Richard Cantarella (born December 19, 1944), also known as Shellackhead , was an American mobster who became a captain for the New York City-based Bonanno crime family and later a government witness .
119-517: Cantarella was born to Italian parents on the Lower East Side, Manhattan and raised in Knickerbocker Village , a public housing development that was home to many Bonanno family members. A skinny kid with jet-black hair, Cantarella got the name "Shellackhead" from his hair pomade . Cantarella was married to Lauretta Castelli and they had a son, Paul Cantarella. As a young man, Cantarella
238-422: A Doppler shift in the frequency of the reflected energy, by a phase shift, or by a sudden reduction of the level of received energy. Any of these effects may indicate motion of an intruder. Microwave detectors are low cost, easy to install, have an invisible perimeter barrier. and is not affected by fog, rain, snow, sand storms, or wind. May be affected by the presence of water dripping on the ground. Typically need
357-572: A Bonanno club in Bensonhurst, where he was murdered. In December 2003, Perrino's skeleton was excavated from the floor of a construction company in Staten Island . Perrino had been shot multiple times to the head. Cantarella was eventually convicted of grand larceny for his "no show" job at the Post and served seven months in prison. With Vitale's conviction in 2001, Cantarella became acting underboss for
476-547: A few Jewish scribes and variety stores. Some kosher delis and bakeries, as well as a few " kosher style " delis, including the famous Katz's Deli , are located in the neighborhood. Second Avenue in the Lower East Side was home to many Yiddish theatre productions in the Yiddish Theater District during the early part of the 20th century, and Second Avenue came to be known as “Yiddish Broadway”, even though most of
595-401: A good detection capability close to the receiver or transmitter heads, and those areas are commonly referred to as "dead zones". A solution to avoid this problem, when installing 2 or more barriers, is to cross the respective transmitter and receiver heads some meters from the respective heads or to use mono-head sensor to cover the dead zones. Compact surveillance radar emits microwaves from
714-434: A higher cost). Microphonic systems vary in design (for example, time-domain reflectrometer or piezo-electric ) but each is generally based on the detection of an intruder attempting to cut or climb over a fence. Usually the microphonic detection systems are installed as sensor cables attached to rigid chain-wire fences, however, some specialized versions of these systems can also be installed buried underground. Depending on
833-648: A home security system. These devices are typically installed to cover a large area as they commonly cover up to 40 ft (12 m), with a 135° field of vision. A type of motion sensor was used by the Japanese since ancient times. In the past, "(m)any people in Japan kept singing crickets and used them like watch dogs." Although a dog would bark when it senses an intruder, a cricket stops singing when approached by an intruder. The crickets are kept in decorative cages resembling bird cages, and these cages are placed in contact with
952-402: A modulated light source. These sensors are low cost, easy to install, and require very little sterile clearance area to operate. However, it may be affected by fog or very high luminosity, and the position of the transmitter can be located with cameras. A glass-break detector may be used for internal perimeter building protection. Glass-break acoustic detectors are mounted in close proximity to
1071-458: A number of buildings historically associated with the Jewish immigrant community. Notable sites include: Synagogues include: Little Fuzhou ( Chinese : 小福州 ; pinyin : Xiǎo Fúzhōu ; Foochow Romanized : Siēu-hók-ciŭ ), or Fuzhou Town ( Chinese : 福州埠 ; pinyin : Fúzhōu Bù ; Foochow Romanized : Hók-ciŭ-pú ) is a neighborhood within the eastern sliver of Chinatown , in
1190-572: A number of enclaves of free or "half-free" Africans, which served as a buffer between the Dutch and the Native Americans. One of the largest of these was located along the modern Bowery between Prince Street and Astor Place , as well as the "only separate enclave" of this type within Manhattan. These black farmers were some of the earliest settlers of the area. Gradually, during the 17th century, there
1309-607: A parking garage in Lower Manhattan. Embarrato and Cantarella were waiting in a getaway car. The pair went to the parking garage, climbed into Mirra's car, and drove up to a locked security gate. D'Amico would later describe in a testimony, "He took out his key, put it in the box, but he didn’t get a chance to turn the box... I shot him at close range several times on the side of his head." Beginning in 1991, Cantarella started using his son as an accomplice in many of his criminal operations. In 1994, Cantarella and other mobsters kidnapped
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#17329094337001428-469: A person or object is moving towards or away from the detector. Such an event initiates an alarm signal. This technology is not active in many properties as many consider this obsolete. This device emits microwaves from a transmitter and detects any reflected microwaves or reduction in beam intensity using a receiver. The transmitter and receiver are usually combined inside a single housing (monostatic) for indoor applications and separate housings (bistatic) for
1547-674: A reality television program starring the Cantarella family, chronicling their attempt to start their lives over again after having opted out of Witness Protection. Lower East Side, Manhattan The Lower East Side , sometimes abbreviated as LES , is a historic neighborhood in the southeastern part of Manhattan in New York City . It is located roughly between the Bowery and the East River from Canal to Houston streets. Historically, it
1666-478: A sensor in the earthquake disaster prevention, since one of the main characteristics of MEMS accelerometers is the linear frequency response to DC to about 500 Hz, and this capability offers an improvement in measuring ground motion at lower-frequency band. Another practical application of MEMS accelerometers is in machine condition monitoring to reduce machines’ maintenance. Wireless and embedded technologies such as Micro-electro Mechanical system sensors offer
1785-526: A single purpose of burglary protection; combination systems provide fire and intrusion protection. Intrusion-alarm systems are combined with closed-circuit television surveillance (CCTV) systems to record intruders' activities and interface to access control systems for electrically locked doors. There are many types of security systems. Homeowners typically have small, self-contained noisemakers. These devices can also be complicated, multirole systems with computer monitoring and control. It may even include
