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69-457: Rigwe has highly complex phonology. The presence of the lateral fricative /ɬ/ in Rigwe, unusual among Plateau languages, suggests that there used to be West Chadic languages in the area with this phoneme. Rigwe phonology: Glottal This article about Plateau languages is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lateral fricative A lateral is a consonant in which

138-472: A koiné formed by several regional European Portuguese varieties brought to Brazil, modified by natural drift. The written language taught in Brazilian schools has historically been based by law on the standard of Portugal and until the 19th century, Portuguese writers often were regarded as models by some Brazilian authors and university professors. However, this aspiration to unity was severely weakened in

207-400: A retroflex lateral flap that becomes voiced retroflex approximant when it is at the end of a syllable and a word. There are a large number of lateral click consonants ; 17 occur in !Xóõ . Lateral trills are also possible, but they do not occur in any known language. They may be pronounced by initiating [ɬ] or [ɮ] with an especially forceful airflow. There is no symbol for them in

276-493: A "neutral" position of the body of the tongue. The other variant, so-called dark l , found before consonants or word-finally, as in bold or tell , is pronounced as the uvularized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] with the tongue assuming a spoon-like shape with its back part raised, which gives the sound a [w] - or [ʟ] -like resonance. In some languages, like Albanian , those two sounds are different phonemes. Malsia e Madhe Gheg Albanian and Salamina Arvanitika even have

345-415: A Portuguese presence lasting into the second half of the 20th century). On the other hand, the spoken language was not subject to any of the constraints that applied to the written language, and consequently Brazilian Portuguese sounds different from any of the other varieties of the language. Brazilians, when concerned with pronunciation, look to what is considered the national standard variety, and never to

414-433: A case of diglossia , considering that informal BP has developed, both in phonetics and grammar , in its own particular way. Accordingly, the formal register of Brazilian Portuguese has a written and spoken form. The written formal register (FW) is used in almost all printed media and written communication, is uniform throughout the country and is the "Portuguese" officially taught at school. The spoken formal register (FS)

483-861: A comment (topicalization), thus emphasizing it, as in Esses assuntos eu não conheço bem, literally, "These subjects I don't know [them] well" (although this sentence would be perfectly acceptable in Portugal as well). In fact, in the Portuguese language, the anticipation of the verb or object at the beginning of the sentence, repeating it or using the respective pronoun referring to it, is also quite common, e.g. in Essa menina, eu não sei o que fazer com ela ("This girl, I don't know what to do with her") or Com essa menina eu não sei o que fazer ("With this girl I don't know what to do"). The use of redundant pronouns for means of topicalization

552-676: A few terms such as tai chi chuan and chá ("tea"), also in European Portuguese. The loan vocabulary includes several calques , such as arranha-céu ("skyscraper," from French gratte-ciel ) and cachorro-quente (from English hot dog ) in Portuguese worldwide. Use of the reflexive me , especially in São Paulo and the South , is thought to be an Italianism, attributed to the large Italian immigrant population, as are certain prosodic features, including patterns of intonation and stress, also in

621-429: A semivocalic [e̯] , so that the written word ła bała is pronounced [abae̯a] . The orthography uses the letter ł to represent this phoneme (it specifically represents not the [e̯] sound but the phoneme that is, in some dialects, [e̯] and, in others, [l] ). Many aboriginal Australian languages have a series of three or four lateral approximants, as do various dialects of Irish . Rarer lateral consonants include

690-415: A short metapoema (a metapoem , i. e., a poem about poetry, a specialty for which he was renowned) treating the concept of anacoluto : [...] O homem, chamar-lhe mito não passa de anacoluto (The man, calling him myth is nothing more than an anacoluthon). In colloquial language, this kind of anacoluto may even be used when the subject itself is the topic, only to add more emphasis to this fact, e.g.

