base located in Dalian , Liaoning province , became operational in 2012. Chery invests around 7% of its total sales in research and development, and, as of 2011, had over 4,000 patents. It has R&D facilities in Wuhu , Anhui province , and Changshu , Jiangsu province . Chery has cooperative agreements with many foreign component firms, including

7797-403: The company produced more than 640,000 and near 590,000 units, respectively, and it moved from a seventh to a tenth-place ranking. The company in 2011 exported around 25% of its total production. In 2011, Chery built its first fully-owned manufacturing plant outside of China, located in Jacareí , Brazil. It went operational in 2014. Since the late 2000s period, Chery also began to actively seek

7910-450: The company used a Mitsubishi Motors engine for the Tiggo, which was widely used in the Chinese car industry at that time. Chery started producing its own engine branded as ACTECO since 2006. It is the result of a technical cooperation dating from 2003 with AVL, an Austrian engineering company. Starting 2008, Chery supplied ACTECO engines to Fiat, which used the 1.6- and 1.8-liter engines for

8023-511: The company's strategy to become a multi-brand carmaker by introducing three new brands: Karry , Rely, and Riich . Chery also renamed all its cars to Cowin followed by a number, except for the E5, QQ, and Tiggo. It also introduced the Fengyun 2 to replace the SEAT-based sedan. These changes are aimed to eliminate the low-budget image of Chery cars. Later its sprawling production policy and lineup became

8136-427: The correlation of the various layers of system knowledge for either detailed analysis (such as root cause, impact) or derived analysis (such as business process extraction). Although efforts to represent language constructs can be never-ending because of the number of languages, the continuous evolution of software languages, and the development of new languages, the standard does allow for the use of extensions to support

8249-536: The country in mid-2006, Chery vehicles continued to be the only licensed Chinese car exports to Venezuela as of 2011, according to the company. Opened in September 2011, a new Chery production site in the north-central state of Aragua , owned by the ZGT joint venture, produces the A1 and A3 models. Chery vehicles first entered Australia in 2011, brought in by Australian distributor Ateco . Several models were introduced, including

8362-705: The country. The Chirey Omoda 5 was renamed the Omoda C5. Omoda will open 70 dealers across the country that will be shared with the upcoming Jaecoo brand. Between 2007 and 2015, the Argentinian company SOCMA Group manufactured Chery vehicles in the Oferol factory in Barra de Carrasco, Canelones, Uruguay . The Tiggo was officially launched in Uruguay in October 2007. The plant was permanently closed as of May 2015. First introduced to

8475-415: The development of tools and analysis environments that can deliver the extraction and analysis of source, binary, and byte code. For source code analysis, KDM's granular standards' architecture enables the extraction of software system flows (data, control, and call maps), architectures, and business layer knowledge (rules, terms, and process). The standard enables the use of a common data format (XMI) enabling

8588-399: The discontinuation of the brand are listed below: This article about a modern automobile produced after 1975 is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chery Automobile Chery Automobile Co. Ltd. , trading as Chery ( Chinese : 奇瑞 ; pinyin : Qíruì ), is a Chinese automobile manufacturer with its headquarters in Wuhu, Anhui , China; it is owned by

8701-472: The expansion of the R&;D center in Raunheim and will double the number of employees at the center to 120 by the end of 2024. The facility has gradually grown into one of Chery's most important R&D and design bases over the past five years. In 2012, Chery hired former General Motors designer James Hope. Former Porsche designer Hakan Saracoglu joined Chery's design team in 2013. Saracoglu reshaped and guided

8814-464: The field of reverse engineering. Software anti-tamper technology like obfuscation is used to deter both reverse engineering and re-engineering of proprietary software and software-powered systems. In practice, two main types of reverse engineering emerge. In the first case, source code is already available for the software, but higher-level aspects of the program, which are perhaps poorly documented or documented but no longer valid, are discovered. In

8927-671: The fields or by intelligence operations. It was often used during the Second World War and the Cold War . Here are well-known examples from the Second World War and later: Reverse engineering concepts have been applied to biology as well, specifically to the task of understanding the structure and function of gene regulatory networks . They regulate almost every aspect of biological behavior and allow cells to carry out physiological processes and responses to perturbations. Understanding

