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109-518: Charles Richard Moll was born in Pasadena, California , the son of Violet Anita ( née Grill), a nurse, and Harry Findley Moll, a lawyer. He was tall early in his life, reaching 6 feet (1.83 m) by age 12. He kept growing until he was about 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) tall. As a child, he and his family would often visit Jackson Hole, Wyoming . He attended the University of California, Berkeley , and

218-432: A misnomer , as it does not constitute a legitimate form of therapy . Alternative terms include sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) and gender identity change efforts (GICE) —together, sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts (SOGICE). According to researcher Douglas C. Haldeman , SOCE and GICE should be considered together because both rest on the assumption "that gender-related behavior consistent with

327-593: A Native American tribe not local to the region. The name was chosen by American colonists from Indiana who would later move to the area. The Spanish first colonized the Los Angeles Basin in the 1770s as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain , building the San Gabriel Mission and renaming the local Tongva people "Gabrielino Indians", after the name of the mission. Today, several bands of Tongva people live in

436-478: A Sunday). The first parade was held in 1890 and was originally sponsored by the Valley Hunt Club , a Pasadena social club . The motivation for having the parade was, as member Professor Charles F. Holder said, "In New York, people are buried in snow. Here our flowers are blooming and our oranges are about to bear. Let's hold a festival to tell the world about our paradise." By 1895, the festivities had outgrown

545-614: A boon to Pasadena as Southern California became a major staging area for the Pacific War . High tech manufacturing and scientific companies made the city their home, a trend which continued in the decades following the war, notably with NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory , Tetra Tech and Ameron International. In the 1950s, Pasadena saw a steady influx of people from the Southern United States , especially African-Americans from Texas and Louisiana . Pasadena also began hosting

654-872: A clinical sample, the description of the outcomes was based upon subjective therapist impression, and follow-up data were poorly presented. Bieber reported a 27% success rate from long-term therapy, but only 18% of the patients in whom Bieber considered the treatment successful had been exclusively homosexual to begin with, while 50% had been bisexual. In Haldeman's view, this makes even Bieber's unimpressive claims of success misleading. Haldeman discusses other psychoanalytic studies of attempts to change homosexuality. Curran and Parr's "Homosexuality: An analysis of 100 male cases", published in 1957, reported no significant increase in heterosexual behavior. Mayerson and Lief's "Psychotherapy of homosexuals: A follow-up study of nineteen cases", published in 1965, reported that half of its 19 subjects were exclusively heterosexual in behavior four and

763-571: A conversion therapy ban for both sexual orientation and gender identity, with opposition ranging from 13 to 15 percent. Some jurisdictions have criminal bans on the practice of conversion therapy, including Canada, Ecuador, France, Germany, Malta, Mexico and Spain. In other countries, including Albania, Brazil, Chile, Vietnam and Taiwan, medical professionals are barred from practicing conversion therapy. In some states, lawsuits against conversion therapy providers for fraud have succeeded, but in other jurisdictions those claiming fraud must prove that

872-643: A decade. A year later, the 210 Freeway was built along a newly chosen route. The freeway's construction was controversial, as it caused the demolition of over a thousand homes, many historic, and many claimed that the route was designed to cut off the city's less wealthy neighborhoods. Downtown Pasadena became dangerous in some parts and deserted in others, and incidences of murder and arson skyrocketed. Old Pasadena faced destruction as plans for new high-rise developments were drawn up, though they were mostly stopped by increasingly active preservation advocates. Pasadena suffered demographically as many residents moved for

981-402: A female householder with no husband present, 2,460 (4.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 3,016 (5.5%) unmarried partnerships . 18,838 households (34.1%) were made up of individuals, and 5,748 (10.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42. There were 30,876 families (55.9% of all households); the average family size

1090-512: A float, going through the parade together with the line of parades. The Rose Courts also represent their own local communities and their high school that they attend. The Rose Bowl , a National Historic Landmark , is host of the first and most famous college football postseason bowl game , the Tournament of Roses Rose Bowl Game, every New Year's Day. In 1895, the Tournament of Roses Association

1199-506: A gangster on the television series Happy Days in the episode " Fonzie 's Funeral". In 1981, Moll co-starred with Jan-Michael Vincent and Kim Basinger in the film Hard Country , and he also played the abominable snowman in the comedy feature film Caveman . The same year, he had a small part in the Mork & Mindy episode "Alienation", where he appeared with future fellow Night Court cast member John Larroquette . In 1982, he played

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1308-478: A gesture of good will, Wilson added 2,000 acres (8 km ) of then-useless highland property, part of which would become Altadena . Colonel Jabez Banbury opened the first school on South Orange Grove Avenue. Banbury had twin daughters, named Jennie and Jessie. The two became the first students to attend Pasadena's first school on Orange Grove. At the time, the Indiana Colony was a narrow strip of land between

1417-503: A good relationship with their family and religious community. Adolescents who are pressured by their families into undergoing conversion therapy also typically come from a conservative religious background. Youth from families with low socioeconomic status are also more likely to undergo conversion therapy. As societal attitudes toward homosexuality have become more tolerant over time, the most harsh conversion therapy methods such as aversion have been reduced. Secular conversion therapy

