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34-421: The panorama picture featured in this article was taken from the heights of Södermalm , west of Stadsholmen, looking down on Riddarfjärden. Left to right are viewable: Riddarfjärden throughout the year. [REDACTED] Media related to Riddarfjärden at Wikimedia Commons 59°19′26″N 18°02′55″E  /  59.32389°N 18.04861°E  / 59.32389; 18.04861 This article about

68-689: A circumference of 112 meters. In the same year of 1881, the Dutch marine painter Hendrik Willem Mesdag created and established the Panorama Mesdag of The Hague , Netherlands , a cylindrical painting more than 14 metres high and roughly 40 meters in diameter (120 meters in circumference). In the United States of America is the Atlanta Cyclorama , depicting the Civil War Battle of Atlanta . It

102-560: A building (a famous example being the one below the dome of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. ). The Pantheon in Rome is perhaps the most famous, and is the most influential rotunda. A band rotunda is a circular bandstand , usually with a dome. The terminology of Ancient Greek architecture and Roman architecture distinguishes between two types of rotunda: a tholos

136-851: A central stupa surrounded by a circular colonnade and an enclosing wall, built during the time of Emperor Ashoka and near which were found several Minor Rock Edicts . Ashoka also built the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya circa 250 BC, possibly also a circular structure, next to the Bodhi tree . Representations of this early temple structure are found on a 100 BCE relief from the stupa railing at Bhārhut , as well as in Sanchi . These circular-type temples were also found in later rock-hewn caves such as Tulja Caves or Guntupalli . Circularity in Buddhist architecture

170-640: A church and a mosque. The church of Santa Costanza in Rome is a circular funerary chapel of the 4th century, probably built for one or more of the daughters of Constantine the Great , originally placed next to a funerary hall that is now only a ruined wall. Some of the earliest free-standing temples in India are thought to have been of a circular type, as the Buddhist Bairat Temple in Bairat , Rajasthan , formed of

204-655: A large building at the Sanctuary of Asclepius, Epidaurus . The largest Greek tholos, of uncertain function, was built in the Samothrace temple complex in the 260s BC. It is often called the Arsinoeum, as a dedication tablet for the Ptolomeic Queen Arsinoe II of Egypt has survived. The sanctuary was a great Hellenistic centre of Greco-Roman mysteries and the building probably played some role in these. The oldest,

238-641: A location in Stockholm County , Sweden is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Panorama A panorama (formed from Greek πᾶν "all" + ὅραμα "view") is any wide-angle view or representation of a physical space, whether in painting , drawing , photography , film , seismic images , or 3D modeling . The word was coined in the 18th century by the English ( Irish descent ) painter Robert Barker to describe his panoramic paintings of Edinburgh and London . The motion-picture term panning

272-586: A means of generating an immersive " panoptic " experience of a vista . Cartographic experiments during the Enlightenment era preceded European panorama painting and contributed to a formative impulse toward panoramic vision and depiction. This novel perspective was quickly conveyed to America by Benjamin Franklin who was present for the first manned balloon flight by the Montgolfier brothers in 1783, and by

306-595: A most interesting form, are found at Karcsa , Kiszombor in Hungary, at Horjany in Ukraine and several places in Armenia (Aragatz, Bagaran, Bagnayr, Botshor, Kiagmis Alti). There is an interesting connection between Central European and Caucasian rotundas of the 9th to 11th centuries AD. Several Armenian built rotunda churches have sixfold arched central apsis, i.e. at Aragatz, Bagaran , Bagnayr, Botshor, Kiagmis Alti in Armenia . At

340-561: A number of other round churches . The rotunda with columns was revived in one of the most influential buildings in Renaissance architecture , the Tempietto in a courtyard of the church of San Pietro in Montorio in Rome. This was designed by Donato Bramante around 1502 in strongly classicizing style. It is a small building whose innovation, as far as Western Europe was concerned, was to use

374-431: A painting, shown on a cylindrical surface and viewed from the inside, giving viewers a vantage point encompassing the entire circle of the horizon, rendering the original scene with high fidelity. The inaugural exhibition, a "View of Edinburgh" (specifically the view from the summit of Calton Hill ), was first shown in that city in 1788, then transported to London in 1789. By 1793, Barker had built "The Panorama" rotunda at