759-457: A walk"). This happens because the traditional syntax ( Eu e ela fomos passear ) places a plural-conjugated verb immediately following an argument in the singular, which may sound unnatural to Brazilian ears. The redundant pronoun thus clarifies the verbal inflection in such cases. Portuguese makes extensive use of verbs in the progressive aspect, almost as in English. Brazilian Portuguese seldom has

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828-502: Is a community of Brazilian Sign Language users whose number is estimated by Ethnologue to be as high as 3 million. The development of Portuguese in Brazil (and consequently in the rest of the areas where Portuguese is spoken) has been influenced by other languages with which it has come into contact, mainly in the lexicon: first the Amerindian languages of the original inhabitants, then

897-582: Is a legacy of the Portuguese colonization of the Americas . The first wave of Portuguese-speaking immigrants settled in Brazil in the 16th century, but the language was not widely used then. For a time Portuguese coexisted with Língua Geral , a lingua franca based on Amerindian languages that was used by the Jesuit missionaries, as well as with various African languages spoken by the millions of slaves brought into

966-3393: Is a limited set of vocabulary from Japanese . Portuguese has borrowed a large number of words from English. In Brazil, these are especially related to the following fields (note that some of these words are used in other Portuguese-speaking countries): Many of these words are used throughout the Lusosphere . French has contributed to Portuguese words for foods, furniture, and luxurious fabrics, as well as for various abstract concepts. Examples include hors-concours , chic , metrô , batom , soutien , buquê , abajur , guichê , içar , chalé , cavanhaque (from Louis-Eugène Cavaignac ), calibre , habitué , clichê , jargão , manchete , jaqueta , boîte de nuit or boate , cofre , rouge , frufru , chuchu , purê , petit gâteau , pot-pourri , ménage , enfant gâté , enfant terrible , garçonnière , patati-patata , parvenu , détraqué , enquête , equipe , malha , fila , burocracia , birô , affair , grife , gafe , croquette , crocante , croquis , femme fatale , noir , marchand , paletó , gabinete , grã-fino , blasé , de bom tom , bon-vivant , guindaste , guiar , flanar , bonbonnière , calembour , jeu de mots , vis-à-vis , tête-à-tête , mecha , blusa , conhaque , mélange , bric-brac , broche , pâtisserie , peignoir , négliglé , robe de chambre , déshabillé , lingerie , corset , corselet , corpete , pantufas , salopette , cachecol , cachenez , cachepot , colete , colher , prato , costume , serviette , garde-nappe , avant-première , avant-garde , debut , crepe , frappé (including slang), canapé , paetê , tutu , mignon , pince-nez , grand prix , parlamento , patim , camuflagem , blindar (from German), guilhotina , à gogo , pastel , filé , silhueta , menu , maître d'hôtel , bistrô , chef , coq au vin , rôtisserie , maiô , bustiê , collant , fuseau , cigarette , crochê , tricô , tricot ("pullover, sweater"), calção , culotte , botina , bota , galocha , scarpin (ultimately Italian), sorvete , glacê , boutique , vitrine , manequim (ultimately Dutch), machê , tailleur , echarpe , fraque , laquê , gravata , chapéu , boné , edredom , gabardine , fondue , buffet , toalete , pantalon , calça Saint-Tropez , manicure , pedicure , balayage , limusine , caminhão , guidão , cabriolê , capilé , garfo , nicho , garçonete , chenille , chiffon , chemise , chamois , plissê , balonê , frisê , chaminé , guilhochê , château , bidê , redingote , chéri(e) , flambado , bufante , pierrot , torniquete , molinete , canivete , guerra (Occitan), escamotear , escroque , flamboyant , maquilagem , visagismo , topete , coiffeur , tênis , cabine , concièrge , chauffeur , hangar , garagem , haras , calandragem , cabaré , coqueluche , coquine , coquette ( cocotinha ), galã , bas-fond (used as slang), mascote , estampa , sabotagem , RSVP , rendez-vous , chez... , à la carte , à la ... , forró, forrobodó (from 19th-century faux-bourdon ). Brazilian Portuguese tends to adopt French suffixes as in aterrissagem (Fr. atterrissage "landing [aviation]"), differently from European Portuguese (cf. Eur.Port. aterragem ). Brazilian Portuguese (BP) also tends to adopt culture-bound concepts from French. That