9040-474: The following two decades, Chery's annual export sales remained at around 100,000 to 150,000 vehicles until a surge occurred in the early 2020s. From 2020 to 2023, Chery's export business experienced rapid growth, doubling to 937,100 vehicles in 2023 compared to the previous year, constituting 52 percent of its total sales. That year, Chery ranked first in export volume among Chinese automobile manufacturers, surpassing SAIC Motor 's passenger cars division which held

9153-639: The full contents of a Windows system's live memory including a binary-level, graphical reverse engineering of all running processes. Another classic, if not well-known, example is that in 1987 Bell Laboratories reverse-engineered the Mac OS System 4.1, originally running on the Apple Macintosh SE , so that it could run it on RISC machines of their own. Reverse engineering of software can be accomplished by various methods. The three main groups of software reverse engineering are Software classification

9266-428: The groundwork to introduce five Chery models to US and Canada. Visionary Vehicles was owned by Malcolm Bricklin , widely known as the entrepreneur who brought Yugo cars to the US. Both companies hoped to sell 150,000 vehicles in the US by 2007. Investments were made to ensure compliance with safety regulations, and a dealership network was established across North America. Allegations of breach of contract by Chery and

9379-502: The hybrid-powered Celer (since October 2014), the QQ (since the second half of 2015), Tiggo 2 (since mid-2017) and Arrizo 5 (since October 2018). In 2017, Grupo Caoa bought 51% of the company for US$ 60 million, renaming it to Caoa Chery. Caoa has been producing the Tiggo 4 in Anápolis , Goiás in knock-down kit form since November 2018. Between 2018 and 2023, the plant had produced

9492-418: The important circuitry and separates it from the uninteresting background and insulating materials. Finally, the wires can be traced from one layer to the next, and the netlist of the circuit, which contains all of the circuit's information, can be reconstructed. Reverse engineering is often used by people to copy other nations' technologies, devices, or information that have been obtained by regular troops in

9605-486: The initial. Then, the schematics for the circuit are finally generated using an appropriate tool. In 1990, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) defined (software) reverse engineering (SRE) as "the process of analyzing a subject system to identify the system's components and their interrelationships and to create representations of the system in another form or at a higher level of abstraction" in which

9718-473: The largest Chinese automobile exporter. The company started its export operations well ahead of other Chinese manufacturers, making its first export to the Middle East as early as 2001. It became China's largest car exporter since 2003, except in 2022 when SAIC Motor briefly took the position. As of 2024 , Chery has been exporting cars to more than 80 countries and regions, with a total export volume of more than 1.7 million vehicles. Russia , South America and

9831-589: The legal disputes that followed in 2006 disrupted the collaboration between both companies, and Visionary Vehicles ended up winning a lawsuit it brought against Chery in 2013 to recoup losses from the failed deal. Chery started improving its engineering capabilities, and launching other new products such as the Tiggo SUV and other models. In 2003, Chery started buying 1.4-litre Tritec petrol engines produced in Brazil and jointly developed by BMW and Chrysler . In 2005,

9944-476: The legal protection of computer programs, which superseded an earlier (1991) directive, governs reverse engineering in the European Union . The unauthorised reproduction, translation, adaptation or transformation of the form of the code in which a copy of a computer program has been made available constitutes an infringement of the exclusive rights of the author. Nevertheless, circumstances may exist when such

10057-459: The management of the Chery concern to abandon plans for further development of the branch together with the Rely introduced in parallel 3 years ago. In April 2013, the Riich brand was officially withdrawn from the market, and with that, production of all its models ended. The abandonment of the brand coincided with the entry into an advanced stage of design work on its would-be model, Riich X3 crossover. It

10170-457: The name Qirui ( Chinese : 奇瑞 ) in 1998, which means ' unexpected and auspicious ' . Later, this name was romanized as Chery (initially Cheery during the 1999 brand launch). Other proposed names include Jiuhua ( Chinese : 九华 ) after the local Mount Jiuhua area, but the name was rejected by the Chinese industrial and commercial department because it was stipulated that trademarks cannot be registered with place names. Chery