1526-461: A half years after treatment, but its outcomes were based on patient self-report and had no external validation. In Haldeman's view, those participants in the study who reported change were bisexual at the outset, and its authors wrongly interpreted capacity for heterosexual sex as change of sexual orientation. The term "reparative therapy" has been used as a synonym for conversion therapy generally, but according to Jack Drescher it properly refers to

1635-400: A homosexual: A case report", published in 1982, as typical in this respect. Other methods of aversion therapy in addition to electric shock included ice baths, freezing, burning via metal coils, and hard labor. The intent was for the subject to associate homosexual feelings with pain and thus result in them being reduced. These methods have been concluded to be ineffective. Aversion therapy

1744-451: A large immigrant community, particularly from China , Japan , Philippines , Mexico , Guatemala , El Salvador , Italy , Armenia , and India . The American Academy of Dramatic Arts , founded in 1884 in New York, opened its Pasadena campus in 1974. However, in 2001 the conservatory moved from Pasadena to Hollywood. Training actors for the stage in a two year program, the conservatory

1853-514: A large overlap with the Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM), which promotes GET as first-line treatment for those under 25. GETA co-founder Lisa Marchiano stated U.S. President Joe Biden's executive order safeguarding trans youth from conversion therapy would have a "chilling effect" on GET practices. GETA also opposed Biden's Title IX changes protecting trans students from discrimination, stating allowing trans youth in restrooms would harm

1962-641: A last resort. Practitioners of GET often view medical transition as a last resort and propose their patient's dysphoria is caused by factors such as homophobia, social contagion, sexual trauma, and autism. Some practitioners of GET avoid using their patients' chosen names and pronouns while questioning their identification. Commenting on gender exploratory therapy in 2022, bioethicist Florence Ashley argued that its framing as an undirected exploration of underlying psychological issues bore similarities to gay conversion practices such as " reparative " therapy. States that have banned gender-affirming care for minors in

2071-603: A pellet that released testosterone . Most of the victims, non-consenting prisoners at Buchenwald , died shortly thereafter. An unknown number of men were castrated in West Germany and chemical castration was used in other Western countries, notably against Alan Turing in the United Kingdom. Ex-gay ministries are religious groups that attempt to use religion to eliminate or change somebody's sexual orientation. The ex-gay umbrella organization Exodus International in

2180-415: A protest against Eysenck by gay activist Peter Tatchell in a London Medical Group Symposium in 1972. Tatchell said that the therapy promoted by Eysenck was a form of torture . Tatchell denounced Eysenck's form of behavioral therapy as inducing depression and suicide among gay men who were subjected to it. In the 1940s and 1950s, U.S. neurologist Walter Freeman popularized the ice-pick lobotomy as

2289-523: A real estate boom. Tourist hotels were developed in the city. Pasadena became a winter resort for wealthy Easterners, spurring the development of new neighborhoods and business districts, and increased road and transit connections with Los Angeles. In 1940, when the Arroyo Seco Parkway , California's first freeway, connected Pad. By that time, Pasadena had become the eighth-largest city in California and

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2398-512: A specific kind of therapy associated with the psychologists Elizabeth Moberly and Joseph Nicolosi . For example, he wrote: The term reparative refers to Nicolosi's postulate that same-sex attraction is a person's unconscious attempt to "self-repair" feelings of inferiority. After California banned conversion practices, Nicolosi argued that "reparative therapy" didn't attempt to directly change sexual orientation but instead encourage exploration into its underlying causes, which he believed

2507-482: A speech at an ATCSI conference which endorsed GET and argued it "truly is very similar to how the Alliance has always approached unwanted same-sex attraction". There is a scientific consensus that conversion therapy is ineffective at changing a person's sexual orientation. Advocates of conversion therapy rely heavily on testimonials and retrospective self-reports as evidence of effectiveness. Studies purporting to validate

2616-673: A suicide attempt rate nearly twice that of those who did not. Modern-day practitioners of conversion therapy—primarily from a conservative religious viewpoint—disagree with current evidence-based medicine and clinical guidance that does not view homosexuality and gender variance as unnatural or unhealthy. In 2020, ILGA world published a world survey and report Curbin Deception listing consequences and life-threatening effects by associating specific public testimonies with different types of methods used to practice conversion therapies. A 2022 study estimated that conversion therapy of youth in

2725-669: A time-limited prison sentence was sufficient to eliminate homosexuality. Although theoretically voluntary, some homosexuals were subject to severe pressure and coercion to agree to castration. There was no age limit; some boys as young as 16 were castrated. Those who agreed to castration after a Paragraph 175 conviction were exempted from being transferred to a concentration camp after completing their legal sentence. Some concentration camp prisoners were also subjected to castration. An estimated 400 to 800 men were castrated. Endocrinologist Carl Vaernet attempted to change homosexual concentration camp prisoners' sexual orientations by implanting

2834-405: A treatment for homosexuality. He personally performed as many as 3,439 lobotomy surgeries in 23 states, of which 2,500 used his ice-pick procedure, despite the fact that he had no formal surgical training. In West Germany, a type of brain surgery usually involving destruction of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus was done to some homosexual men during the 1960s and 1970s. The practice

2943-884: A villain with a deep, growling voice. He voiced Two-Face in Batman: The Animated Series , Scorpion in later episodes of Spider-Man (who was originally voiced by Martin Landau ) and the Abomination in The Incredible Hulk (who was originally voiced by Kevin Schon ). Moll also provided voice work in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode " Chill of the Night! " voicing Lew Moxon as well as briefly reprising Two-Face (who