1035-537: Is considered grammatically incorrect, because the topicalized noun phrase, according to traditional European analysis, has no syntactic function. This kind of construction, however, is often used in European Portuguese. Brazilian grammars traditionally treat this structure similarly, rarely mentioning such a thing as topic . Nevertheless, the so-called anacoluthon has taken on a new dimension in Brazilian Portuguese. The poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade once wrote

1104-412: Is essentially a phonetic rendering of the written form. (FS) is used in very formal situations, such as speeches or ceremonies or when reading directly out of a text. While (FS) is necessarily uniform in lexicon and grammar, it shows noticeable regional variations in pronunciation. The main and most general (i.e. not considering various regional variations) characteristics of the informal variant of BP are

1173-409: Is not a "decreolized" form, but rather the " nativization " of a "radical Romanic" form. They assert that the phenomena found in Brazilian Portuguese are inherited from Classical Latin and Old Portuguese. According to another linguist, vernacular Brazilian Portuguese is continuous with European Portuguese, while its phonetics are more conservative in several aspects, characterizing the nativization of

1242-596: Is often regarded as the equivalent of the Nobel Prize in Literature for works in Portuguese. Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis , João Guimarães Rosa , Carlos Drummond de Andrade , Graciliano Ramos , João Cabral de Melo Neto , Cecília Meireles , Clarice Lispector , José de Alencar , Rachel de Queiroz , Jorge Amado , Castro Alves , Antonio Candido , Autran Dourado , Rubem Fonseca , Lygia Fagundes Telles and Euclides da Cunha are Brazilian writers recognized for writing

1311-426: Is the difference between BP estação ("station") and EP gare ("train station," Portugal also uses estação ). BP trem is from English train (ultimately from French), while EP comboio is from Fr. convoi . An evident example of the dichotomy between English and French influences can be noted in the use of the expressions know-how , used in a technical context, and savoir-faire in a social context. Portugal uses

1380-539: Is the liquid consonant in Japanese, represented in common transliteration systems as ⟨r⟩ , which can be recognized as a (post) alveolar tap /ɾ/ , alveolar lateral flap /ɺ/, (post) alveolar lateral approximant /l/, (post) alveolar approximant /ɹ/, voiced retroflex stop /ɖ/, and various less common forms. A superscript ⟨ ˡ ⟩ is defined as lateral release . Consonants may also be pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow. This

1449-498: Is the set of varieties of the Portuguese language native to Brazil and the most influential form of Portuguese worldwide. It is spoken by almost all of the 203 million inhabitants of Brazil and spoken widely across the Brazilian diaspora , today consisting of about two million Brazilians who have emigrated to other countries. With a population of over 203 million, Brazil is by far the world's largest Portuguese-speaking nation and

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1518-537: Is the spelling of the [ʒ] sound before e and i . By Portuguese spelling rules, that sound can be written either as j (favored in BP for certain words) or g (favored in EP). Thus, for example, we have BP berinjela / EP beringela ("eggplant"). The linguistic situation of the BP informal speech in relation to the standard language is controversial. There are authors (Bortoni, Kato, Mattos e Silva, Bagno, Perini) who describe it as

1587-542: Is well-known from speech pathology with a lateral lisp . However, it also occurs in nondisordered speech in some southern Arabic dialects and possibly some Modern South Arabian languages , which have pharyngealized nonsibilant /ʪ̪ˤ/ and /ʫ̪ˤ/ (simultaneous [θ͜ɬˤ] and [ð͡ɮˤ] ) and possibly a sibilant /ʪ/ (simultaneous [s͜ɬ] ). Examples are /θˡˤaim/ 'pain' in the dialect of Al-Rubūʽah and /ðˡˤahr/ 'back' and /ðˡˤabʕ/ 'hyena' in Rijal Almaʽ;a . (Here

1656-585: The Língua Geral extensively in the first centuries of colonization. Many of the Amerindian words entered the Portuguese lexicon as early as in the 16th century, and some of them were eventually borrowed into other European languages. African languages provided hundreds of words as well, especially in certain semantic domains, as in the following examples, which are also present in Portuguese: Although

