59-727: Richard S. J. Tol (born 2 December 1969, Hoorn , the Netherlands ) is a professor of economics at the University of Sussex . He is also professor of the economics of climate change at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam . He is a member of the Academia Europaea . Tol obtained an MSc in econometrics & operations research in 1992 and a PhD in economics in 1997 at the VU University Amsterdam. His doctoral thesis
118-496: A couple of snowy days each year. The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute has one of its weather stations located in Berkhout , a village situated west of Hoorn. Climatological data from this station can be found in the table below. The record extremes range from −21.9 °C (−7.4 °F) to 34.6 °C (94.3 °F). The average annual precipitation is 855.5 millimetres (34 in). The municipality of Hoorn consists of
177-458: A few years later. In the Late Middle Ages, the site of present-day Hoorn was a swampy area that was not at all suitable for agriculture , as opposed to the more fertile inland. Here, overproduction of dairy products led to the establishment of a marketplace within the domain of Zwaag , where excesses could be traded for other goods. This marketplace was located near a sluice in
236-609: A land area of 20.38 km (7.87 sq mi), making it the third most densely populated municipality in North Holland after Haarlem and Amsterdam. Apart from the city of Hoorn, the municipality includes the villages of Blokker and Zwaag , as well as parts of the hamlets De Bangert [ nl ] , De Hulk and Munnickaij [ nl ] . Hoorn is well known in the Netherlands for its rich history. The town acquired city rights in 1357 and flourished during
295-689: A line drawn from Paris to Munich , people would benefit, e.g., from reduced energy bills. However, south of it, people would be overall "losers" of climate change. In 2007, Tol predicted a reduction in annual economic growth by 0.4% in the Republic of Ireland if greenhouse gases were reduced by 3% per year. In 2009, Tol published a controversial paper that combined data from several earlier studies, concluding that at least some amount of global warming could lead to economic gains. In 2014, he published an update, correcting missing minus signs that had turned economic costs into benefits and adding data overlooked before;
354-487: A member of the editorial board of Environmental Science and Policy , and Integrated Assessment . IDEAS/RePEc ranks him among the top 250 economists in the world. Tol specialises in energy economics and environmental economics , with a particular interest in climate change , such as the economics of global warming . Previously, Tol was a research professor at the Economic and Social Research Institute . Before that, Tol
413-643: A nine-episode series of short silent stories featuring a Gremlin Gus as their star. The first was drawn by Vivie Risto, and the rest of them by Walt Kelly . This served as their introduction to the comic book audience as they are human gremlins who lived in their own village as little flying human people. While Roald Dahl was famous for making gremlins known worldwide, many returning Air Servicemen swear they saw creatures tinkering with their equipment. One crewman swore he saw one before an engine malfunction that caused his B-25 Mitchell bomber to rapidly lose altitude, forcing
472-464: A reference to the city's horn-shaped port. Others believed that the name was derived from damphoorn , a weed with a hollow stem that grew in the area at the time of the city's establishment. The chronicler Theodorus Velius [ nl ] rejects this theory, as well as the assertion that the name comes from "Dampterhorn", which was thought to be the only remaining neighborhood of the flooded village of Dampten [ nl ] . One of
531-419: A revised version of the story, again titled The Gremlins , was published as a picture book by Random House . (It was later updated and re-published in 2006 by Dark Horse Comics ). The 1943 publication of The Gremlins by Random House consisted of 50,000 copies, with Dahl ordering 50 copies for himself as promotional material for himself and the upcoming film, handing them out to everyone he knew, including
590-569: A useful role in the debate on climate policy". Hoorn Hoorn ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦoːr(ə)n] ) is a city and municipality in the northwest of the Netherlands , in the province of North Holland . It is the largest town and the traditional capital of the region of West Friesland . Hoorn is located on the Markermeer , 20 kilometers (12 mi) east of Alkmaar and 35 kilometers (22 mi) north of Amsterdam . The municipality has just over 73,000 inhabitants and
649-572: A very important role to the airmen of the Royal Air Force. Gremlin tales helped build morale among pilots, which, in turn, helped them repel the Luftwaffe invasion during the Battle of Britain during the summer of 1940. The war may have had a very different outcome if the R.A.F. pilots had lost their morale and allowed Germany's plans for Operation Sea Lion (the planned invasion of the U.K.) to develop. In