1904-426: A sterile clearance area to prevent partial blocking of the detection field. The microwave generator is equipped with an antenna that allows it to concentrate the beam of electromagnetic waves in one preferred location and the beam is intercepted by the receiver, equipped with a similar antenna to the transmitter. The graphical representation of the beam is similar to a cigar, and, when not disturbed, it runs between
2023-550: A transmitter and detects any reflected microwaves. They are similar to microwave detectors but can detect the precise location and a GPS coordinate of intruders in areas extending over hundreds of acres. It has the capability of measuring the range, angle, velocity, direction, and size of the target. This target information is typically displayed on a map, user interface or situational awareness software that defines geographical alert zones or geofences with different types of actions initiated depending on time of day and other factors. CSR
2142-400: A two-way voice which allows communication between the panel and monitoring station. The most basic alarm consists of at least one sensor to detect trespassers and an alerting device to indicate the intrusion. However, a typical premises security alarm employs the following components: In addition to the system itself, security alarms often offer a monitoring service. In the event of an alarm,
2261-399: A variety of transduction mechanisms to detect the displacement. They include capacitive, piezoresistive, thermal, optical, piezoelectric and tunneling. In the last decades, many technological progresses have been made in this area and MEMS accelerometers are used in high-reliability environments and are starting to replace other established technologies. MEMS accelerometer can be applied as
2380-528: A wealthy businessman at his office, drove him home, forced him to deactivate the burglar alarm system, and robbed him of cash, jewelry and other valuables. They also forced the victim to start paying protection money to Cantarella. Cantarella also extorted $ 250,000 from another businessman, using part of the money to purchase a Pontiac convertible automobile for Lauretta. In 1992, the State of New York started investigating allegations of racketeering and fraud at
2499-474: A wireless smart vibration measurement of machine’s condition. Moving to the defence field, it can be applied in fence-mounted intrusion detection systems. Since MEMS sensors are able to work in a wide temperature range, they can prevent intrusions in outdoors and very spread-off perimeters. An advantage offered by MEMS Accelerometers is the ability to measure static accelerations, such as acceleration due to gravity. This enables them to constantly verify that
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#17329094337002618-520: Is almost identical to neighboring buildings. In September 2013, it was announced that the Essex Crossing redevelopment project was to be built in the area, centered around the intersection of Essex and Delancey Streets, but mostly utilizing land south of Delancey Street. The census tabulation area for the Lower East Side is bounded to the north by 14th Street and to the west by Avenue B , Norfolk Street, Essex Street , and Pike Street . According to
2737-424: Is aware of the technology's presence, it can be avoided. The technology can be an effective long-range detection system, if installed in stacks of three or more where the transmitters and receivers are staggered to create a fence-like barrier. To prevent a clandestine attack using a secondary light source being used to hold the detector in a sealed condition whilst an intruder passes through, most systems use and detect
2856-420: Is commonly used to protect outside the fence line of critical facilities such as electrical substations, power plants, dams, and bridges. Photoelectric beam systems detect the presence of an intruder by transmitting invisible infrared light beams across an area, where these beams may be obstructed. To improve the detection surface area, the beams are often employed in stacks of two or more. However, if an intruder
2975-616: Is either normally open or normally closed when under the influence of a magnetic field in respect to proximity to the second piece, which contains a magnet . When the magnet moves away from the reed switch, the reed switch either closes or opens, based on the normally closed or open design. This action, coupled with an electric current, allows an alarm control panel to detect a fault on that zone or circuit. These sensors are common, are found wired directly to an alarm control panel, or are typically found in wireless door or window contacts as sub-components. The passive infrared (PIR) motion detector
3094-545: Is now lined with upscale boutiques. Similarly, trendy restaurants, including Clinton St. Baking Company & Restaurant , are found on a stretch of tree-lined Clinton Street that New York Magazine described as the "hippest restaurant row" on the Lower East Side. In November 2007, the Blue Condominium , a 32-unit, 16-story luxury condominium tower, was completed at 105 Norfolk Street just north of Delancey Street. The pixellated, faceted blue design starkly contrasts with
3213-477: Is now the East Village , earlier populations of Poles and Ukrainians have moved on and been largely supplanted by newer immigrants. The immigration of numerous Japanese people over the last fifteen years or so has led to the proliferation of Japanese restaurants and specialty food markets. There is also a notable population of Bangladeshis and other immigrants from Muslim countries, many of whom are congregants of
3332-460: Is one of the most common sensors found in household and small business environments. This sensor does not generate or radiate energy; it works entirely by detecting the heat energy given off by other objects. PIR sensors identify abrupt changes in temperature at a given point. As an intruder walks in front of the sensor, the temperature at that point will rise from room temperature to body temperature and then back again. This quick change triggers
3451-524: Is part of Manhattan Community District 3 , and its primary ZIP Code is 10002. It is patrolled by the 7th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . The Lower East Side is roughly bounded by East 14th Street on the north, by the East River to the east, by Fulton and Franklin Streets to the south, and by Pearl Street and Broadway to the west. This more extensive definition of
3570-445: Is the underlying method of operation which detects a change in frequency due to object motion. This detection occurs when the object must cause a change in the ultrasonic frequency to the receiver relative to the transmitting frequency. The ultrasonic detector operates by the transmitter emitting an ultrasonic signal into the area to be protected. Solid objects (such as the surrounding floor, walls, and ceiling) reflect sound waves, which