1725-467: The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), which included representatives from all countries with Portuguese as the official language, reached an agreement on the reform of the Portuguese orthography to unify the two standards then in use by Brazil on one side and the remaining Portuguese-speaking countries on the other. This spelling reform went into effect in Brazil on 1 January 2009. In Portugal,

1794-671: The Xhosa and Zulu languages of Africa , have lateral clicks . When pronouncing the labiodental fricatives [f] and [v] , the lip blocks the airflow in the centre of the vocal tract, so the airstream proceeds along the sides instead. Nevertheless, they are not considered lateral consonants because the airflow never goes over the side of the tongue. No known language makes a distinction between lateral and non-lateral labiodentals. Plosives are never lateral, but they may have lateral release . Nasals are never lateral either, but some languages have lateral nasal clicks . For consonants articulated in

1863-503: The airstream proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth. An example of a lateral consonant is the English L , as in Larry . Lateral consonants contrast with central consonants , in which the airstream flows through the center of the mouth. For the most common laterals, the tip of the tongue makes contact with

1932-610: The ⟨ ˡ ⟩ indicates simultaneous laterality rather than lateral release.) Biblical Hebrew may have had non-emphatic central-lateral sibilants [ʃ͡ɬ] and [s͜ɬ] , while Old Arabic has been analyzed as having the emphatic central–lateral fricatives [θ͜ɬˤ] , [ð͡ɮˤ] and [ʃ͡ɬˤ] . Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced , to the left are voiceless . Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. Legend: unrounded  •  rounded Brazilian Portuguese Brazilian Portuguese (Portuguese: português brasileiro ; [poʁtuˈɡejz bɾaziˈlejɾu] )

2001-511: The 20th century by nationalist movements in literature and the arts , which awakened in many Brazilians a desire for a national style uninfluenced by the standards of Portugal. Later, agreements were reached to preserve at least an orthographic unity throughout the Portuguese-speaking world, including the African and Asian variants of the language (which are typically more similar to EP, due to

2070-708: The African slaves had various ethnic origins, by far most of the borrowings were contributed (1) by Bantu languages (above all, Kimbundu , from Angola , and Kikongo from Angola and the area that is now the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo ), and (2) by Niger-Congo languages , notably Yoruba /Nagô, from what is now Nigeria , and Jeje/ Ewe , from what is now Benin . There are also many loanwords from other European languages, including English , French , German , and Italian . In addition, there

2139-677: The European one. This linguistic independence was fostered by the tension between Portugal and the settlers (immigrants) in Brazil from the time of the country's de facto settlement, as immigrants were forbidden to speak freely in their native languages in Brazil for fear of severe punishment by the Portuguese authorities. Lately, Brazilians in general have had some exposure to European speech, through TV and music. Often one will see Brazilian actors working in Portugal and Portuguese actors working in Brazil. Modern Brazilian Portuguese has been highly influenced by other languages introduced by immigrants through

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2208-533: The IPA has no symbols for such sounds. However, appropriate symbols are easy to make by adding a lateral-fricative belt to the symbol for the corresponding lateral approximant (see below). Also, a devoicing diacritic may be added to the approximant. Nearly all languages with such lateral obstruents also have the approximant. However, there are a number of exceptions, many of them located in the Pacific Northwest area of

2277-452: The IPA. They are sometimes used to imitate bird calls , and they are a component of Donald Duck talk . Only the alveolar lateral fricatives have dedicated letters in the IPA proper, though the retroflex letters are 'implied'. The others are provided by the extIPA . The IPA requires sounds to be defined as to centrality, as either central or lateral. However, languages may be ambiguous as to some consonants' laterality. A well-known example