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#1732868763262708-554: A way, it could be argued that gremlins, troublesome as they were, ultimately helped the Allies win the war." Bressi also noted: "Morale among the R.A.F. pilots would have suffered if they pointed the finger of blame at each other. It was far better to make the scapegoat a fantastic and comical creature than another member of your own squadron." Examples of Gremlins can be seen in the IBCC Digital Archive. British author Roald Dahl
767-427: Is a mischievous fictional creature invented at the beginning of the 20th century to originally explain malfunctions in aircraft , and later in other machinery, processes, and their operators. Depictions of these creatures vary widely. Stories about them and references to them as the causes of especially inexplicable technical and mental problems of pilots were especially popular during and after World War II . Use of
826-522: Is credited with getting the gremlins known outside the Royal Air Force. He would have been familiar with the myth, having carried out his military service in 80 Squadron of the Royal Air Force in the Middle East. Dahl had his own experience in an accidental crash-landing in the Western Desert when he ran out of fuel. In January 1942, he was transferred to Washington, D.C. as Assistant Air attaché at
885-478: Is located in the east of the North Holland peninsula , on the northwestern shore of the Markermeer – the second largest freshwater lake of the Netherlands. The city occupies an arc of land in the south of West Friesland at the northernmost end of a small bay named Hoornse Hop . The landscape of Hoorn is mostly flat and the only elevated areas are the dikes on the southern outskirts of the city. The municipality
944-484: Is no print evidence of this. There is evidence of an even earlier reference in the 1920s, stating that the term was used in the RAF to refer to a lowly menial person, such as a low-ranking officer or enlisted man saddled with oppressive assignments. Although their origin is found in myths among airmen claiming that gremlins were responsible for sabotaging aircraft, the folklorist John W. Hazen states that some people derive
1003-539: Is part of the safety region Noord-Holland Noord [ nl ] and the water board Hollands Noorderkwartier [ nl ] . The harbor was enlarged in the mid-17th century by the construction of a peninsula, the Visserseiland (to the west of the harbor), and an artificial island, the Oostereiland (to the east). Hoorn has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb ) strongly influenced by its proximity to
1062-507: Is surrounded on three sides by large bodies of water, nights rarely fall far below 0 °C (32 °F). Summers are moderately warm with a number of hot days every month. The average daily high in August is 21.6 °C (70.9 °F), and 30 °C (86 °F) or higher is only measured on 1.8 days per year on average (2009–2018), placing Hoorn in AHS heat zone 2. It is also common to have at least
1121-620: The Afsluitdijk , passes along Hoorn. The exit Hoorn North connects to the provincial road N302 , also called Westfrisiaweg , which runs from Hoorn to Lelystad via the Houtribdijk . The following is a list of notable people who were born in Hoorn: The following is a list of people who were born elsewhere, but are notable (former) residents of Hoorn: Hoorn is twinned with the following cities and municipalities: Gremlin A gremlin
1180-546: The Dutch Golden Age . In this period, Hoorn developed into a prosperous port city , being home to one of the six chambers of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Towards the end of the eighteenth century, however, it started to become increasingly more difficult for Hoorn to keep competing with nearby Amsterdam. Ultimately, it lost its function as port city and became a regional center of trade, mainly serving
1239-581: The East Indies . Exotic spices such as pepper , nutmeg , cloves and mace were sold at vast profits. With their skill in trade and seafaring, sons of Hoorn established the city's name far and wide. In 1619, Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587–1629), controversial for his violent raids in Southeast Asia , "founded" the capital of the Dutch East Indies , which he intended to name New Hoorn at first, though it
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#17328687632621298-504: The North Sea to the west, with prevailing westerly winds. Both winters and summers are considered mild, although winters can get quite cold, while summers are quite warm occasionally. Hoorn, as well as most of the North Holland province, lies in USDA hardiness zone 8b. Frosts mainly occur during spells of easterly or northeasterly winds from the inner European continent . Even then, because Hoorn
1357-569: The municipal executive of Hoorn consists of: Hoorn is connected to the Dutch railway network and has two train stations: Hoorn and Hoorn Kersenboogerd . From these stations, it is possible to travel in the directions of Enkhuizen , Alkmaar and Amsterdam . It is also the starting point of the Hoorn–Medemblik heritage railway . The A7 motorway, which runs from Zaandam to the German border via
1416-435: The 1920s, Fremlin. An early reference to the gremlin is in aviator Pauline Gower 's 1938 novel The ATA: Women with Wings , where Scotland is described as "gremlin country", a mystical and rugged territory where scissor-wielding gremlins cut the wires of biplanes when unsuspecting pilots were about. An article by Hubert Griffith in the servicemen's fortnightly Royal Air Force Journal dated 18 April 1942, also chronicles