3689-653: The 124 Ridge Street Gallery among others. In December 2007, the New Museum relocated to a brand-new, critically acclaimed building on Bowery at Prince. A growing number of galleries are opening in the Bowery neighborhood to be in close proximity to the museum. The Museum of Reclaimed Urban Space , which opened in 2012, exhibits photography featuring the neighborhood in addition to chronicling its history of activism. Social service agencies like Henry Street Settlement and Educational Alliance have visual and performing arts programs,
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3808-620: The 2010 United States Census , the population of Lower East Side was 72,957, an increase of 699 (1.0%) from the 72,258 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 535.91 acres (216.88 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 136.1 inhabitants per acre (87,100/sq mi; 33,600/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 22.6% (16,453) White , 10.9% (7,931) African American , 0.2% (142) Native American , 24.9% (18,166) Asian , 0.0% (13) Pacific Islander , 0.3% (191) from other races , and 1.6% (1,191) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 39.6% (28,870) of
3927-603: The Beat poets and writers were drawn to the neighborhood – especially the parts which later became the East Village – by the inexpensive housing and cheap food. The German population decreased in the early twentieth century as a result of the General Slocum disaster and due to anti-German sentiment prompted by World War I . After World War II , the Lower East Side became New York City's first racially integrated neighborhood with
4046-654: The City of New York 's Marine and Aviation Department. Mazzeo dispensed leases for newsstands and parking lots at the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal in Lower Manhattan and the St. George Terminal Staten Island in St. George, Staten Island . In return for granting leases to certain individuals, Mazzeo received large kickbacks . Cantarella told Mazzeo that a newspaper vendor at the Lower Manhattan terminal
4165-537: The First Roumanian-American congregation (the Rivington Street Synagogue), partially collapsed in 2006 and was subsequently demolished. In addition, there is a major Hare Krishna temple and several Buddhist houses of worship. Chinese residents have also been moving into Lower East Side, and since the late 20th century, they have comprised a large immigrant group in the area. The part of
4284-542: The Massacre at Corlears Hook , in retaliation for ongoing conflicts between the colonists and the natives of the area, including the natives' unwillingness to pay tribute and their refusal to turn over the accused killer of a colonist. The projection into the East River that retained Corlaer's name was an important landmark for navigators for 300 years. On older maps and documents, it is usually spelled Corlaers Hook, but since
4403-510: The New York Post . The target was the Bonanno family and its control of the newspaper. During the investigation, the family became concerned that Robert Perrino, a delivery superintendent at the paper, would cooperate with prosecutors. Perrino had been operating a number of criminal scams at the Post, victimizing both fellow employees and the company. Perrino's main contact with the Bonanno family
4522-574: The New York State Senate 's 26th district; and New York City Council 's 1st and 2nd districts. As was true of all of Manhattan Island, the area now known as the Lower East Side was occupied by members of the Lenape tribe, who were organized in bands that moved from place to place according to the seasons, fishing on the rivers in the summer, and moving inland in the fall and winter to gather crops and hunt for food. Their main trail took approximately
4641-477: The Two Bridges and Lower East Side areas of Manhattan. Starting in the 1980s and by the 1990s, the neighborhood became a prime destination for immigrants from Fuzhou, Fujian , China. Manhattan's Little Fuzhou is centered on East Broadway . However, since the 2000s, Chinatown, Brooklyn became New York City's new primary destination for Fuzhou immigrants, resulting in a second Little Fuzhou that has far surpassed
4760-566: The middle-class , as well as immigrants from countries such as Taiwan, Indonesia, Bangladesh , China, the Dominican Republic , India, Japan , Korea, the Philippines , and Poland. In the early 2000s, the gentrification of the East Village spread to the Lower East Side proper, making it one of the trendiest neighborhoods in Manhattan. Orchard Street , despite its "Bargain District" moniker,
4879-452: The East Village name, and the term was adopted by the popular media by the mid-1960s. As the East Village developed a culture separate from the rest of the Lower East Side, the two areas came to be seen as two separate neighborhoods rather than the former being part of the latter. By the 1980s, the Lower East Side had begun to stabilize after its period of decline , and once again began to attract students, artists, and adventurous members of
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4998-564: The Jewish neighborhood was one of the largest of these ethnic groupings, with 400,000 people, pushcart vendors and storefronts prominent on Orchard and Grand Streets, and numerous Yiddish theatres along Second Avenue between Houston and 14th Streets. Living conditions in these "slum" areas were far from ideal, although some improvement came from a change in the zoning laws, which required "new law" tenements to be built with air shafts between them so that fresh air and some light could reach each apartment. Still, reform movements, such as
5117-405: The Lower East Side is especially remembered as a place of Jewish beginnings for Ashkenazi American Jewish culture. Vestiges of the area's Jewish heritage exist in shops on Hester and Essex Streets , and on Grand Street near Allen Street. An Orthodox Jewish community is based in the area, operating yeshiva day schools and a mikvah . A few Judaica shops can be found along Essex Street, as are
5236-474: The Lower East Side, the East Village and Chinatown . Community District 3 had 171,103 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 82.2 years. This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are adults: a plurality (35%) are between the ages of 25–44, while 25% are between 45–64, and 16% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents
5355-631: The Perrino hit, as well as being the getaway driver in the Mirra hit. Realizing that Coppa's testimony would all but assure that he would die in prison, in December 2002, Cantarella accepted a plea bargain deal and became a government witness. Lauretta and Paul also accepted plea deals. In early 2003, Massino realized that Cantarella had become an informant. In June 2004, Cantarella testified at Massino's racketeering trial. Earlier, he'd told investigators that Massino