2346-1377: The Japanese words being said before the start), saquê , sashimi , tempurá (a lexical "loan repayment" from a Portuguese loanword in Japanese), hashi , wasabi , johrei (religious philosophy), nikkei , gaijin ("non-Japanese"), issei ("Japanese immigrant"), as well as the different descending generations nisei , sansei , yonsei , gossei , rokussei and shichissei . Other Japanese loanwords include racial terms, such as ainoko ("Eurasian") and hafu (from English half ); work-related, socioeconomic, historical, and ethnic terms limited to some spheres of society, including koseki ("genealogical research"), dekassegui (" dekasegi "), arubaito , kaizen , seiketsu , karoshi ("death by work excess"), burakumin , kamikaze , seppuku , harakiri , jisatsu , jigai , and ainu ; martial arts terms such as karatê , aikidô , bushidô , katana , judô , jiu-jítsu , kyudô , nunchaku , and sumô ; terms related to writing, such as kanji , kana , katakana , hiragana , and romaji ; and terms for art concepts such as kabuki and ikebana . Other culture-bound terms from Japanese include ofurô ("Japanese bathtub"), Nihong ("target news niche and websites"), kabocha (type of pumpkin introduced in Japan by

2415-489: The Portuguese), reiki , and shiatsu . Some words have popular usage while others are known for a specific context in specific circles. Terms used among Nikkei descendants include oba-chan ("grandma"); onee-san , onee-chan , onii-san , and onii-chan ; toasts and salutations such as kampai and banzai ; and some honorific suffixes of address such as chan , kun , sama , san , and senpai . Chinese contributed

2484-626: The Portuguese-speaking countries. However, BP has retained those silent consonants in a few cases, such as detectar ("to detect"). In particular, BP generally distinguishes in sound and writing between secção ("section" as in anatomy or drafting ) and seção ("section" of an organization); whereas EP uses secção for both senses. Another major set of differences is the BP usage of ô or ê in many words where EP has ó or é , such as BP neurônio / EP neurónio ("neuron") and BP arsênico / EP arsénico ("arsenic"). These spelling differences are due to genuinely different pronunciations. In EP,

2553-581: The South and Southeast . Other scholars, however, notably Naro & Scherre, have noted that the same or similar processes can be observed in the European variant, as well as in many varieties of Spanish, and that the main features of Brazilian Portuguese can be traced directly from 16th-century European Portuguese. In fact, they find many of the same phenomena in other Romance languages, including Aranese Occitan , French , Italian and Romanian ; they explain these phenomena as due to natural Romance drift . Naro and Scherre affirm that Brazilian Portuguese

2622-497: The United States. For example, Tlingit has /tɬ, tɬʰ, tɬʼ, ɬ, ɬʼ/ but no /l/ . Other examples from the same area include Nuu-chah-nulth and Kutenai , and elsewhere, Mongolian , Chukchi , and Kabardian . Standard Tibetan has a voiceless lateral approximant , usually romanized as lh , as in the name Lhasa . A uvular lateral approximant has been reported to occur in some speakers of American English . Pashto has

2691-1208: The brewing process was brought by German immigrants. Italian loan words and expressions, in addition to those that are related to food or music, include tchau ( " ciao " ), nonna , nonnino , imbróglio , bisonho , entrevero , panetone , colomba , è vero , cicerone , male male , capisce , mezzo , va bene , ecco , ecco fatto , ecco qui , caspita , schifoso , gelateria , cavolo , incavolarsi , pivete , engambelar , andiamo via , tiramisu , tarantella , grappa , stratoria . Terms of endearment of Italian origin include amore , bambino/a , ragazzo/a , caro/a mio/a , tesoro , and bello/a ; also babo , mamma , baderna (from Marietta Baderna ), carcamano , torcicolo , casanova , noccia , noja , che me ne frega , io ti voglio tanto bene , and ti voglio bene assai . Fewer words have been borrowed from Japanese . The latter borrowings are also mostly related to food and drink or culture-bound concepts, such as quimono , from Japanese kimono , karaokê , yakisoba , temakeria , sushi bar , mangá , biombo (from Portugal) (from byó bu sukurín , "folding screen"), jó ken pô or jankenpon (" rock-paper-scissors ," played with