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408-641: A variety of constructions can be used to make panoramic images. A popular design is the "oatmeal box", a vertical cylindrical container in which the pinhole is made in one side and the film or photographic paper is wrapped around the inside wall opposite, and extending almost right to the edge of, the pinhole. This generates an egg-shaped image with more than 180° view. Popular in the 1970s and 1980s, but now superseded by digital presentation software, Multi-image (also known as multi-image slide presentations, slide shows or diaporamas) 35mm slide projections onto one or more screens characteristically lent themselves to

442-494: Is derived from panorama . A panoramic view is also purposed for multimedia, cross-scale applications to an outline overview (from a distance) along and across repositories. This so-called "cognitive panorama" is a panoramic view over, and a combination of, cognitive spaces used to capture the larger scale. The device of the panorama existed in painting, particularly in murals , as early as 20 A.D., in those found in Pompeii , as

476-522: Is enclosed by a wall, while a monopteros is just a circular colonnade with a roof (like a modern bandstand or park pavilion). It is not clear that any Greek example was actually a Greek temple , but several were Roman temples , though mostly much smaller than the Pantheon, and with very different designs. The Temple of Hercules Victor and Temple of Vesta in Rome, along with the Temple of Vesta, Tivoli , are

510-457: Is the biggest one in Central Europe, with diameter of 11 m. In many places the ancient foundations have been excavated and conserved. The village church of Sárospatak is complete with a simple circular nave and an eastern apse. The church of Alagimajor at Dunakeszi was enlarged toward the apse in the 14th century. More significant enlargement of the central rotunda is seen at Isaszeg where

544-667: The Panoscan allows the capture of high resolution panoramic images and eliminates the need for image stitching , but immersive "spherical" panorama movies (that incorporate a full 180° vertical viewing angle as well as 360° around) must be made by stitching multiple images. Stitching images together can be used to create extremely high resolution gigapixel panoramic images. On rare occasions, 360° panoramic movies have been constructed for specially designed display spaces—typically at theme parks , world's fairs , and museums. Starting in 1955, Disney has created 360° theaters for its parks and

578-515: The Swiss Transport Museum in Lucerne, Switzerland, features a theatre that is a large cylindrical space with an arrangement of screens whose bottom is several metres above the floor. Panoramic systems that are less than 360° around also exist. For example, Cinerama used a very wide curved screen, with three synchronized projectors, and IMAX Dome / OMNIMAX movies are projected on a dome above

612-627: The 9th to 11th centuries CE in Central Europe . These round churches can be found in great number in Hungary , Poland , Slovakia , Croatia (particularly Dalmatia ), Austria , Bavaria , Germany , and the Czech Republic . It was thought of as a structure descending from the Roman Pantheon. However, it can be found mainly not on former Roman territories, but in Central Europe. Generally its size

646-512: The American-born physician, John Jeffries who had joined French aeronaut Jean Pierre Blanchard on flights over England and the first aerial crossing of the English Channel in 1785. In the mid-19th century, panoramic paintings and models became a very popular way to represent landscapes , topographic views and historical events . Audiences of Europe in this period were thrilled by

680-634: The Tholos of Athens, was a large and plain rotunda used as a dining hall, and perhaps more, by the city's ruling council. Later, very large, Roman rotundas include the Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome, built in the 130s as a mausoleum for the emperor Hadrian , and in the Middle Ages turned into a castle, and the 4th-century Rotunda in Thessaloniki , probably also intended as an imperial mausoleum, but later used as

714-511: The aspect of illusion, immersed in a winding 360-degree panorama and given the impression of standing in a new environment. The panorama was a 360-degree visual medium patented under the title  Apparatus for Exhibiting Pictures by the artist Robert Barker in 1787. The earliest that the word "panorama" appeared in print was on June 11, 1791, in the British newspaper The Morning Chronicle , referring to this visual spectacle. Barker created

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748-514: The best known and best preserved examples. The few large Greek tholoi had varied functions, not all of which are now clear. Several are at major religious sanctuaries, but seem not to have been conventional temples. At most only the foundations and a few columns remain in place. They include the Tholos of Delphi , the Philippeion at Olympia , a small memorial to the family of Philip of Macedon , and

782-484: The center of London's entertainment district in Leicester Square , where it remained attracting visitors for 70 years, then closing in 1863, before being converted into the church of Notre Dame de France . Inventor Sir Francis Ronalds developed a machine to remove errors in perspective that were created when a sequence of planar sketches was combined into a cylinder. It also projected the cylindrical drawing onto