1475-511: The Beggar control of nearby Enkhuizen and Medemblik , and many rebellious exiles from earlier troubles returned to influence the town’s politics. Hoorn rapidly grew to become a major port city and a prosperous center of trade, which flourished during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, also known as the Dutch Golden Age . It was the seat of the Committed Councils of West Friesland and
1534-552: The British Embassy. It was there that he wrote his first children's novel, The Gremlins , in which "Gremlins" were tiny men who lived on RAF fighters. In the same novel, Dahl called the wives of gremlins " Fifinellas ", their male children "Widgets", and their female children " Flibbertigibbets ". Dahl showed the finished manuscript to Sidney Bernstein , the head of the British Information Service , who came up with
1593-712: The British ambassador in Washington Lord Halifax , and the US First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt who read it to her grandchildren. The book was considered an international success with 30,000 more sold in Australia but initial efforts to reprint the book were precluded by a wartime paper shortage. Reviewed in major publications, Dahl was considered a writer-of-note and his appearances in Hollywood to follow up with
1652-664: The Noorderkwartier ( Dutch : Gecommitteerde Raden ) from 1573 to 1795, and the seat of the Admiralty of the Noorderkwartier from 1589 to 1795, together with Enkhuizen . Furthermore, the city was an important home base for the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Dutch West India Company (WIC) and the Noordsche Compagnie . The city's fleet plied the seven seas and returned laden with precious commodities from
1711-523: The aircraft to return to base. Folklorist Hazen likewise offers his own alleged eyewitness testimony of these creatures, which appeared in an academically praised and peer-reviewed publication, describing an occasion he found "a parted cable which bore obvious tooth marks in spite of the fact that the break occurred in a most inaccessible part of the plane". At this point, Hazen states he heard "a gruff voice" demand, "How many times must you be told to obey orders and not tackle jobs you aren't qualified for? – This
1770-953: The appearance of gremlins, although the article states the stories had been in existence for several years, with later recollections of it having been told by Battle of Britain Spitfire pilots as early as 1940. This concept of gremlins was popularized during World War II among airmen of the Royal Air Force (RAF) units, in particular the men of the high-altitude Photographic Reconnaissance Units (PRU) of RAF Benson , RAF Wick and RAF St Eval . The flight crews blamed gremlins for otherwise inexplicable accidents which sometimes occurred during their flights. Gremlins were also thought at one point to have enemy sympathies, but investigations revealed that enemy aircraft had similar and equally inexplicable mechanical problems. As such, gremlins were portrayed as equal opportunity tricksters, taking no sides in
1829-463: The areas of health and environment. Of the 30 policy alternatives that resulted, Lomborg's ranking procedure rated the 2 dealing with controlling emissions of greenhouse gases 29th and 30th in terms of cost effectiveness. A "perspective paper" by Anil Markandya of the University of Bath on the Yohe/Tol study stated that "a short time period analysis is misleading" when all the costs are incurred during
Richard Tol - Misplaced Pages Continue
1888-541: The authors of the Copenhagen Consensus Project's principal climate paper, I can say with certainty that Lomborg is misrepresenting our findings thanks to a highly selective memory". In a subsequent joint statement settling their differences, Lomborg and Yohe agreed that the "failure" of Lomborg's emissions reduction plan "could be traced to faulty design". Lomborg awarded Tol a position on his Copenhagen Consensus panel again in 2009. Tol said that Lomborg "plays
1947-503: The beginning of the eighth century, the threat of Viking raids led to unrest in the Frisian Kingdom , causing many people to leave their hometowns and settle elsewhere. Following this example, Hornus – a bastard son of Redbad – allegedly moved westward along with his companions and, in 719, built a settlement west of the river Vlie , which he named after himself. This legendary settlement did not exist for long, as it burnt down only
2006-501: The city developed a highly varied and dynamic economy. In the 1970s, Hoorn was designated as an "overflow" city ( groeikern ) by the Dutch government to relieve pressure on the overcrowded Randstad region. As a consequence, thousands of people swapped their cramped little apartments in Amsterdam for a family house with a garden in one of Hoorn's newly developed residential areas. Hoorn
2065-524: The city of Hoorn (postal codes 1620–1628) and the villages of Zwaag (postal code 1689) and Blokker (postal code 1695), which are further divided into the following districts: Many of the houses in the historical city center date back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, especially in the area north of the harbor. Other notable buildings include: Hoorn has notable modern buildings as well, such as: Notable museums in Hoorn include: As of 16 June 2022,