2760-475: The consonant was silent both in BP and EP, but the words were spelled differently. Only in a small number of words is the consonant silent in Brazil and pronounced elsewhere or vice versa, as in the case of BP fato , but EP facto . However, the new Portuguese language orthographic reform led to the elimination of the writing of the silent consonants also in the EP, making now the writing system virtually identical in all of

2829-448: The country between the 16th and 19th centuries. By the end of the 18th century, Portuguese had affirmed itself as the national language. Some of the main contributions to that swift change were the expansion of colonization to the Brazilian interior, and the growing numbers of Portuguese settlers, who brought their language and became the most important ethnic group in Brazil . Beginning in

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2898-442: The development of many other languages, including Brazilian Portuguese , Old French , and Polish , in all three of these resulting in voiced velar approximant [ɰ] or voiced labio-velar approximant [w] , whence Modern French sauce as compared with Spanish salsa , or Polish Wisła (pronounced [viswa] ) as compared with English Vistula . In central and Venice dialects of Venetian , intervocalic /l/ has turned into

2967-442: The dialects that gave rise to Portuguese had quite a flexible use of the object pronouns in the proclitic or enclitic positions. In Classical Portuguese, the use of proclisis was very extensive, while, on the contrary, in modern European Portuguese the use of enclisis has become indisputably predominant. BP normally places the object pronoun before the verb ( proclitic position), as in ele me viu ("he saw me"). In many such cases,

3036-506: The early 18th century, Portugal 's government made efforts to expand the use of Portuguese throughout the colony, particularly because its consolidation in Brazil would help guarantee to Portugal the lands in dispute with Spain (according to various treaties signed in the 18th century, those lands would be ceded to the people who effectively occupied them). Under the administration of the Marquis of Pombal (1750–1777), Brazilians started to favour

3105-1313: The expression hora de ponta , from French l'heure de pointe , to refer to the "rush hour," while Brazil has horário de pico, horário de pique and hora do rush . Both bilhar , from French billiard , and the phonetic adaptation sinuca are used interchangeably for "snooker." Contributions from German and Italian include terms for foods, music, the arts, and architecture. From German, besides strudel , pretzel , bratwurst , kuchen (also bolo cuca ), sauerkraut (also spelled chucrute from French choucroute and pronounced [ʃuˈkɾutʃi] ), wurstsalat , sauerbraten , Oktoberfest , biergarten , zelt , Osterbaum, Bauernfest , Schützenfest , hinterland , Kindergarten , bock , fassbier and chope (from Schoppen ), there are also abstract terms from German such as Prost , zum wohl , doppelgänger (also sósia ), über , brinde , kitsch , ersatz , blitz ("police action"), and possibly encrenca ("difficult situation," perhaps from Ger. ein Kranker , "a sick person"). Xumbergar , brega (from marshal Friedrich Hermann Von Schönberg ), and xote (musical style and dance) from schottisch . A significant number of beer brands in Brazil are named after German culture-bound concepts and place names because

3174-456: The fields of modern technology and commerce. Although some of these words are more predominant in Brazil, they are also used in Portugal and other countries where Portuguese is spoken. Words derived from the Tupi language are particularly prevalent in place names ( Itaquaquecetuba , Pindamonhangaba , Caruaru , Ipanema , Paraíba ). The native languages also contributed the names of most of

3243-620: The following. While these characteristics are typical of Brazilian speech, some may also be present to varying degrees in other Lusophone areas, particular in Angola, Mozambique and Cabo Verde, which frequently incorporate certain features common to both the South American and European varieties. Although these characteristics would be readily understood in Portugal due to exposure to Brazilian media (and because they are observable in Portugal to some extent as well), other forms are preferred there (except

3312-530: The gerund: BP uses ficamos conversando ("we kept on talking") and ele trabalha cantando ("he sings while he works"), but rarely ficamos a conversar and ele trabalha a cantar as is the case in most varieties of EP. BP retains the combination a + infinitive for uses that are not related to continued action, such as voltamos a correr ("we went back to running"). Some varieties of EP [namely from Alentejo , Algarve, Açores (Azores), and Madeira] also tend to feature estar + gerund , as in Brazil. In general,