3052-463: A wide variety of restaurants, nightclubs, outdoor cafés, pubs, and comedy clubs. "One Colorado" features renovated historic architecture that attracted the new retail stores and restaurants. This development filled vacant buildings and was the impetus of the revitalization of Old Town on Colorado Boulevard . Paseo Colorado is an open-air mall that covers three city blocks, anchored on the west end by upscale grocery store Gelson's (recently closed), on

3161-970: A year at the Ambassador Auditorium and the Pasadena Pops plays at the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden . The Civic Center also holds a few traveling Broadway shows each year. Conversion therapy Conversion therapy is the pseudoscientific practice of attempting to change an individual's sexual orientation , romantic orientation , gender identity , or gender expression to align with heterosexual and cisgender norms. Methods that have been used to this end include forms of brain surgery , surgical or chemical (hormonal) castration , aversion therapy treatments such as electric shocks, nausea-inducing drugs, hypnosis , counseling, spiritual interventions, visualization, psychoanalysis , and arousal reconditioning. There

3270-505: Is a large swap meet that involves thousands of dealers and tens of thousands of visitors in and around the grounds of the Rose Bowl. The merchandise on display ranges from old world antiques to California pottery to vintage clothing. The flea market has been held every second Sunday of the month since 1967. According to the City's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in

3379-433: Is a scientific consensus that conversion therapy is ineffective at changing a person's sexual orientation or gender identity and that it frequently causes significant long-term psychological harm. The position of current evidence-based medicine and clinical guidance is that homosexuality , bisexuality , and gender variance are natural and healthy aspects of human sexuality . An increasing number of jurisdictions around

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3488-669: Is also home to many scientific, educational, and cultural institutions, including the California Institute of Technology , Pasadena City College , Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine , Fuller Theological Seminary , Theosophical Society , Parsons Corporation , Art Center College of Design , the Planetary Society , the Pasadena Playhouse , the Ambassador Auditorium , the Norton Simon Museum , and

3597-715: Is bounded by the Raymond Fault line, the San Rafael Hills , and the San Gabriel Mountains . The Arroyo Seco , a major geographic feature and home of the Rose Bowl, flows from headwaters in Pasadena's towering Angeles National Forest greenbelt in the San Gabriel Mountains . According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 23.1 square miles (60 km ), over 99% of it land; 0.68%

3706-463: Is offered less often due to reduced medical pathologization of homosexuality, and religious practitioners have become more dominant. Aversion therapy used on homosexuals included electric shock and nausea-inducing drugs during presentation of same-sex erotic images. Cessation of the aversive stimuli was typically accompanied by the presentation of opposite-sex erotic images, with the objective of strengthening heterosexual feelings. Another method used

3815-414: Is typically sparse, but the marine layer becomes more persistent. Locals have dubbed June " June Gloom " as it is the cloudiest month despite being the 3rd driest month. By July, the marine layer subsides as inland areas cool due to an increased monsoon flow. Heatwaves from July through October can be oppressive and lengthy. In addition, it rarely rains during the summer and fall months, and only does when

3924-657: Is water. Pasadena has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csa ), with typically hotter summers and slightly cooler winters than nearby coastal areas. Its location relative to the San Gabriel mountains allows the orographic lift to add several more inches of rainfall per year than nearby areas. During the first few months of the year, Pasadena experiences cool to warm highs, typically in the upper 60s (16–18 °C) to lower 70s (21–24 °C). Colder days are usually accompanied by heavier rain. By April, temperatures warm further, and rain tapers off significantly. By May and June, rain

4033-483: Is well represented in Pasadena. The architectural firm Greene and Greene developed the style; many of its residences still stand. Two examples of their Ultimate bungalow are the masterpiece Gamble House , of which public tours are available, and the Robert R. Blacker House , both designated California Historical Landmarks and enrolled on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places . The Second World War proved to be

4142-533: The Hippocratic oath to do no harm and to refrain from attempts at conversion therapy. Furthermore, they state that conversion therapy is harmful and that it often exploits individual's guilt and anxiety, thereby damaging self-esteem and leading to depression and even suicide. There is also concern in the mental health community that the advancement of conversion therapy can cause social harm by disseminating inaccurate views about gender identity, sexual orientation, and

4251-796: The USC Pacific Asia Museum . The earliest known inhabitants of Pasadena and its surroundings were members of the Native American Hahamog-na tribe, a branch of the Tongva Nation. They spoke the Tongva language , part of the Uto-Aztecan language group. Native Americans had lived in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years. Pasadena means "valley" in the language of the Ojibwe ,

4360-509: The hypnotic susceptibility of the subjects. Haldeman writes that psychoanalytic treatment of homosexuality is exemplified by the work of Irving Bieber et al. in Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals . They advocated long-term therapy aimed at resolving the unconscious childhood conflicts that they considered responsible for homosexuality. Haldeman notes that Bieber's methodology has been criticized because it relied upon

4469-551: The 2010 video game Dante's Inferno , he voiced Death (which he shared with Dee Bradley Baker ) and King Minos . Moll was married twice: he was married to Laura Class from 1989 to 1992 and Susan Brown from 1993 to 2005. He had two children with Brown as well as stepchildren. Moll was an avid bird watcher who spent his retirement in Big Bear Lake, California . Moll died at his home in Big Bear Lake on October 26, 2023, at