2124-478: The city was named for its location in a sharp bight of (the former) Lake Flevo . As a descendant of the reconstructed Proto-Germanic *hurnijǭ , the name Hoorn is a cognate with Danish and Norwegian hjørne , Icelandic horn , Swedish hörn(a) , and West Frisian herne , which have all preserved the meaning of "corner". In Modern Dutch , however, the word hoorn translates to "horn", both in an acoustic and anatomical sense. In
2183-510: The conflict, but acting out their mischief from their own self-interest. In reality, the gremlins were a form of " buck passing " or deflecting blame. This led John Hazen to note that "the gremlin has been looked on as new phenomenon, a product of the machine age – the age of air". The concept of gremlins as a scapegoat was important to the morale of pilots according to the author and historian Marlin Bressi: "Gremlins, while imaginary, played
2242-488: The cost of carbon. He acknowledges that this level of taxation is too low to significantly discourage fossil fuel use but argues it would help to stimulate the development of fuel-saving technology and improve the competitiveness of renewable energy sources. He states that compliance may affect the coal and oil industries and the people they employ. In an interview with Der Spiegel in 2005, he argued that temperature rises between 2–4 °C would also have advantages. North of
2301-587: The earliest mentions of Hoorn is found in a letter which states that in 1303, a merchant from Bruges was imprisoned in West Friesland near a place called "Hornicwed". This phrase – although it is uncertain whether it actually refers to Hoorn – is a compound of the Middle Dutch words hornic , meaning "corner", and wed , meaning "shallow water". It is likely that the name Hoorn was indeed derived from Middle Dutch hornic , or simply horn , and that
2360-489: The eighteenth century. The prosperous trading port became little more than a sleepy fishing village on the Zuiderzee. Following Napoleonic occupation , there was a period during which the town gradually turned its back on the sea. It developed to become a regional center of trade, mainly serving the smaller villages of West Friesland. Stallholders and shopkeepers devoted themselves to the sale of dairy products and seeds. After
2419-507: The film project were met with notices in Hedda Hopper 's columns. The film project was reduced to an animated short and eventually cancelled in August 1943, when copyright and RAF rights could not be resolved. But thanks mainly to Disney, the story had its share of publicity, which helped in introducing the concept to a wider audience. Issues #33–41 of Walt Disney's Comics and Stories published between June 1943 and February 1944 contained
Richard Tol - Misplaced Pages Continue
2478-422: The idea that mankind must act now to prevent catastrophic global warming". Tol characterises his position as arguing that the economic costs of climate policy should be kept in proportion to its benefits. He argues against the 2 °C 'guardrail' target for limiting temperature rises. Tol does not advocate another target, but has suggested that a carbon tax of $ 20/tC would be a policy in line with estimates of
2537-631: The idea to send it to Walt Disney . The manuscript arrived in Disney's hands in July 1942, and he considered using it as material for a live action/animated full-length feature film, offering Dahl a contract. The film project was changed to an animated feature and entered pre-production, with characters "roughed out" and storyboards created. Disney managed to have the story published in the December 1942 issue of Cosmopolitan magazine. At Dahl's urging, in early 1943,
2596-433: The initial drama." Bjørn Lomborg chose Tol to participate in his " Copenhagen Consensus " project in 2008. In 2008, Tol collaborated with Gary Yohe , Richard G. Richels , and Geoffrey Blanford to prepare the "Challenge Paper" on global warming which examined three approaches devised by Lomborg for tackling the issue. The 3 results were then compared with 27 similar investigations, 3 each relating to 9 other 'challenges' in
2655-417: The introduction of railways and metalled roads in the late nineteenth century, Hoorn rapidly took its place as a conveniently located and easily accessible hub in the network of towns and villages of North Holland. In 1932, the Afsluitdijk was completed, and Hoorn was no longer a seaport. The years after World War II saw a period of renewed growth. At the center of a flourishing horticultural region,
2714-402: The marketplace to increase the sale of their beers. The construction of these buildings was completed in 1316 and led to the expansion of the settlement, as more merchants from Northern Germany and Denmark now visited the place to trade. As a result, the settlement quickly developed into a village, which was then given the name of Hoorn. The town officially became a city in 1357, when Hoorn
2773-673: The mistakes he attributed to " gremlins ". According to Tol, the old and new results were not significantly different. The degree to which the corrected, more pessimistic results alter the original conclusions and their policy implications was hotly debated. In 2015 it was reported that a second round of corrections to the paper was necessary. Tol was a coordinating lead author for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Tol said in March 2014 that he had withdrawn from