3381-432: The heavy indigenous and diasporic African influence on Brazilian Portuguese. Despite this difference between the spoken varieties, Brazilian and European Portuguese barely differ in formal writing and remain mutually intelligible . However, due to the two reasons mentioned above, the gap between the written, formal language and the spoken language is much wider in Brazilian Portuguese than in European Portuguese. In 1990,

3450-447: The late 19th and early 20th centuries (mostly from Italy , Spain , Germany , Poland , Japan and Lebanon ) were linguistically integrated into the Portuguese-speaking majority within a few generations, except for some areas of the three southernmost states ( Paraná , Santa Catarina , and Rio Grande do Sul ), in the case of Germans, Italians and Slavics, and in rural areas of the state of São Paulo (Italians and Japanese). Nowadays

3519-552: The letters c or p in syllable-final position have become silent in all varieties of Portuguese, a common phonetic change in Romance languages (cf. Spanish objeto , French objet ). Accordingly, they stopped being written in BP (compare Italian spelling standards), but continued to be written in other Portuguese-speaking countries. For example, the word acção ("action") in European Portuguese became ação in Brazil, European óptimo ("optimum") became ótimo in Brazil, and so on, where

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3588-464: The most outstanding work in the Portuguese language. The Brazilian spellings of certain words differ from those used in Portugal and the other Portuguese-speaking countries. Some of these differences are merely orthographic, but others reflect true differences in pronunciation. Until the implementation of the 1990 orthographic reform, a major subset of the differences related to the consonant clusters cc , cç , ct , pc , pç , and pt . In many cases,

3657-501: The only one in the Americas . Brazilian Portuguese differs, particularly in phonology and prosody , from varieties spoken in Portugal and Portuguese-speaking African countries . In these latter countries, the language tends to have a closer connection to contemporary European Portuguese, partly because Portuguese colonial rule ended much more recently there than in Brazil, and partly due to

3726-481: The overwhelming majority of Brazilians speak Portuguese as their mother tongue, with the exception of small, insular communities of descendants of European (German, Polish, Ukrainian, and Italian) and Japanese immigrants, mostly in the South and Southeast as well as villages and reservations inhabited by Amerindians . And even these populations make use of Portuguese to communicate with outsiders and to understand television and radio broadcasts, for example. Moreover, there

3795-471: The past century, specifically by German, Italian and Japanese immigrants. This high intake of immigrants not only caused the incorporation and/or adaptation of many words and expressions from their native language into local language, but also created specific dialects, such as the German Hunsrückisch dialect in the South of Brazil. The written Brazilian standard differs from the European one to about

3864-476: The plants and animals found in Brazil (and most of these are the official names of the animals in other Portuguese-speaking countries as well), including arara (" macaw "), jacaré ("South American caiman "), tucano (" toucan "), mandioca (" cassava "), abacaxi (" pineapple "), and many more. However, many Tupi–Guarani toponyms did not derive directly from Amerindian expressions, but were in fact coined by European settlers and Jesuit missionaries , who used

3933-418: The points concerning "estar" and "dar"). Modern linguistic studies have shown that Brazilian Portuguese is a topic -prominent or topic- and subject-prominent language. Sentences with topic are extensively used in Portuguese, perhaps more in Brazilian Portuguese most often by means of turning an element (object or verb) in the sentence into an introductory phrase, on which the body of the sentence constitutes

4002-470: The present continuous construct estar a + infinitive , which, in contrast, has become quite common in European over the last few centuries. BP maintains the Classical Portuguese form of continuous expression, which is made by estar + gerund . Thus, Brazilians will always write ela está dançando ("she is dancing"), not ela está a dançar . The same restriction applies to several other uses of

4071-513: The proclisis would be considered awkward or even grammatically incorrect in EP, in which the pronoun is generally placed after the verb ( enclitic position), namely ele viu-me . However, formal BP still follows EP in avoiding starting a sentence with a proclitic pronoun, so both will have Deram-lhe o livro ("They gave him/her the book") instead of Lhe deram o livro , though it will seldom be spoken in BP (but would be clearly understood). The first-person singular proclitic pronoun frequently occurs at