5474-500: The Perrino murder, arson , kidnapping , loansharking , extortion , illegal gambling , and money laundering. Lauretta and Paul Cantarella were also indicted on racketeering charges. While in prison, Cantarella learned that capo Frank Coppa , also arraigned in the October roundup, had become the first member of the Bonanno family ever to become an informant. Coppa told investigators that Cantarella had bragged about his role in setting up
5593-406: The ability to be installed free-standing on dedicated poles. The system uses an electromagnetic field generator powering one wire, with another sensing wire running parallel to it. The sensing wire is connected to a signal processor that analyses amplitude change (mass of intruder), rate change (movement of intruder), and preset disturbance time (time the intruder is in the pattern). These items define
5712-527: The aristocratic planned square for a grid, effacing Delancey's vision of a New York laid out like the West End of London . The point of land on the East River now called Corlears Hook was also called Corlaers Hook under Dutch and British rule and briefly Crown Point during British occupation in the Revolution. It was named after the schoolmaster Jacobus van Corlaer, who settled on this "plantation" that in 1638
5831-413: The beam web. On the contrary, capacitive-based accelerometers, also known as vibration sensors, rely on a change in electrical capacitance in response to acceleration. The current technology allows to realize suspended silicon structures that are attached to the substrate in some points called anchors, and that constitute the sensitive mass of the accelerometer MEMS. These structures are free to move in
5950-430: The chamber. Ionization smoke alarms can quickly detect the small amounts of particles produced by fast-flaming fires, such as cooking fires or those fueled by paper or flammable liquids. A newer type of the smoke detector is the photoelectric smoke detector. It contains a light source, which is positioned indirectly to the light sensitive electric sensor. Normally, light from the light source shoots straight across and misses
6069-583: The characteristics of an intruder and when all three are detected simultaneously, an alarm signal is generated. The barrier can provide vertical protection from the ground to the height of the mounting posts (typically 4–6 meters of height), depending on the number of sensor wires installed. It is usually configured in zones of about 200 metre lengths. Electrostatic field sensors are high-security and difficult to defeat, and have high vertical detection field. However, these sensors are expensive and have short zones, which contributes to more electronics (and thus
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#17329094337006188-575: The city of a dreamy Sabbath afternoon. Go from Corlears Hook to Coenties Slip , and from thence, by Whitehall, northward. What do you see? ..." and again in Chapter 99—The Doubloon. The original location of Corlears Hook is now obscured by shoreline landfill. It was near the east end of the present pedestrian bridge over the FDR Drive near Cherry Street . The name is preserved in Corlears Hook Park at
6307-499: The detection. PIR sensors designed to be wall- or ceiling-mounted come in various fields of view . PIRs require a power supply in addition to the detection signaling circuit. The infrasound detector works by detecting infrasound, or sound waves at frequencies below 20 Hz. Sounds at those frequencies are inaudible to the human ear. Due to its inherent properties, infrasound can travel distances of many hundreds of kilometers. The entire infrasound detection system consists of
6426-437: The direction of the acceleration detected. They constitute the mobile reinforcement of a pair of capacitors connected to the half bridge . In this way, the acquired signals are amplified, filtered and converted in digital signals with the supervision of specific control circuits. MEMS' incorporations evolved from a single, stand-alone device to the integrated inertial motion units that are available today. This technology uses
6545-500: The early 19th century, the spelling has been anglicized to Corlears . The rough unplanned settlement that developed at Corlaer's Hook under the British occupation of New York during the Revolution was separated from the densely populated city by rugged hills of glacial till: "this region lay beyond the city proper, from which it was separated by high, uncultivated, and rough hills", observers recalled in 1843. As early as 1816, Corlears Hook
6664-401: The fall of 2001, he continued talking freely with Scozzari well into the summer of 2002—presumably because Scozzari was Italian. While talking with Scozzari, Cantarella made several incriminating statements about Massino. Largely on the strength of Weinberg and Scozzari's tapes, on October 2, 2002, Cantarella was arrested and indicted on a 24-count RICO indictment. Among the specific acts were
6783-406: The family's money laundering schemes. He believed that enough conspirators would be frightened by the prospect of long prison terms that they would easily be willing to cooperate. After two years, the effort paid off when McCaffrey and Sallet discovered that Massino, Vitale and Cantarella were partners in several parking lots owned by parking lot mogul Barry Weinberg. Cantarella's stake was held in
6902-455: The family. Unknown to Cantarella, however, he had become a target of an unorthodox FBI investigation. Jack Stubing, the head of the FBI's Bonanno Squad, had been at a loss to find a way to bring down Massino. He ultimately persuaded his bosses to let him borrow Jeff Sallet and Kim McCaffrey, a pair of forensic accountants normally used on fraud cases, believing that they could pinpoint participants in
7021-424: The first was ABC No Rio . Begun by a group of Colab no wave artists (some living on Ludlow Street ), ABC No Rio opened an outsider gallery space that invited community participation and encouraged the widespread production of art. Taking an activist approach to art that grew out of The Real Estate Show (the take over of an abandoned building by artists to open an outsider gallery only to have it chained closed by
7140-447: The floor. During the day, the house is busy with normal daytime tasks. When activity reduces at night, the crickets start singing. If someone comes into the house at night, the floor starts to vibrate. "The vibration frightens the crickets and they stop singing. Then everyone wakes up --- from the silence. The family is used to hearing crickets at night and knows something is wrong if the crickets aren't singing. A similar observation
