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44-507: Tormo was born in the village of Alacor in the municipality of Canals in the Spanish province of Valencia . When he was 8, his family moved into the center of Canals. Tormo won the 1978 FIM 50cc world championship as a member of the Bultaco factory racing team. He repeated as 50cc world champion in 1981 on a privately backed Bultaco. He was also a three-time 50cc Spanish national champion and

88-401: A Christian king. As well as being a fine example of autobiography, the "Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy, examples of loyalty and treachery in the feudal order, and medieval military tactics. More controversially, some historians have looked at these writings as a source of Catalan identity, separate from that of Occitania and Rome . James also wrote

132-554: A child, James was made a pawn in the power politics of Provence , where his father was engaged in struggles helping the Cathar heretics of Albi against the Albigensian Crusade led by Simon IV de Montfort , Earl of Leicester , who were trying to exterminate them. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern Crusaders by arranging a marriage between his two-year-old son James and Simon's daughter, Amicie de Montfort . He entrusted

176-527: A countless series of surgeries. In 1994, Tormo received Valencia's highest honor when he was given the Valencian Community's High Distinction award. In collaboration with the journalist Paco Desamparados, an autobiography was published, entitled "Yo Ricardo. Una vida por y para la moto". (I am Ricardo. A life by and for motorcycles). On 27 December 1998, Tormo died from leukemia , which he had been battling for many years. In his honor, Valencia's racetrack

220-404: A cross-bowman shot at me, and hit me beside the sun-hood, and the shot struck me on the head, the bolt lighting near the forehead. It was God's will it did not pass through the head, but the point of the arrow went half through it. In anger I struck the arrow so with my hand that I broke it: the blood came out down my face; I wiped it off with a mantle of "sendal" I had, and went away laughing, that

264-551: A debate in Barcelona between the Jewish rabbi Nahmanides and Pablo Christiani , a prominent converso . James was the first great sponsor and patron of vernacular Catalan literature. Indeed, he may himself be called "the first of the Catalan prose writers." James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life in Catalan, Llibre dels fets , the first autobiography by

308-449: A four-time 125cc national champion. His career was closely linked to that of Ángel Nieto , who was both a teammate and rival of Tormo. In 1983, together with Jorge “Aspar” Martínez , Tormo signed with the Derbi factory to compete for the 1984 world championship in the new 80cc category. Tormo suffered an engine failure at the first race of the year at Misano . The second race of the season

352-484: A protégée of James's father, upon her death in 1220 Guerau occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit. James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, to whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at Lleida , probably also becoming one of James' earliest mistresses. She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief for him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged

396-610: A treaty with Louis IX of France , he achieved the renunciation of any possible claim of French suzerainty over the County of Barcelona and the other Catalan counties , while he renounced northward expansion and taking back the once Catalan territories in Occitania and vassal counties loyal to the County of Barcelona, lands that were lost by his father Peter II of Aragon in the Battle of Muret during

440-511: Is not only the longest of any Iberian monarch, but one of the longest monarchical reigns in history , ahead of Hirohito but remaining behind Queen Elizabeth II , Queen Victoria , and Ferdinand III of Naples and Sicily . King James I saw the expansion of the Crown of Aragon in three directions: Languedoc to the north, the Balearic Islands to the southeast, and Valencia to the south. By

484-513: The Libre de la Saviesa or "Book of Wisdom." The book contains proverbs from various authors, reaching from the time of King Solomon to nearly his own time with Albertus Magnus . It even contains maxims from the medieval Arab philosophers and from the Apophthegmata Philosophorum of Honein ben Ishak , which was probably translated at Barcelona during his reign. A Hebrew translator by

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528-533: The Llibre del Consolat de Mar , which governed maritime trade and helped establish Aragonese supremacy in the western Mediterranean . He was an important figure in the development of the Catalan language , sponsoring Catalan literature and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the Llibre dels fets . James was born at Montpellier as the only son of Peter II of Aragon and Marie of Montpellier . As

572-672: The Albigensian Crusade and annexed by the Kingdom of France , and then decided to turn south. His great part in the Reconquista was similar in Mediterranean Spain to that of his contemporary Ferdinand III of Castile in Andalusia . One of the main reasons for this formal renunciation of most of the once Catalan territories in Languedoc and Occitania , and any expansion into them, is that he

616-538: The Cathedral of Lleida , which was constructed in a style transitional between Romanesque and Gothic with little influence from Moorish styles . James was a patron of the University of Montpellier , which owed much of its development to his impetus. He also founded a studium at Valencia in 1245 and received privileges for it from Pope Innocent IV , but it did not develop as splendidly. In 1263, James presided over

660-624: The Inquisition into his realm in 1233 to prevent any vernacular translation of the Bible . The favour James showed his illegitimate offspring led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his legitimate and illegitimate sons. When one of the latter, Fernán Sánchez , who had behaved with gross ingratitude and treason toward his father, was slain by the legitimate son Peter , the old king recorded his grim satisfaction. In his will, James divided his states between his sons by Yolanda of Hungary :