4140-671: The reform was signed into law by the President on 21 July 2008 allowing for a six-year adaptation period, during which both orthographies co-existed. All of the CPLP countries have signed the reform. In Brazil, this reform has been in force since January 2016. Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries have since begun using the new orthography. Regional varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, while remaining mutually intelligible , may diverge from each other in matters such as vowel pronunciation and speech intonation. The existence of Portuguese in Brazil

4209-541: The retroflex laterals that can be found in many languages of India and in some Swedish dialects , and the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/ , found in many Native North American languages , Welsh and Zulu . In Adyghe and some Athabaskan languages like Hän , both voiceless and voiced alveolar lateral fricatives occur, but there is no approximant. Many of these languages also have lateral affricates . Some languages have palatal or velar voiceless lateral fricatives or affricates, such as Dahalo and Zulu , but

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4278-525: The same extent that written American English differs from written British English . The differences extend to spelling, lexicon, and grammar. However, with the entry into force of the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 in Portugal and in Brazil since 2009, these differences were drastically reduced. Several Brazilian writers have been awarded with the highest prize of the Portuguese language. The Camões Prize awarded annually by Portuguese and Brazilians

4347-423: The sentence Essa menina, ela costuma tomar conta de cachorros abandonados ("This girl, she usually takes care of abandoned dogs"). This structure highlights the topic, and could be more accurately translated as "As for this girl, she usually takes care of abandoned dogs." The use of this construction is particularly common with compound subjects , as in, e.g., Eu e ela, nós fomos passear ("She and I, we went for

4416-508: The three-way distinction of laterals / l / , / ʎ / and / ɫ / . East Slavic languages contrast [ɫ] and [lʲ] but do not have [l]. In many British accents (e.g. Cockney ), dark [ɫ] may undergo vocalization through the reduction and loss of contact between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge, becoming a rounded back vowel or glide. This process turns tell into [tɛɰ] , as must have happened with talk [tɔːk] or walk [wɔːk] at some stage. A similar process happened during

4485-411: The throat ( laryngeals ), the lateral distinction is not made by any language, although pharyngeal and epiglottal laterals are reportedly possible. English has one lateral phoneme: the lateral approximant /l/ , which in many accents has two allophones . One, found before vowels (and /j/) as in lady or fly (or value ), is called clear l , pronounced as the alveolar lateral approximant [l] with

4554-487: The upper teeth (see dental consonant ) or the upper gum (see alveolar consonant ), but there are many other possible places for laterals to be made. The most common laterals are approximants and belong to the class of liquids , but lateral fricatives and affricates are also common in some parts of the world. Some languages, such as the Iwaidja and Ilgar languages of Australia , have lateral flaps , and others, such as

4623-698: The use of Portuguese, as the Marquis expelled the Jesuit missionaries (who had taught Língua Geral ) and prohibited the use of Nhengatu , or Lingua Franca . The failed colonization attempts, by the French in Rio de Janeiro during the 16th century and the Dutch in Recife during the 17th century, had negligible effects on Portuguese. The substantial waves of non-Portuguese-speaking immigrants in

4692-479: The various African languages spoken by the slaves, and finally those of later European and Asian immigrants. Although the vocabulary is still predominantly Portuguese, the influence of other languages is evident in the Brazilian lexicon, which today includes, for example, hundreds of words of Tupi–Guarani origin referring to local flora and fauna; numerous West African Yoruba words related to foods, religious concepts, and musical expressions; and English terms from

4761-439: The vowels e and o may be open ( é or ó ) or closed ( ê or ô ) when they are stressed before one of the nasal consonants m , n followed by a vowel, but in BP they are always closed in this environment. The variant spellings are necessary in those cases because the general Portuguese spelling rules mandate a stress diacritic in those words, and the Portuguese diacritics also encode vowel quality. Another source of variation

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