7259-420: The following components: a speaker (infrasound sensor) as a microphone input, an order-frequency filter, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, and an microcomputer to analyze the recorded signal. If a potential intruder tries to enter into a house, she or he tests whether it is closed and locked, uses tools on openings, or/and applies pressure, creating low-frequency sound vibrations. Before the intruder breaks in,
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#17329094337007378-428: The former at Abrons Arts Center , a home for contemporary interdisciplinary arts. The neighborhood is also home to several graffiti artists, such as Chico and Jean-Michel Basquiat . As the neighborhood has gentrified and become safer at night, it has transformed into a popular late-night destination. Orchard, Ludlow and Essex between Rivington Street and Stanton Street have become especially packed at night, and
7497-468: The glass panes and listen for sound frequencies associated with glass breaking. Seismic glass-break detectors, generally referred to as shock sensors, are different in that they are installed on the glass pane. When glass breaks it produces specific shock frequencies which travel through the glass and often through the window frame and the surrounding walls and ceiling. Typically, the most intense frequencies generated are between 3 and 5 kHz, depending on
7616-485: The influx of African Americans and Puerto Ricans . Areas where Spanish speaking was predominant began to be called Loisaida . By the 1960s, the influence of the Jewish and Eastern European groups declined as many of these residents had left the area, while other ethnic groups had coalesced into separate neighborhoods, such as Little Italy . The Lower East Side then experienced a period of "persistent poverty, crime, drugs, and abandoned housing". A substantial portion of
7735-435: The infrasound detector automatically detects the intruder's actions. The purpose of such a system is to detect burglars before they enter the house to avoid both theft and vandalism. The sensitivity is dependent on the size of a home and the presence of animals. These active detectors transmit ultrasonic sound waves that are inaudible to humans using frequencies between 15 kHz and 75 kHz. The Doppler shift principle
7854-667: The intersection of Jackson and Cherry Streets along the East River Drive. The bulk of immigrants who came to New York City in the late 19th and early 20th centuries came to the Lower East Side, moving into crowded tenements there. By the 1840s, large numbers of German immigrants settled in the area, and a large part of it became known as " Little Germany " or "Kleindeutschland". This was followed by groups of Italians and Eastern European Jews, as well as Greeks, Hungarians, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Slovaks and Ukrainians, each of whom settled in relatively homogeneous enclaves. By 1920,
7973-423: The mechanical system, there are electronic circuits for control, acquisition and conditioning of the signal able to sense the environment. MEMS accelerometer can be divided into two groups, piezoresistive and capacitive-based accelerometers. The former consists of a single-degree-of-freedom system of a mass suspended by a spring. They also have a beam with a proof mass at the beam’s tip and a Piezoresistive patch on
8092-421: The microwave detection. Furthermore, the working temperature range of this technology goes from -35 °C to +70 °C. The more recent and higher performance models of these detectors generate a detection whether the intruder is rolling, crossing, crawling or moving very slow within the electromagnetic field reducing false alarms. The ellipsoidal shape of the longitudinal section however does not allow
8211-487: The name of his wife, Lauretta. The Bonanno Squad put Weinberg under surveillance, and discovered Weinberg and one of his friends, restaurant owner Augustino Scozzari, frequently met with Cantarella and his crew. While this was going on, McCaffrey and Sallet found evidence that Weinberg hadn't filed tax returns in over a decade—in the process, evading over $ 1 million in taxes. They collared him in January 2001 and told him that he
8330-513: The neighborhood in a strong manner, and Chinatown holds a special place in the imagination of Chinese Americans, just as Astoria in Queens holds a place in the hearts of Greek Americans . It was a hub for ancestors of many people in the metropolitan area, and much depicted in fiction and films. Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem , established in 1907, was long led by Moshe Feinstein . In the late 20th century, Jewish communities have worked to preserve
8449-537: The neighborhood includes Chinatown , the East Village , and Little Italy . A less extensive definition would have the neighborhood bordered in the south and west by Chinatown , – which extends north to roughly Grand Street – in the west by Nolita and in the north by the East Village . Historically, the "Lower East Side" referred to the area alongside the East River from about the Manhattan Bridge and Canal Street up to 14th Street , and roughly bounded on
8568-418: The neighborhood south of Delancey Street and west of Allen Street has, in large measure, become part of Chinatown . Grand Street is one of the major business and shopping streets of Chinatown. Also contained within the neighborhood are strips of lighting and restaurant supply shops on the Bowery. While the Lower East Side has been a place of successive immigrant populations, many American Jews relate to
8687-546: The neighborhood was slated for demolition under the Cooper Square Urban Renewal Plan of 1956, which was to redevelop the area from Ninth to Delancey Streets from the Bowery/Third Avenue to Chrystie Street /Second Avenue with new privately owned cooperative housing . The United Housing Foundation was selected as the sponsor for the project, which faced great opposition from the community. Neither
8806-481: The north of Delancey Street continued south. Several restaurants, bars, and galleries opened below Delancey Street after 2005, especially around the intersection of Broome and Orchard Streets. The neighborhood's second boutique hotel, Blue Moon Hotel, opened on Orchard Street just south of Delancey Street in early 2006. However, unlike The Hotel on Rivington, the Blue Moon used an existing tenement building, and its exterior
8925-422: The oldest neighborhoods of the city, the Lower East Side has long been a lower-class worker neighborhood and often a poor and ethnically diverse section of New York. As well as Irish , Italians , Poles , Ukrainians , and other ethnic groups, it once had a sizeable German population and was known as Little Germany (Kleindeutschland) . Today it is a predominantly Puerto Rican and Dominican community, and in