704-476: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and was making a demonstration of his military power in front of Acre. During the demonstration, Egyptian troops hidden in the bushes ambushed a returning Frankish force that had been in Galilee . James's sons, initially eager for a fight, changed their minds after this spectacle and returned home via Sicily , where Fernán Sánchez was knighted by Charles of Anjou . James built and consecrated

748-528: The "Khan of Tartary" (actually the Ilkhan ), corresponded with James in early 1267, inviting him to join forces with the Mongols and go on crusade . James sent an ambassador to Abaqa in the person of Jayme Alaric de Perpignan , who returned with a Mongol embassy in 1269. Pope Clement IV tried to dissuade James from crusading, regarding his moral character as sub-par, and Alfonso X did the same. Nonetheless, James, who

792-487: The 20th century this industrial activity increased with oil, furniture, construction materials, leather and cloth production. The economy is divided into agriculture (oranges), industry famous for its clothing and leather production (Ferry's, Rodrigo Sancho S.A.), and marble. Today the industry is almost dead with the main companies having closed down: Ferry's (2007), Argent (2008), Rodrigo Sancho S.A. (2010), and many others. Pottery has also been very important, and has given

836-525: The Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, Peter of Portugal . From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with Sancho VII of Navarre , who desired his help against his nephew and closest living male relative, Theobald IV of Champagne . James and Sancho negotiated a treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when this occurred in 1234, the Navarrese nobles elevated Theobald to

880-465: The Brotherhoods , Canals was used by the viceroy as his headquarters to attack Xàtiva, where the 'Encobert' was hidden. Many prisoners were taken from Xàtiva to Canals. In 1639, Phillip IV paid Xàtiva 20.000 pounds, and gave independence to Canals as a village (vila). In the 19th century Canals developed industry, with 24 glass factories, a paper factory, metal workshops, flour mills, and cloth sellers. In

924-575: The Sants River begins its course close to town, where it divides into two channels ( séquies ) that bring water to Xàtiva and the fields of Canals. The village lies on the left bank of the Cànyoles river. Canals and l'Alcúdia de Crespins together form a conurbation. From València you can reach Canals taking the A-7 highway. Some evidence of Roman civilization has been found. During the year of Muslim occupation it

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968-569: The aforementioned Peter received the Hispanic possessions on the mainland and James received the Kingdom of Majorca , which included the Balearic Islands, the counties of Roussillon and Cerdanya , and the Lordship of Montpellier. The division inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. In 1276, the king fell very ill at Alzira and resigned his crown, intending to retire to the monastery of Poblet , but he died at Valencia on 27 July. His mummified body

1012-430: The army might not take alarm. James first married, in 1221, Eleanor , daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor of England . Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate: In 1235, James remarried to Yolanda , daughter of Andrew II of Hungary by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. They had numerous children: James married thirdly Teresa Gil de Vidaure , but only by

1056-589: The boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese appealed to Pope Innocent III , who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over to the papal legate Peter of Benevento at Carcassonne in May or June 1214. James

1100-468: The case of Navarre, he declined to launch into perilous adventures. By the Treaty of Corbeil , signed in May 1258, he ended his conflict with Louis IX of France , securing the renunciation of any historical French claims to sovereignty over Catalonia , including the County of Barcelona. After his false start at uniting Aragon with the Kingdom of Navarre through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned to

1144-556: The continuator of William of Tyre , he returned via Montpellier por l'amor de sa dame Berenguiere ("for the love of his lady Berengaria") and abandoned any further effort at a crusade. James's sons Pedro Fernández and Fernán Sánchez , who had been given command of part of the fleet, did continue on their way to Acre , where they arrived in December. They found that Baibars , the Mameluke Sultan of Egypt , had broken his truce with

1188-543: The decisive Battle of the Puig , where the Aragonese commander, Bernat Guillem I d'Entença , who was also the king's cousin, died from wounds received in action. Chroniclers say James used gunpowder in the siege of Museros castle. During his remaining two decades after Corbeil, James warred with the Moors in Murcia , on behalf of his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile . On 26 March 1244,

1232-455: The king, the conquest of Majorca was mainly a Catalan undertaking, and Catalans would later make up the majority of Majorca's settlers. James conquered Majorca on 31 December 1229, and Menorca (1232) and Ibiza (1235) were later acquired during the reconquest. Valencia capitulated to Aragonese rule on 28 September 1238, following an extensive campaign that included the Siege of Burriana and

1276-478: The name of Jehuda was employed at James's court during this period. Though James was himself a prose writer and sponsored mostly prose works, he had an appreciation of verse. In consequence of the Albigensian Crusade , many troubadours were forced to flee southern France and many found refuge in Aragon. Notwithstanding his early patronage of poetry, by the influence of his confessor Ramon de Penyafort , James brought

1320-561: The people from Canals the nickname of "perolers" (potters). James I of Aragon James I the Conqueror ( Catalan / Valencian : Jaume I or Jaume el Conqueridor ; Aragonese : Chaime I o Conqueridor ; Spanish : Jaime I de Aragón or Jaime I el Conquistador ; 2 February 1208 – 27 July 1276) was King of Aragon , Count of Barcelona , and Lord of Montpellier from 1213 to 1276; King of Majorca from 1231 to 1276; and King of Valencia from 1238 to 1276. His long reign of 62 years