10283-457: The new PCB. The quality of these images that is necessary for suitable reverse engineering is proportional to the complexity of the PCB itself. More complicated PCBs require well lighted photos on dark backgrounds, while fairly simple PCBs can be recreated simply with just basic dimensioning. Each layer of the PCB is carefully recreated in the software with the intent of producing a final design as close to

10396-436: The new object or system. Review is the testing of the model to ensure the validity of the chosen abstract. Reverse engineering is applicable in the fields of computer engineering , mechanical engineering , design , electronic engineering , software engineering , chemical engineering , and systems biology . There are many reasons for performing reverse engineering in various fields. Reverse engineering has its origins in

10509-554: The newly built plant in Changshu, Jiangsu . Chery also began manufacturing a revived version of the Moke under an agreement with JLR since 2013. Its design evokes the classic Mini Moke built from 1964 until 1993. Chery was also involved with the establishment of Qoros , a joint venture formed in 2007 with Kenon Holdings based in Singapore and owned by Israeli investors, and started selling

10622-467: The parent brand Chery with a stylistic design by the Italian studio Bertone . The sixth and last model to be sold in the history of the Riich brand was the compact sedan G3 which was a luxurious variation on the cheaper product of the parent brand, Chery E5 . In addition to the models that went on sale under the Riich brand between 2009 and 2011, the Chery concern also planned further models. These included

10735-626: The position in 2022. Its overseas ventures were reported to be more lucrative than its domestic operations due to the larger margin per vehicle, with a significant portion of its over 30 billion yuan profit in 2022 coming from international markets. Chery claims to be the first Chinese manufacturer to export complete vehicles, CKD components, engines, and complete vehicle manufacturing technology and equipment abroad. As of 2024 , Chery has 10 production bases overseas which produce either complete or semi-complete knock-down kits , mainly in South America,

10848-500: The problem of protocol reverse-engineering can be partitioned into two subproblems: message format and state-machine reverse-engineering. The message formats have traditionally been reverse-engineered by a tedious manual process, which involved analysis of how protocol implementations process messages, but recent research proposed a number of automatic solutions. Typically, the automatic approaches group observe messages into clusters by using various clustering analyses , or they emulate

10961-416: The process is specific to the object on which it is being performed, all reverse engineering processes consist of three basic steps: information extraction, modeling, and review. Information extraction is the practice of gathering all relevant information for performing the operation. Modeling is the practice of combining the gathered information into an abstract model, which can be used as a guide for designing

11074-582: The protocol implementation tracing the message processing. There has been less work on reverse-engineering of state-machines of protocols. In general, the protocol state-machines can be learned either through a process of offline learning , which passively observes communication and attempts to build the most general state-machine accepting all observed sequences of messages, and online learning , which allows interactive generation of probing sequences of messages and listening to responses to those probing sequences. In general, offline learning of small state-machines

11187-423: The reconstruction of the PCB if it performs some crucial task, as well as finding alternatives which provide the same function, or in upgrading the old PCB. Reverse engineering PCBs largely follow the same series of steps. First, images are created by drawing, scanning, or taking photographs of the PCB. Then, these images are ported to suitable reverse engineering software in order to create a rudimentary design for

11300-583: The reverse engineering process can simply be a redocumentation of legacy systems . Even when the reverse-engineered product is that of a competitor, the goal may not be to copy it but to perform competitor analysis . Reverse engineering may also be used to create interoperable products and despite some narrowly-tailored United States and European Union legislation, the legality of using specific reverse engineering techniques for that purpose has been hotly contested in courts worldwide for more than two decades. Software reverse engineering can help to improve

11413-473: The rights for the Chery name in North America. Other markets entered in 2022 included Malaysia, Indonesia, and Turkey. Chery re-entered the Australian market in 2023, after briefly selling cars there in the early 2010s. Its Exeed brand started sales in the Middle East in 2022. In 2023, Chery launched four new brands and several new product lines. In April, it launched a new brand called iCar which mainly sells electric SUVs that targets young customers, and

11526-635: The same thing for the Windows API , and OpenOffice.org is one party doing that for the Microsoft Office file formats. The ReactOS project is even more ambitious in its goals by striving to provide binary (ABI and API) compatibility with the current Windows operating systems of the NT branch, which allows software and drivers written for Windows to run on a clean-room reverse-engineered free software ( GPL ) counterpart. WindowsSCOPE allows for reverse-engineering