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4578-606: The Arroyo Seco and Fair Oaks Avenue . On the other side of the street was Wilson's Lake Vineyard development. After more than a decade of parallel development on both sides, the two settlements merged into the City of Pasadena. The region drew people from across the country. In 1887, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway opened its Second District and began making stops at the Santa Fe Depot in downtown Pasadena. This triggered

4687-524: The Arroyo Seco area. The new stadium hosted its first New Year's Day football game in 1923. It was soon christened "The Rose Bowl", as was the game itself . The Rose Bowl , also holds annual Fourth of July events in its stadium. Since fireworks are illegal in Los Angeles County. Due to fireworks being banned or illegal, people gather together at the Rose Bowl to watch the night sky light up with colorful fireworks. The legendary Pasadena Playhouse ,

4796-534: The Bull persona in commercials for the Washington Lottery . Moll played the role of Big Ben in the 1985 horror film House . He earned a Saturn Award nomination for the role. Moll made an appearance in the first episode of Highlander: The Series as Slan Quince, the villain who reunites Connor MacLeod with his kinsman and the show's protagonist, Duncan MacLeod . Moll made a guest appearance on Babylon 5 in

4905-734: The European Convention on Human Rights" and having no place in a human rights-based society urging the Member States of the Council of Europe to ban them for both adults and minors, later in July 2023 she advocated for clear actions during a public hearing at the European Parliament studying different approaches to legally ban "conversion therapies" in the European Union . In September 2024 it

5014-509: The Los Angeles area. In 1821, Mexico became independent of Spain, and California came under control of the Mexican government. In 1833, the mission lands were secularized and most of the lands in California were granted to private Mexican citizens in the form of ranchos. Present-day Pasadena was divided between Rancho San Rafael (lands west of the Arroyo Seco extending to present-day Burbank in

5123-600: The Mexican owners of Rancho del Rincon de San Pascual was Manuel Garfias , who retained title to the property through the American conquest of California in 1848 and statehood in 1850. Garfias sold sections of the property to the first Anglo settlers to come into the area: Dr. Benjamin Eaton , the father of Fred Eaton ; and Dr. S. Griffin. Much of the property was purchased by Benjamin Wilson , who established his Lake Vineyard property in

5232-647: The Rose Court. There are total 7 candidates that advances to the Rose Court and one is chosen to be the Rose Queen and the others to be the Rose Princess. The Rose Court's main goal is to support local communities and local stores. They visit small stores owned by local residents to boost the activity of the area and to keep them in the current flow of the economics. During the Rose Parade, the Rose Court members are also on

5341-560: The Santa Ana winds. The Santa Ana winds can produce heat, high winds, power outages, tree damage and an increased wildfire threat whenever they strike. By December, lows typically drop into the 40s (below 10 °C) with the occasional reading in the 30s (under 5 °C and down to freezing). Highs remain around 68 °F (20 °C) with heatwaves pushing temperatures into the mid-80s (around 30 °C). A high temperature of at least 85 °F (29 °C) has been recorded on all 365 days of

5450-657: The State Theater of California, is a member supported theater company that celebrated their centennial season in 2018. The theater puts on five shows a year. In 1937, the Pasadena Playhouse established a record as the only theatre in the United States to have staged the entire Shakespearean canon. Today, the Playhouse is known for their innovative productions. The Pasadena Symphony , founded in 1928, offers several concerts

5559-452: The United States ceased activities in June 2013, and the three member board issued a statement which repudiated its aims and apologized for the harm their pursuit has caused to LGBT people. Ex-trans organizations often overlap and portray being trans as inherently sinful or against God's design, or pathologize gender variance as due to trauma, social contagion, or " gender ideology ." Hypnosis

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5668-554: The United States cost $ 650.16 million annually with an additional $ 9.5 billion in associated costs such as increased suicide and substance abuse. Youth who undergo conversion therapy from a religious provider have more negative mental health outcomes than those who had consulted a licensed healthcare provider. A 2020 survey carried out on US adults found majority support for banning conversion therapy for minors. A 2022 YouGov poll found majority support in England, Scotland, and Wales for

5777-822: The United States have called expert witnesses to argue that exploratory therapy should be the alternative treatment. There are no known empirical studies examining psychosocial or medical outcomes following GET. Concerns have been raised that by not providing an estimated length of time for the therapy, the delays in medical interventions may compound mental suffering in trans youth, while gender-affirming model of care already promotes gender identity exploration without favoring any particular identity, and individualized care. GET proponents deny this. Multiple groups exist worldwide to promote GET and have been successful in influencing legal discussions and clinical guidance in some regions. The Gender Exploratory Therapy Association (GETA) asserts that "psychological approaches should be

5886-515: The Valley Hunt Club, and the Tournament of Roses Association was formed to take charge of the parade. The Rose Parade, as it is familiarly known, traditionally features elaborate floats, bands and equestrian units. According to the organizers, "Every inch of every float must be covered with flowers, or other natural materials, such as leaves, seeds, or bark. On average a float requires about 100,000 flowers and greenery. Volunteer workers swarm over