816-563: The extension extended toward the East and West; the rotunda foundations can also be seen in the central portion of the nave of the Gothic church. In many cases the rotunda was used as the apse of the village's new and larger church (Bagod-Szentpál, Hidegség , Vágkeresztur, Ipolykiskeszi, Herencsény , Szalonna ). Such semi-circle apses are preserved all over the Carpathian Basin. Rotundas of six apses,

850-490: The most common method for creating wide views. Not long after the introduction of the Daguerreotype in 1839, photographers began assembling multiple images of a view into a single wide image. In the late 19th century, flexible film enabled the construction of panoramic cameras using curved film holders and clockwork drives to rotate the lens in an arc and thus scan an image encompassing almost 180 degrees. Pinhole cameras of

884-536: The panorama format. A vertical panorama or vertorama is a panorama with an upright orientation instead of a horizontal. It is created using the same techniques as when making a horizontal panorama. Digital photography of the late twentieth century greatly simplified this assembly process, which is now known as image stitching . Such stitched images may even be fashioned into forms of virtual reality movies, using technologies such as QuickTime VR , Flash , Java , or even JavaScript . A rotating line camera such as

918-826: The research and radiocarbon dating of plaster, Rotunda of st. George in Nitrianska Blatnica was built sometimes around the year 830, what makes it one of the oldest still standing buildings in the area of Central Europe. Similar rotunda was standing in hillfort Kostolec in Ducové (only foundations remained). The role and form of rotundas developed from gradual enlargements of ancient small village churches. Many of them still stand today, e.g. in Nagytótlak, Kallósd and Kissikátor in Hungary or in Bíňa and Šivetice in Slovakia . Rotunda in Šivetice

952-412: The spectators. Panoramic representation can be generated from digital elevation models such as SRTM . In these diagrams, a panorama from any given point can be generated and imaged from the data. Rotunda (architecture) A rotunda (from Latin rotundus ) is any roofed building with a circular ground plan, and sometimes covered by a dome . It may also refer to a round room within

986-552: The tholos form as the base for a dome above; this may have reflected a Byzantine structure in Jerusalem over the tomb of Christ. The Roman Temple of Vesta (which has no dome) was probably also an influence. This pairing of tholos, now called a drum or tholobate , and dome became extremely popular raised high above main structures which were often based on the Roman temple . A great number of parochial churches were built in this form in

1020-542: The wall of the rotunda at much larger scale to enable its accurate painting. The apparatus was exhibited at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in the early 1840s. Large scale installations enhance the illusion for an audience of being surrounded with a real landscape. The Bourbaki Panorama in Lucerne , Switzerland was created by Edouard Castres in 1881. The painting measures about 10 metres in height with

1054-408: The wide screen panorama. They could run autonomously with silent synchronization pulses to control projector advance and fades, recorded beside an audio voice-over or music track . Precisely overlapping slides placed in slide mounts with soft-edge density masks would merge seamlessly on the screen to create the panorama. Cutting and dissolving between sequential images generated animation effects in

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1088-632: Was 6–9 meters inner diameter and the apse was directed toward the east. Sometimes three or four apses were attached to the central circle and this type has relatives even in the Caucasus . Several types of rotundas are found in the Carpathian Basin , within the former boundaries of Kingdom of Hungary . Building of rotundas in Carpathian basin started already in 9th century in Great Moravia . According to

1122-719: Was first displayed in 1887, and is 42 feet high by 358 feet circumference (13 × 109 metres). Also on a gigantic scale, and still extant, is the Racławice Panorama (1893) located in Wrocław , Poland , which measures 15 × 120 metres. In addition to these historical examples, there have been panoramas painted and installed in modern times; prominent among these is the Velaslavasay Panorama in Los Angeles, California (2004). Panoramic photography soon came to displace painting as

1156-586: Was generally to allow a path for pradakshina or devotional circling of a round and solid stupa . It has been suggested that these circular structures with colonnades may have originated with the Greek circular tholos temple, as in the Tholos of Delphi , but circular wooden huts in India are a more likely source of inspiration. The Pisa Baptistery is the outstanding late medieval rotunda, taking from 1152 to 1363 to build, and including Romanesque , Gothic and classicizing or Proto-Renaissance elements. There are

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