11639-449: The sample, after etching, cannot be put into the exact same position relative to the SEM each time. Therefore, the stitched versions will not overlap in the correct fashion, as on the real circuit. Usually, three corresponding points are selected, and a transformation applied on the basis of that. To extract the circuit structure, the aligned, stitched images need to be segmented, which highlights

11752-431: The second case, there is no source code available for the software, and any efforts towards discovering one possible source code for the software are regarded as reverse engineering. The second usage of the term is more familiar to most people. Reverse engineering of software can make use of the clean room design technique to avoid copyright infringement. On a related note, black box testing in software engineering has

11865-430: The structure and the dynamic behavior of gene networks is therefore one of the paramount challenges of systems biology, with immediate practical repercussions in several applications that are beyond basic research. There are several methods for reverse engineering gene regulatory networks by using molecular biology and data science methods. They have been generally divided into six classes: Often, gene network reliability

11978-555: The system vulnerabilities. Reverse engineering is also being used in cryptanalysis to find vulnerabilities in substitution cipher , symmetric-key algorithm or public-key cryptography . There are other uses to reverse engineering: As computer-aided design (CAD) has become more popular, reverse engineering has become a viable method to create a 3D virtual model of an existing physical part for use in 3D CAD , CAM , CAE , or other software . The reverse-engineering process involves measuring an object and then reconstructing it as

12091-439: The time required to understand the source code, thus reducing the overall cost of the software development. Reverse engineering can also help to detect and to eliminate a malicious code written to the software with better code detectors. Reversing a source code can be used to find alternate uses of the source code, such as detecting the unauthorized replication of the source code where it was not intended to be used, or revealing how

12204-567: The understanding of the underlying source code for the maintenance and improvement of the software, relevant information can be extracted to make a decision for software development and graphical representations of the code can provide alternate views regarding the source code, which can help to detect and fix a software bug or vulnerability. Frequently, as some software develops, its design information and improvements are often lost over time, but that lost information can usually be recovered with reverse engineering. The process can also help to cut down

12317-654: Was a more expensive and luxurious alternative to regular Chery products. The range was first built on a family of three related city models, which was inaugurated by the Riich M1 hatchback. In addition, the M5 sedan and the X1 crossover debuted. Based on the M1, one of the first electric cars in the history of the Chery concern was created, the Riich M1 EV model. At the end of 2009, the Riich model range

12430-684: Was a subsidiary of Fujian Motors Group . The production facility of Soueast is used for producing Jetour brand vehicles. In June 2024, Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) and Chery signed a letter of intent in electric vehicle cooperation. JLR will license the Freelander nameplate to Chery Jaguar Land Rover to produce EVs based on an Exeed EV platform called the E0X. Freelander as a brand will be separate from JLR's 'House of Brands' portfolio or Chery's brand line-up. Freelander vehicles will be sold in China, with plans for global exports. In November 2024, Chery established

12543-448: Was expanded with a fourth model, the mid-size sedan G5 , which was the first Chinese car to also pass tests on the German track Nürburgring . It was not until a year and a half later, in August 2011, that Riich moved on to further expand its offering. The first to hit the market was the flagship, upper-class sedan Riich G6 , which, like the smaller G5, was originally developed as a design for

12656-599: Was founded on 8 January 1997 as a state-owned enterprise by a group of officials from Wuhu city in Anhui province. The city officials appointed Yin Tongyue, the current Chery chairman, as the company's technical director in 1996. Yin is from Anhui, and at that time was a manager in FAW , holding a position as a workshop director for the FAW-Volkswagen joint venture. The car project was formally incorporated on 18 March 1997 as Anhui Auto Parts Co., Ltd., with substantial funding from

12769-531: Was the only one to be brought into production form, debuting in November 2023 under the parent brand as Chery Tiggo 5 . The first Riich product to enter production was the G6, a medium-to-high end sedan solely developed by Chery and offered with a 3.0-litre V6 engine or a 2.0-litre turbocharged engine. The Riich X1 mini SUV was launched in November 2009, and the G5 mid-size sedan in December 2009. Products launched by Riich before

#296703