9044-593: The one started by Jacob Riis 's book How the Other Half Lives continued to attempt to alleviate the problems of the area through settlement houses , such as the Henry Street Settlement , and other welfare and service agencies. The city itself moved to address the problem when it built First Houses , the first such public housing project in the United States, in 1935–1936. The development, located on
9163-705: The original as the Fuzhou cultural center of the New York metropolitan area , and is still rapidly growing in contrast to Manhattan's Little Fuzhou that is shrinking under gentrification . Since the 2010s, the Fuzhou immigrant population and businesses have been declining throughout the whole eastern portion of Manhattan's Chinatown due to gentrification. There is a rapidly increasing influx of high-income, often non-Chinese, professionals moving into this area, including high-end hipster -owned businesses. The neighborhood has become home to numerous contemporary art galleries. One of
9282-462: The original large-scale development nor a 1961 revised proposal was implemented, and it was not until 1991 that an agreement was made to redevelop a small portion of the proposed renewal site. The East Village was once considered the Lower East Side's northwest corner. However, in the 1960s, the demographics of the area above Houston Street began to change as hipsters , musicians, and artists moved in. Newcomers and real estate brokers popularized
9401-414: The pattern of vibrations (for example, the difference between gusts of wind and a person climbing the fence). For this reason, this technology is gradually being replaced by digital accelerometer -based systems. MEMS technology is an electromagnetic device that is created using photolithography , incision and ionian implantation. This produces a very compact and small device. In this device, in addition to
9520-540: The percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in Community District 3, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51%, respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Community District 3 was considered to be gentrifying : according to the Community Health Profile, the district was low-income in 1990 and has seen above-median rent growth up to 2010. One of
9639-419: The police) ABC No Rio kept its sense of activism , community, and outsiderness. The product of this open, expansive approach to art was a space for creating new works that did not have links to the art market place and that were able to explore new artistic possibilities. Other outsider galleries sprung up throughout the Lower East Side and East Village—some 200 at the height of the scene in the 1980s, including
9758-749: The population. The racial composition of the Lower East Side changed moderately from 2000 to 2010, with the most significant changes being the White population's increase by 18% (2,514), the Asian population's increase by 10% (1,673), and the Hispanic / Latino population's decrease by 10% (3,219). The minority Black population experienced a slight increase by 1% (41), while the very small population of all other races decreased by 17% (310). The Lower East Side lies in Manhattan Community District 3 , which encompasses
9877-475: The positioning of the sensor, based on MEMS accelerometer, remains unaltered from the installation one. MEMS accelerometers’ significant advantages also stem from their small size and high measurement frequency; additionally, they can be integrated with multiple sensors with different functions. Change in the local magnetic field due to the presence of ferrous metals induces a current in the buried sensors (buried cables or discrete sensors) which are analyzed by
9996-440: The premises control unit contacts a central monitoring station. Operators at the station take appropriate action, such as contacting property owners, notifying the police, or dispatching private security forces. Such alerts transmit via dedicated alarm circuits, telephone lines, or the internet. The hermetically sealed reed switch is a common type of two-piece sensor. This switch operates with an electrically conductive switch that
10115-464: The pressures of a growing city, Delancey began to survey streets in the southern part of the "West Farm" in the 1760s. A spacious projected Delancey Square —intended to cover the area within today's Eldridge, Essex, Hester and Broome Streets—was eliminated when the loyalist Delancey family's property was confiscated after the American Revolution . The city Commissioners of Forfeiture eliminated
10234-528: The process of gentrification (as documented by the portraits of its residents in the Clinton+Rivington chapter of The Corners Project.) Since the immigration waves from Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century, the Lower East Side became known as having been a center of Jewish immigrant culture. In her 2000 book Lower East Side Memories: A Jewish Place in America , Hasia Diner explains that
10353-575: The protection of outdoor perimeters high-risk sites and critical infrastructures such as fuel storage, petrochemical facilities, military sites, civil and military airports , nuclear facilities and more. To reduce false alarms this type of detector is usually combined with a passive infrared detector or similar alarm. Compared to the monostatic, the bistatic units work over longer distances: typical distances for transmitter-receivers up to 200 m for X-band frequencies and up to 500 m for K-band frequencies. Microwave detectors respond to
10472-467: The receiver will detect. Because ultrasonic waves are transmitted through air, hard-surfaced objects tend to reflect most of the ultrasonic energy, while soft surfaces tend to absorb the most energy. When the surfaces are stationary, the frequency of the waves detected by the receiver will be equal to the transmitted frequency. However, a change in frequency will occur as a result of the Doppler principle when
10591-588: The resulting noise is a cause of tension between bar owners and longtime residents. Furthermore, as gentrification continues, many established landmarks and venues have been lost. Burglar alarm A security alarm is a system designed to detect intrusions, such as unauthorized entry, into a building or other areas, such as a home or school. Security alarms protect against burglary ( theft ) or property damage , as well as against intruders. Examples include personal systems, neighborhood security alerts, car alarms , and prison alarms. Some alarm systems serve
10710-461: The risk of fire using different detection methods. Carbon monoxide detectors help protect from the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. Although an intruder alarm panel may also have these detectors connected, it may not meet all the local fire code requirements of a fire alarm system. Traditional smoke detectors are ionization smoke detectors which create an electric current between two metal plates, which sound an alarm when disrupted by smoke entering