5995-533: The age of 80. Pasadena, California Pasadena ( / ˌ p æ s ə ˈ d iː n ə / PAS -ə- DEE -nə ) is a city in Los Angeles County, California , United States, 11 miles (18 km) northeast of downtown Los Angeles . It is the most populous city and the primary cultural center of the San Gabriel Valley . Old Pasadena is the city's original commercial district. Its population

6104-462: The association to reconsider whether homosexuality should be listed as a disorder. The APA delisted homosexuality in 1973, which contributed to shifts in public opinion on homosexuality. Despite their lack of scientific backing, some socially or religiously conservative activists continued to argue that if one person's sexuality could be changed, homosexuality was not a fixed class such as race . Borrowing from discredited psychoanalytic ideas about

6213-530: The best view along the parade route. The Rose Parade is satirized by the popular Doo Dah Parade , an annual event that originated in Old Pasadena in 1978, and soon gained national notoriety. Reader's Digest named the Doo Dah Parade "America's Best Parade", and was a recent feature in 50 Places You Must Visit Before You Die! . It was formerly held around Thanksgiving, a month before the Rose Parade, but

6322-474: The cause of homosexuality, some of these individuals offered conversion therapy. In 2001, conversion therapy attracted attention when Robert L. Spitzer published a non- peer-reviewed study asserting that some homosexuals could change their sexual orientation. Many researchers made methodological criticisms of the study, which Spitzer later repudiated. Gender Identity Change Efforts (GICE) refer to practices of healthcare providers and religious counselors with

6431-409: The child and mother less, expecting both to exhibit stereotypical gender roles , and having them praise their child's masculine behaviors, and shame their feminine and gender-nonconforming ones. These interventions resulted in depression in the children and feelings of betrayal from parents that the treatments failed. In the 1970s, UCLA psychologist Richard Green recruited Ole Ivar Lovaas to adapt

6540-531: The child from identifying as transgender by modifying gender behavior and presentation to conform to the expectations of the assigned gender at birth, which he dubbed the "living in your own skin" model. His model used the same interventions as Green with the addition of psychodynamic therapy . A frequent motivation for adults who pursue conversion therapy is their religious beliefs, especially evangelical Christianity and Orthodox Judaism , that disapprove of same-sex relations. These adults prioritize maintaining

6649-526: The choice between prison and undergoing aversion therapy. It was also offered to a few British women, but was never the standard treatment for either homosexual men or women. In the 1970s, behaviorist Hans Eysenck was one of the main advocates of counterconditioning with malaise-inducing drugs and electric shock for homosexuals. He wrote that this type of therapy was successful in nearly 50% of cases. However, his studies were disputed. Behavior therapists, including Eysenck, used aversive methods. This led to

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6758-410: The city are: Other companies based in Pasadena include Idealab , Inter-Con Security , Green Dot Corporation , Tetra Tech , Wesco Financial , OpenX , Stark Spirits Distillery, and Wetzel's Pretzels . The Los Angeles office of China Eastern Airlines is also located in Pasadena. Pasadena is home to the Tournament of Roses Parade, held each year on January 1 (or on January 2, if the 1st falls on

6867-656: The city is located just north-west of the townhall on the other side of Garfield Avenue. The 2010 United States Census reported that Pasadena had a population of 137,122. The population density was 5,928.8 inhabitants per square mile (2,289.1/km ). The racial makeup of Pasadena was 76,550 (55.8%) White , 14,650 (10.7%) African American , down from 19.0% in 1990, 827 (0.6%) Native American , 19,595 (14.3%) Asian , 134 (0.1%) Pacific Islander , 18,675 (13.6%) from other races , and 6,691 (4.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 46,174 persons (33.7%). Non-Hispanic White residents were 38.8% of

6976-414: The development and proliferation of GICE. Early interventions were rooted in psychoanalytic hypotheses. Robert Stoller advanced the theory that gender-nonconforming behavior and expression in children assigned male at birth (AMAB) was caused by being overly close to their mother. Richard Green continued his research; his methods for altering behavior included having the father spend more time with

7085-608: The drifter on the Nickelodeon show 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd . In 2001, he played Hugh Kane, the ghost haunting a mansion in Scary Movie 2 . In 2007, he played (along with M. Steven Felty) Kolchak Jefferson Stillwall in the Anthony C. Ferrante horror film Headless Horseman . In 2014, Moll appeared as a security guard on an episode of Anger Management with Charlie Sheen . Moll can be heard in many animated productions, often as

7194-595: The early 1900s and was demolished in 1934. The world-famous Mount Lowe Railway and associated mountain hotels shut down four years later due to fire damage. Three hotel structures have survived, the Green Hotel (a co-op since 1926), the Vista Del Arroyo (now used as a Federal courthouse), and a residential tower of the Maryland at 80 North Euclid Avenue (a co-op since 1953). The American Craftsman era in art and design

7303-535: The east end by Macy's (also closed) and Arclight Cinemas centers the middle portion of the mall. Another shopping district is located in the South Lake Avenue neighborhood. On Lake Avenue, a Macy's department store and furniture gallery is in a registered California historical landmark. The building was originally designed and built as the fourth Bullock's department store in the mid-1950s (the last freestanding store they constructed). The Rose Bowl Flea Market

7412-621: The eastern Pacific and dry years with La Niña cold water conditions. The most rainfall in one month was 19.70 inches (500.4 mm) in February 1980. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 7.70 inches (195.6 mm) on March 2, 1938. Situated at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains, snow is known to fall occasionally in Pasadena. The heaviest snowfall in Pasadena history occurred on January 11, 1949; 8 inches (20.3 cm) fell at Pasadena's city hall and more than 14 inches (35.6 cm) fell in