1364-451: The place to Raimon de Riusech taking it from Joan Eximenis d'Urrea, with the condition that if he had no male descendants it would be given back to the crown, but in the end it was sold to Xàtiva, with the king's approval on February 19 of 1353 as a barony. During the rule by Xàtiva there were continuous tributary conflicts. In the year 1506, Xàtiva bought La Torreta. In 1522 during the Revolt of

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1408-476: The roads to ensure that no cars would interfere with the racers. However, during a practice prior to the Spanish Grand Prix, a vehicle gained access to the area from one of the team's assistants who was supposed to have blocked off all of the roads. Tragically, Tormo, who was testing a new racing suit, hit the car and shattered his right leg. The accident marked the end of his racing career and the beginning of

1452-468: The same comarca ) and with Aielo de Malferit and l'Olleria ( comarca of Vall d'Albaida ). Canals is located in the valley of Montesa , between the Grossa mountains and la Costera. The highest points are in la Serra Grossa, where we can find the peaks of l'Atalaia (556 m) and la Creu (520 m), on the municipal boundary with l'Olleria . The Cànyoles River crosses the town in the west-northeast direction;

1496-486: The south and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . On 5 September 1229, the troops from Aragon, consisting of 155 ships, 1,500 horsemen and 15,000 soldiers, set sail from Tarragona, Salou, and Cambrils, in southern Catalonia, to conquer Majorca from Abu Yahya , the semi-independent Almohad governor of the island. Although a group of Aragonese knights took part in the campaign because of their obligations to

1540-449: The throne instead, and James disputed it. Pope Gregory IX was required to intervene. In the end, James accepted Theobald's succession. James endeavoured to form a state straddling the Pyrenees in order to counterbalance the power of France north of the river Loire . As with the much earlier Visigothic attempt, this policy was victim to physical, cultural, and political obstacles. As in

1584-437: The two monarchs signed the Treaty of Almizra to establish their zones of expansion into Andalusia so as to prevent squabbling between them. Specifically, it defined the borders of the newly created Kingdom of Valencia . James signed it on that date, but Alfonso did not affirm it until much later. According to the treaty, all lands south of a line from Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot were reserved for Castile. Abaqa ,

1628-550: Was a very important "alqueria" owned by Xàtiva. Then in the Christian era, in 1244, king James I of Aragon gave Dionís of Hungary the tower and the small village of Canals and created the new lordship of the Señorío de Torre de Canals . Dionis of Hungary gave the king the castle in the valley of Veo and also the castle of Ain and other territories. The Christian resettlement was made by Catalans. On July 30, Peter IV "el Cerimoniós" gave

1672-474: Was later exhumed in 1856, when the monastery was under repair. A photograph of the king was taken. The photograph of the head of the mummy clearly shows the wound in the left eyebrow that the king himself explained in a passage from his Llibre dels fets (Book of Deeds): As I was coming with the men, I happened to turn my head towards the town in order to look at the Saracens, who had come out in great force, when

1716-548: Was married to Eleanor , daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile . The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms. In 1228, James faced the sternest opposition yet from a vassal. Guerau IV de Cabrera occupied the County of Urgell in opposition to Aurembiax , the heiress of Ermengol VIII , who had died without sons in 1208. Although Aurembiax's mother, Elvira, had made herself

1760-669: Was raised by the Knights Templar Crusaders , who had defeated his father, who was fighting for the Pope alongside the French. It was thus effectively forbidden for him to try to maintain the traditional influence of the Count of Barcelona that previously existed in Occitania and Languedoc . As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the European kings . King James I compiled

1804-636: Was renamed the Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana Ricardo Tormo . Points system from 1969 to 1987: ( key ) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Canals, Valencia Canals is a municipality (pop., INE 2007: 13,771) in the comarca of Costera in the Valencian Community , Spain. It shares borders with the municipalities of l'Alcúdia de Crespins , Cerdà , la Granja de la Costera , Xàtiva , Llanera de Ranes , Montesa , Torrella and Vallés (in

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1848-554: Was then campaigning in Murcia , made peace with Muhammad I , the Sultan of Granada , and set about collecting funds for a crusade. After organising the government for his absence and assembling a fleet at Barcelona in September 1269, he was ready to sail east. The troubadour Olivier lo Templier composed a song praising the voyage and hoping for its success. A storm, however, drove him off course, and he landed at Aigues-Mortes . According to

1892-527: Was then sent to Monzón , where he was entrusted to the care of Guillem de Montredó , the head of the Knights Templar in Aragon and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great-uncle Sancho, Count of Roussillon , and his son, the king's cousin, Nuño . The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to Zaragoza . In 1221, he

1936-615: Was to be held at Spain's Jarama Circuit . At that time, there were only two official circuits in Spain, one in Jarama and the other in Calafat . The team planned test rides before the race, but both circuits were already booked, forcing them to practice in Martorelles . This region of Barcelona was an industrial park near the Derbi factory. The team occasionally had test runs in this area, blocking off

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