10829-417: The route of Broadway . One encampment in the Lower East Side area, near Corlears Hook was called Rechtauck or Naghtogack. The population of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam was located primarily below the current Fulton Street , while north of it were a number of small plantations and large farms called " bouwerij " ("bowery", equivalent to " boerderij " in present-day Dutch). Around these farms were
10948-459: The sensor cable, and then to generate alarms from signals which exceed pre-set conditions. The systems have adjustable electronics to permit installers to change the sensitivity of the alarm detectors to the suit specific environmental conditions. The tuning of the system is usually done during commissioning of the detection devices. Microphonic systems are relatively inexpensive compared to other systems and easy to install, but older systems may have
11067-673: The sensor. When smoke enters the chamber, it scatters the light, which then hits the sensor and triggers the alarm. Photoelectric smoke detectors typically respond faster to a fire in its early, smoldering stage, before the source of the fire bursts into flames. Motion sensors are devices that use various forms of technology to detect movement. The technology typically found in motion sensors to trigger an alarm includes infrared, ultrasonic, vibration and contact. Dual technology sensors combine two or more forms of detection in order to reduce false alarms as each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Traditionally motion sensors are an integral part of
11186-773: The small Madina Masjid, a mosque on First Avenue and 11th Street. The neighborhood still has many historic synagogues, such as the Bialystoker Synagogue , Beth Hamedrash Hagadol , the Eldridge Street Synagogue , Kehila Kedosha Janina (the only Greek synagogue in the Western Hemisphere), the Angel Orensanz Center (the fourth oldest synagogue building in the United States), and various smaller synagogues along East Broadway. Another landmark,
11305-580: The south side of East 3rd Street between First Avenue and Avenue A , and on the west side of Avenue A between East 2nd and East 3rd Streets, is now considered to be located within the East Village. By the turn of the twentieth century, the neighborhood had become closely associated with radical politics, such as anarchism , socialism , and communism . It was also known as a place where many popular performers had grown up, such as Eddie Cantor , Al Jolson , George and Ira Gershwin , Jimmy Durante , and Irving Berlin . Later, more radical artists such as
11424-563: The structure itself. The technology relies on an unstable mechanical configuration that forms part of the electrical circuit. When movement or vibration occurs, the unstable portion of the circuit moves and breaks the current flow, which produces an alarm. The medium transmitting the vibration must be correctly selected for the specific sensor as they are best suited to different types of structures and configurations. These systems are low cost and easily installed on existing fences, but can only be fence mounted and are unable to analyze differences in
11543-505: The surrounding neighborhood. Following the construction of the Hotel on Rivington one block away, several luxury condominiums around Houston, and the New Museum on Bowery , this new wave of construction is another sign that the gentrification cycle is entering a high-luxury phase similar to in SoHo and Nolita in the previous decade. More recently, the gentrification that was previously confined to
11662-432: The system. If the change exceeds a predetermined threshold, an alarm is generated. This type of sensor can be used to detect intruders carrying substantial amounts of metal, such as a firearm, making it ideally suited for anti-poaching applications. Sometimes referred to as E-field, this volumetric sensor uses Electric field proximity sensing and can be installed on buildings, perimeters, fences, and walls. It also has
11781-463: The theaters are now gone. Songwriter Irving Berlin , actor John Garfield , and singer Eddie Cantor grew up here. Since the mid-20th century, the area has been settled primarily by immigrants, primarily from Latin America , especially Central America and Puerto Rico. They have established their own groceries and shops, marketing goods from their culture and cuisine. Bodegas have replaced Jewish shops, and there are mostly Roman Catholics . In what
11900-412: The transmitter and the receiver and generates a continuous signal. When an individual tries to cross this beam, it produces a disturbance that is caught by the receiver as a variation of amplitude of the received signal. These barriers are immune to harsh weather, such as fog , heavy rain , snow and sandstorms : none of these atmospheric phenomena affect in any way the behaviour and the reliability of
12019-596: The type of glass and the presence of a plastic interlayer. Seismic glass-break detectors feel these shock frequencies and in turn generate an alarm condition. Window foil is a less advanced detection method that involves gluing a thin strip of conducting foil on the inside of the glass and putting low-power electric current through it. Breaking the glass will tear the foil and break the circuit. Most systems can also be equipped with smoke, heat, and/or carbon monoxide detectors. These are also known as 24-hour zones (which are on at all times). Smoke and heat detectors protect from
12138-413: The type, it can be sensitive to different frequencies or levels of noise or vibration. The system is based on coaxial or electro-magnetic sensor cable with the controller having the ability to differentiate between signals from the cable or chain-wire being cut, an intruder climbing the fence, or bad weather conditions. The systems are designed to detect and analyze incoming electronic signals received from
12257-482: The west by Broadway . It included areas known today as East Village , Alphabet City , Chinatown , Bowery , Little Italy , and NoLIta . Parts of the East Village are still known as Loisaida , a Latino pronunciation of "Lower East Side". Politically, the neighborhood is in New York's 7th and 12th congressional districts. It is in the New York State Assembly 's 65th district and 74th district;
12376-408: Was Salvatore Vitale . Vitale approached Cantarella and asked him if he would murder Perrino. Vitale suggested to Cantarella that he could take Perrino's job at the Post. Cantarella, a lifelong friend to Perrino, raised no objections. Vitale then told Bonanno consigliere Anthony Spero that Cantarella wanted to eliminate Perrino. Spero gave Cantarella permission. On May 5, 1992, Perrino was lured to