7521-611: The effectiveness of efforts to change sexual orientation or gender identity have been criticized for methodological flaws. After conversion therapy has failed to change someone's sexual orientation or gender identity, participants often feel increased shame that they already felt over their sexual orientation or gender identity. Conversion therapy can cause significant, long-term psychological harm. This includes significantly higher rates of depression , substance abuse , and other mental health issues in individuals who have undergone conversion therapy than their peers who did not, including

7630-583: The episode " Hunter, Prey " as a lurker criminal who was holding a VIP hostage, and as a gangster on Married... with Children . Moll made another guest appearance in the TV series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys , playing the cyclops in episode two, "Eye of the Beholder". In Super Password , Moll appeared with Judy Norton Taylor , Nancy Lane, Markie Post , Gloria Loring , Florence Halop , Debra Maffett , Elaine Joyce , and Kim Morgan Greene , with Bert Convy as

7739-530: The find a secret, Berry code-named the area "Muscat" after the grape that Wilson grew. To raise funds to bring the company of people to San Pascual, Berry formed the Southern California Orange and Citrus Growers Association and sold stock in it. The newcomers were able to purchase a large portion of the property along the Arroyo Seco and on January 31, 1874, they incorporated the Indiana Colony . As

7848-460: The first-line treatment for all cases of gender dysphoria", that medical interventions for transgender youth are "experimental and should be avoided if possible", and that social transition is "risky". All of GETA's leaders are members of Genspect , a " gender-critical " group that promotes GET and argues that gender-affirming care should not be available to those under 25. In late 2023, GETA changed their name to "Therapy First". GETA also shares

7957-399: The floats in the days after Christmas, their hands and clothes covered with glue and petals." The most perishable flowers are placed in small vials of water, which are placed onto the float individually. Over the almost 3 hours of the parade, floats, and participants travel over five miles (8.0 km) and pass by over one million viewers who traditionally camp out over New Year's Eve to have

8066-413: The foothills above the city. The most recent snowfall in Pasadena was 1 inch (2.5 cm) on February 21, 2019. On November 30 and December 1, 2011, Pasadena, along with surrounding communities, was struck by a major windstorm caused by Santa Ana winds. The city suffered heavy damage with trees toppled, buildings damaged and even the roof of a gas station torn off. The official NOAA weather station for

8175-612: The game show's host from 1984 to 1987. Moll played himself in The Facts of Life (Season 9, episodes 1 and 2: "Down and Out in Malibu"). Moll appeared in The Flintstones and Casper Meets Wendy , both TV spin-offs . In 1999's But I'm a Cheerleader , Moll played a gay man who, with his partner ( Wesley Mann ), helps gay teenagers escape from a nearby camp where parents send their teenage offspring for conversion therapy . He played

8284-402: The goal of attempting to alter a person's gender identity or expression to conform to social norms. Examples include aversion therapy , cognitive restructuring , and psychoanalytic and talk therapies. Western medical-model narratives have historically institutionalized transphobia : systemically favoring a binary gender model and pathologizing gender diversity and non-conformity. This aided

8393-400: The individual's birth sex is normative and anything else is unacceptable and should be changed". "Reparative therapy" may refer to conversion therapy in general, or to a subset thereof . Advocates of conversion therapy do not necessarily use the term either, instead using phrases such as "healing from sexual brokenness" and "struggling with same-sex attraction". The term homosexual

8502-479: The mental health of their peers. The American College of Pediatricians , a small group aligned with the Christian Right, has cited numerous studies from SEGM to claim GET is necessary to restore transgender people's "biological integrity". In November 2023, Michelle Cretella, a board member of the pro conversion therapy group Alliance for Therapeutic Choice and Scientific Integrity (ATCSI, formerly NARTH), gave

8611-565: The nearby suburbs or the Inland Empire , causing an overall decrease in population. Despite these setbacks, many local artists and hipsters moved in to take advantage of low property values. Their legacy can be seen today in the Doo Dah Parade which began in 1976. In 2014, several arrests were made involving an embezzlement scheme which stole an estimated $ 6.4 million from the city's Underground Utility Program. The greater Pasadena area

8720-403: The northwest to Glassell Park in the southwest), Rancho del Rincon de San Pascual , (present-day central Pasadena, Altadena , and South Pasadena ), and Rancho Santa Anita (present-day east Pasadena, Arcadia, and Monrovia). Rancho del Rincon de San Pascual was so named because it was deeded on Easter Sunday to Eulalia Perez de Guillén Mariné of Mission San Gabriel Arcángel . The last of

8829-658: The parade is now held in January. In 2011, after 33 years in Pasadena, the parade moved to East Pasadena for the first time. It features unusual and absurd entrants such as the BBQ & Hibachi Marching Grill Team, the Men of Leisure, and the Bastard Sons of Lee Marvin. Proceeds from the parade's pancake breakfast, T-shirts, and after-party are donated to charity. The Tournament of Roses also auditions local female high school students to be part of