2832-413: The name comes from Hornus, a bastard son of King Redbad and brother of Aldgillis II , who presumably founded the city in 719 and named it after himself. A different theory claims that the name was derived from a sign depicting a post horn , which hung from one of the taverns established by brewers from Hamburg in the early fourteenth century . According to Hadrianus Junius , the name could also be
2891-505: The name from the Old English word gremian, "to vex", while Carol Rose, in her book Spirits, Fairies, Leprechauns, and Goblins: An Encyclopedia , attributes the name to a portmanteau of Grimm's Fairy Tales and Fremlin Beer . According to Paul Quinion , it is plausible that the term is a blend of the word "goblin" with the name of the manufacturer of the most common beer available in the RAF in
2950-446: The period examined but benefits continue to accrue after its conclusion. He pointed out that the study "stops short of the most that can be supported on a cost benefit basis" and stated that "it does not seem reasonable" to rely solely on Tol's own FUND model when alternatives "reported in the peer-reviewed literature are also credible". Gary Yohe later accused Lomborg of "deliberate distortion of our conclusions", adding that "as one of
3009-493: The river Gouw, which was the most convenient passage into the Zuiderzee for the surrounding villages. The marketplace attracted many foreign traders, most notably from Hamburg and Bremen , who came to sell their goods (mostly beer ) to the local population in return for butter and cheese . This also brought three brothers from Hamburg to the area, who recognized its convenient location and decided to each build an inn near
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#17328687632623068-553: The smaller villages of West Friesland. Nowadays, Hoorn is a city with modern residential areas and a historic city center that, due to its proximity to Amsterdam, is sometimes considered to be part of the Randstad metropolitan area . Cape Horn and the Hoorn Islands were both named after this city. The origin of the name Hoorn – in archaic spelling Hoern, Horne or Hoirn(e) – is surrounded in myths. According to old Frisian legends,
3127-558: The term in the sense of a mischievous creature that sabotages aircraft first arose in Royal Air Force (RAF) slang among British pilots stationed in Malta , the Middle East , and India in the 1920s, with the earliest printed record in a poem published in the journal Aeroplane in Malta on 10 April 1929. Later sources have sometimes claimed that the concept goes back to World War I , but there
3186-583: The writing team for the Summary for Policy Makers of the report in September 2013, citing disagreement with the profile of the report which he considered too alarmist and putting too little emphasis on opportunities to adapt to climate changes. On 20 May 2014 Tol claimed that the IPCC is alarmist because it favors initial scientific papers published on an issue, rather than the follow-up papers, which, he says, tend to "pooh-pooh
3245-579: Was an adjunct professor at Carnegie Mellon University 's Department of Engineering and Public Policy, and from 2010 to 2011 an adjunct professor at Trinity College, Dublin 's Department of Economics. Contradicting the scientific consensus on climate change , Tol considers the impact of climate change to be "relatively small". Despite being an economist he was also among the US Senate Republican Party's "list of scientists disputing man-made global warming claims", which stated that Tol "dismissed
3304-521: Was awarded city rights by William V , Count of Holland , after a lump sum payment of 1,550 schilden . The revolution in Hoorn occurred without bloodshed. The town’s middle classes, after a futile attempt to assert Hoorn’s wish to garrison neither the Spanish army nor the rebel Sea Beggars , and after much debate, voted to open the city’s gates to the Beggars. By that time, Hoorn had already been flanked by
3363-417: Was later decided that its name would be Batavia (present-day Jakarta ). A statue of Coen was placed on the city's central square Roode Steen in 1893. In 1616, the explorer Willem Schouten , together with Jacob Le Maire , braved furious storms as he rounded the southernmost tip of South America . He named it Kaap Hoorn ( Cape Horn ) in honor of his home town. Hoorn's fortunes declined somewhat in
3422-681: Was the Michael Otto Professor of Sustainability and Global Change and director of the Center for Marine and Atmospheric Sciences and board member of the Center for Marine and Climate Research at the University of Hamburg . Tol was a board member of the International Max Planck Research Schools on Earth System Modeling and Maritime Affairs and the European Forum on Integrated Environmental Assessment. From 1998 to 2008 he
3481-542: Was titled, A decision-analytic treatise of the enhanced greenhouse effect . In 1998, he contributed with some nineteen other academics to a joint project of the United Nations Environment Programme at his home university. Tol regularly participates in studies of the Energy Modeling Forum , is an editor of Energy Economics , associate editor of Environmental and Resource Economics , and
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