12495-463: Was a so-called "tail man", a worker who rides on the back of the delivery truck and unloads the newspaper bundles. However, Cantarella never showed up for work; he paid a laborer $ 20 a night to do his job while Cantarella collected his $ 700 a week in wages. During the late 1970s, Cantarella became involved in criminal activities with Manhattan City Councilman Richard Mazzeo, the Director of Real Estate for
12614-544: Was actually a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) undercover agent named Joseph Pistone . Cantarella's cousin Anthony Mirra was among those responsible for introducing Brasco into the family. After the family executed capo Dominick Napolitano , another Brasco friend, the terrified Mirra went into hiding. Joseph Massino ordered Mirra's two cousins Joseph D'Amico and Cantarella, and their uncle Alfred Embarrato , to kill Mirra. On February 18, 1982, D'Amico, lured him to
12733-506: Was an overall consolidation of the boweries and farms into larger parcels, and much of the Lower East Side was then part of the Delancey farm. James Delancey 's pre-Revolutionary farm east of post road leading from the city ( Bowery ) survives in the names Delancey Street and Orchard Street . On the modern map of Manhattan, the Delancey farm is represented in the grid of streets from Division Street north to Houston Street. In response to
12852-537: Was called by a Europeanized version of its Lenape name , Nechtans or Nechtanc . Corlaer sold the plantation to Wilhelmus Hendrickse Beekman (1623–1707), founder of the Beekman family of New York; his son Gerardus Beekman was christened at the plantation on August 17, 1653. On February 25, 1643, as part of Kieft's War , volunteers from the New Amsterdam colony killed forty Wiechquaesgecks at their encampment in
12971-513: Was commandeered to serve as a makeshift cholera hospital; between July 18 and September 15, when the hospital was closed as the epidemic wound down, 281 patients were admitted, both black and white, of whom 93 died. In 1833, Corlear's Hook was the location of some of the first tenements built in New York City. Corlears Hook is mentioned on the first page of Chapter 1 of Herman Melville 's Moby Dick , first published in 1851: "Circumambulate
13090-470: Was convicted of tax evasion charges, and sent to jail for six months. Mazzeo started using illegal drugs and Cantarella started worrying that Mazzeo might become a government witness. After consulting with other Bonanno members, Cantarella decided to murder Mazzeo. On the evening of Nov. 14, 1983, Cantarella, Embarrato, D'Amico, and Patrick Romanello met Mazzeo at a sanitation garage in Bushwick, Brooklyn . Mazzeo
13209-519: Was displeased with Vitale and wanted him whacked. On the stand, he admitted his own role in the 1983 Mazzeo killing. Also in 2004, Cantarella testified that he attended the Bonanno family induction ceremony for Perry Criscitelli , who was then the president of the Feast of San Gennaro Association. In July 2007, Cantarella testified at the murder and racketeering trial of Bonanno mobster Vincent Basciano . In April 2017, Oxygen Channel launched Unprotected ,
13328-535: Was headed to prison unless he turned state's evidence and obtained evidence against Bonanno mobsters. While being debriefed, Weinberg revealed that Cantarella had wrung a total of $ 1.25 million in extortion payoffs from him—much of it laundered through Scozzari's restaurant. Confronted by the FBI, Scozzari also agreed to become an informant. Over the next few months, Weinberg and Scozzari recorded over 100 tapes of incriminating statements from Cantarella and his crew. While Cantarella broke off contact with Weinberg in
13447-548: Was introduced to the Bonanno family by his uncle, mobster Alfred Embarrato . Embarrato controlled the distribution center for the New York Post through local union of newspaper workers. In 1963, Embarrato obtained a job for Cantarella at the Post as a delivery truck driver. However, Cantarella and his cousin, Bonanno mobster Joseph D'Amico , actually served as enforcers on the newspaper's loading docks, jobs they would perform for over thirty years. From 1988 until 1991, Cantarella
13566-461: Was lower, at 13% and 11%, respectively. As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 3 was $ 39,584, though the median income in the Lower East Side individually was $ 51,649. In 2018, an estimated 18% of Community District 3 residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twelve residents (8%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or
13685-744: Was made in England about millers who lived in their mills. A mill wheel makes a great deal of noise, but the miller only awakens when the mill wheel stops turning. Driveway alarm systems can be combined with most security and automation systems. They are designed to alert residents to unexpected visitors, intruders, or deliveries arriving at the property. Types of driveway sensors include magnetic and infrared motion sensors. Driveway alarms can be found in both hard-wired and wireless systems. They are common in rural security systems as well as for commercial applications. These electro-mechanical devices are mounted on barriers and are used primarily to detect an attack on
13804-401: Was meeting them at the upstairs garage office about a possible job. As the men walked down the stairs, Cantarella shot Mazzeo in the head. After shooting and stabbing the body several times, they loaded it into a black plastic bag and dumped it. Mazzeo's body was discovered five days later. In 1981, the Bonanno family was rocked by the revelation that one of their associates, Donnie Brasco ,
13923-406: Was notorious for streetwalkers , "a resort for the lewd and abandoned of both sexes", and in 1821 its "streets abounding every night with preconcerted groups of thieves and prostitutes" were noted by The Christian Herald . In the course of the 19th century, they came to be called hookers . In the 1832 summer of New York City's cholera epidemic, a two-story wooden workshop in the neighborhood
14042-534: Was operating an illegal sportsbook operation. This information allowed Mazzeo to break the vendor's lease and evict him. In return, Mazzeo installed Cantarella as the vendor's replacement. By the 1980s, Cantarella controlled newspaper stands in both terminals. Cantarella and Mazzeo became close friends and briefly shared an apartment in Upper Manhattan . The two men made hundreds of thousands of dollars on their lease scams. In 1983, Mazzeo lost his job as director,
14161-477: Was understood to encompass a much larger area, from Broadway to the East River and from East 14th Street to Fulton and Franklin Streets. Traditionally an immigrant, working class neighborhood, it began rapid gentrification in the mid-2000s, prompting the National Trust for Historic Preservation to place the neighborhood on their list of America's Most Endangered Places in 2008. The Lower East Side
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