8938-679: The perpetrator was intentionally dishonest. Thus, a provider who genuinely believes conversion therapy is effective could not be convicted. Conversion therapy on minors may amount to child abuse . In 2020, the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims released an official statement that conversion therapy is torture. The same year, UN Independent Expert on sexual orientation and gender identity, Victor Madrigal-Borloz , said that conversion therapy practices are "inherently discriminatory, that they are cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment , and that depending on

9047-492: The population living below the federal poverty line. For people ages 25 and over, 88.3% had a high school degree or higher while 52.3% had a Bachelor's degree or higher. According to Mapping L.A. , Mexican and English were the most common ethnic ancestries cited by residents in 2000. Mexico and the Philippines were the most common foreign places of birth. Old Town Pasadena spans 21 blocks downtown. It boasts shops and

9156-414: The population, down from 70.4% in 1970. The Census reported that 133,629 people (97.5% of the population) lived in households, 2,472 (1.8%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 1,021 (0.7%) were institutionalized. There were 55,270 households, out of which 14,459 (26.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 22,285 (40.3%) were married couples living together, 6,131 (11.1%) had

9265-535: The remnants of hurricanes and tropical storms pass by. In fact, some days in both July and August have never recorded rainfall. It is not impossible to go 6 months without measurable precipitation. The average highest temperature recorded each year is around 106 °F (41 °C). The hottest heatwaves of the year usually occur in mid to late September. By late October, temperatures drop off. By November, Pacific storms return to Pasadena, bringing increasingly heavy rain and cooler weather. Along with them, however, are

9374-549: The severity or physical or mental pain and suffering inflicted to the victim, they may amount to torture". He recommended that it should be banned across the world. In 2021, Ilias Trispiotis and Craig Purshouse argue that conversion therapy violates the prohibition against degrading treatment under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights , leading to a state obligation to prohibit it. In February 2023 Commissioner for Human Rights , Dunja Mijatović , qualified those practices as “irreconcilable with several guarantees under

9483-513: The sorcerer Xusia in The Sword and the Sorcerer . In 1983, Moll shaved his head for the role of Hurok in the science fiction B movie Metalstorm: The Destruction of Jared-Syn . The producers of the TV sitcom Night Court liked the look so much in his audition that they asked him to keep it. He played bailiff Aristotle Nostradamus "Bull" Shannon on Night Court from 1984 to 1992. He also used

9592-479: The techniques of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy to attempt to prevent children from becoming transsexual . Deemed the "Feminine Boy Project", the treatments used operant conditioning to reward gender-conforming behaviors, and punish gender non-conforming behaviors. Kenneth Zucker at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health adopted Richard Green's methods, but narrowed the scope to attempting to prevent

9701-618: The vicinity. Wilson, known as Don Benito to the local Indians, also owned the Rancho Jurupa ( Riverside, California ) and was mayor of Los Angeles . He was the grandfather of WWII General George S. Patton, Jr. and the namesake of Mount Wilson . In 1873, Wilson was visited by Dr. Daniel M. Berry of Indiana, who was looking for a place in the country that could offer a mild climate for his patients, most of whom suffered from respiratory ailments. Berry, an asthmatic, concluded that he had his best three nights' sleep at Rancho San Pascual. To keep

9810-593: The world have passed laws against conversion therapy . Historically, conversion therapy was the treatment of choice for individuals who disclosed same-sex attractions or exhibited gender nonconformity, which were formerly assumed to be pathologies by the medical establishment. When performed today, conversion therapy may constitute fraud and when performed on minors, a form of child abuse ; it has been described by experts as torture ; cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment ; and contrary to human rights . Medical professionals and activists consider "conversion therapy"

9919-518: The world have uniformly denounced and criticized sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts. They state that there has been no scientific demonstration of "conversion therapy's" efficacy. They find that conversion therapy is ineffective, risky and can be harmful. Anecdotal claims of cures are counterbalanced by assertions of harm, and the American Psychiatric Association, for example, cautions ethical practitioners under

10028-530: The year, with temperatures over 100 °F (38 °C) possible April through early November. Pasadena averages 20.08 inches (510.0 mm) of rain a year, about 6 inches (150 mm) more than nearby Los Angeles due to the orographic effect created by the San Gabriel Mountains . The wettest "rain year" was from July 1940 to June 1941 with 46.32 inches (1,176.5 mm) and the driest from July 1960 to June 1961 with 7.18 inches (182.4 mm). Wet years are commonly associated with El Niño warm surface water in

10137-426: Was 138,699 at the 2020 census , making it the 45th largest city in California and the ninth-largest city in Los Angeles County. Pasadena was incorporated on June 19, 1886, becoming one of the first cities to be incorporated in what is now Los Angeles County, following the city of Los Angeles (April 4, 1850). Pasadena is known for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game and Tournament of Roses Parade . It

10246-438: Was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.6%. 64,306 people (46.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 69,323 people (50.6%) lived in rental housing units . According to the 2010 United States Census, Pasadena had a median household income of $ 69,302, with 13.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line . During 2015–2019, Pasadena had a median household income of $ 83,068, with 14.5% of

10355-654: Was 3.18. The age distribution of the population was as follows: 26,507 people (19.3%) were under the age of 18, 12,609 people (9.2%) aged 18 to 24, 45,371 people (33.1%) aged 25 to 44, 34,073 people (24.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 18,562 people (13.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males. There were 59,551 housing units at an average density of 2,574.8 units per square mile (994.1 units/km ), of which 24,863 (45.0%) were owner-occupied, and 30,407 (55.0%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate

10464-508: Was a "phobic avoidance of heterosexuality caused by inadequate early parenting". This line of thinking was popular in psychiatric models of homosexuality based on the prison population or homosexuals seeking treatment. In contrast, sexology researchers such as Alfred Kinsey argued that homosexuality was a normal variation in human development. In 1970, gay activists confronted the American Psychiatric Association , persuading

10573-528: Was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order fraternity . During his time at UC Berkeley, Moll performed in works of William Shakespeare . In the 1977 film Brigham , Moll (credited as Charles Moll) appeared as Joseph Smith , founder of the Latter Day Saint movement . Moll would go on to often portray hulking or imposing characters due to his height and deep voice. In 1979, Moll played the part of Eugene,

10682-425: Was coined by German-speaking Hungarian writer Karl Maria Kertbeny and was in circulation by the 1880s. Into the middle of the twentieth century, competing views of homosexuality were advanced by psychoanalysis versus academic sexology . Sigmund Freud , the founder of psychoanalysis, viewed homosexuality as a form of arrested development . Later psychoanalysts followed Sandor Rado , who argued that homosexuality

10791-555: Was criticized by sexologist Volkmar Sigusch . In early twentieth century Germany experiments were carried out in which homosexual men were subjected to unilateral orchiectomy and testicles of heterosexual men were transplanted. These operations were a complete failure. Surgical castration of homosexual men was widespread in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. SS leader Heinrich Himmler ordered homosexual men to be sent to concentration camps because he did not consider

10900-575: Was developed in Czechoslovakia between 1950 and 1962 and in the British Commonwealth from 1961 into the mid-1970s. In the context of the Cold War, Western psychologists ignored the poor results of their Czechoslovak counterparts, who had concluded that aversion therapy was not effective by 1961 and recommended decriminalization of homosexuality instead. Some men in the United Kingdom were offered

11009-401: Was formed to take charge of the parade. In 1902, the association declared that a football game would be added to the day's events. This was the first post-season college football game to be played on New Year's Day and is known as, "The Grandaddy of Them All"; many other football stadiums followed suit. After two decades, the game outgrew its original facility, and a new stadium was constructed in

11118-610: Was mainly voiced by James Remar ). His first role in an animated film was as a beat poet in Ralph Bakshi 's American Pop . He starred as Norman in the animated series Mighty Max . He also voiced Vorn the Unspeakable, a Cthulhu -like character in the Freakazoid! episode "Statuesque". Moll voiced the Devil Hulk in the 2005 video game Incredible Hulk: Ultimate Destruction . In

11227-544: Was often childhood trauma. Previous editions of the World Health Organization 's ICD included " sexual relationship disorder ", in which a person's sexual orientation or gender identity makes it difficult to form or maintain a relationship with a sexual partner. The belief that their sexual orientation has caused problems in their relationship may lead some people to turn to a marriage therapist for help to change their sexual orientation. Sexual orientation disorder

11336-481: Was removed from the most recent ICD, ICD-11 , after the Working Group on Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health determined that its inclusion was unjustified. Gender exploratory therapy (GET) is a form of conversion therapy characterized by requiring mandatory extended talk therapy attempting to find pathological roots for gender dysphoria while simultaneously delaying social and medical transition and viewing it as

11445-783: Was reported that the European Union is considering banning "conversion therapies" across its Member States, while a European Citizens' Initiative that started collecting signatures in May 2024 is also calling on the European Commission to outlaw such practices. Efforts to change sexual orientation have been depicted and discussed in popular culture and various media. More recent examples include: Boy Erased , The Miseducation of Cameron Post , Book of Mormon musical , Ratched , and documentary features Pray Away , Homotherapy: A Religious Sickness. National health organizations around

11554-453: Was the covert sensitization method, which involves instructing patients to imagine vomiting or receiving electric shocks, writing that only single case studies have been conducted, and that their results cannot be generalized. Haldeman writes that behavioral conditioning studies tend to decrease homosexual feelings, but do not increase heterosexual feelings, citing Rangaswami's "Difficulties in arousing and increasing heterosexual responsiveness in

11663-475: Was the first school in the United States to offer professional education in the field of acting. Point Loma Nazarene University was located in Pasadena for many years before relocating to San Diego County , and retained the names Pasadena University and Pasadena College. In 1969, the Pasadena Unified School District was desegregated, though the issue would continue to be fought in court for

11772-650: Was used in conversion therapy since the 19th century by Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Albert von Schrenck-Notzing . In 1967, Canadian psychiatrist Peter Roper published a case study of treating 15 homosexual (some of which would probably be considered bisexual by modern standards) people with hypnosis. Allegedly, 8 showed "marked improvement" (they reportedly lost sexual attraction towards the same sex altogether), 4 mild improvements (decrease of "homosexual tendencies"), and 3 no improvement after hypnotic treatment; he concluded that "hypnosis may well produce more satisfactory results than those obtainable by other means", depending on

11881-517: Was widely considered a twin city to Los Angeles. The first of the hotels to be established in Pasadena was the Raymond (1886) atop Bacon Hill, renamed Raymond Hill after construction.The original Mansard Victorian 200-room facility burned down on Easter morning of 1895, was rebuilt in 1903, and razed during the Great Depression to make way for residential development. The Maryland Hotel existed from

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