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47-478: Riak has a pluggable backend for its core storage, with the default storage backend being Bitcask . LevelDB is also supported, with other options (such as the pure-Erlang Leveled ) available depending on the version. Riak was originally developed by engineers employed by Basho Technologies and maintained by them until 2017 when the rights were sold to bet365 after Basho went into receivership. All versions of Riak are now entirely open-source and free, and include

94-578: A multi-paradigm programming language : it allows procedural programming (defining functions/variables outside classes makes them part of the root, 'self' Object), with object orientation (everything is an object) or functional programming (it has anonymous functions , closures , and continuations ; statements all have values, and functions return the last evaluation). It has support for introspection , reflective programming , metaprogramming , and interpreter-based threads . Ruby features dynamic typing , and supports parametric polymorphism . According to

141-435: A sigil . When used, the sigil changes the semantics of scope of the variable. For practical purposes there is no distinction between expressions and statements . Line breaks are significant and taken as the end of a statement; a semicolon may be equivalently used. Unlike Python, indentation is not significant. One of the differences from Python and Perl is that Ruby keeps all of its instance variables completely private to

188-606: A compaction GC, and separation of positional and keyword arguments. Ruby 3.0.0 was released on Christmas Day in 2020. It is known as Ruby 3x3 which means that programs would run three times faster in Ruby 3.0 comparing to Ruby 2.0. and some had already implemented in intermediate releases on the road from 2 to 3. To achieve 3x3, Ruby 3 comes with MJIT, and later YJIT, Just-In-Time Compilers, to make programs faster, although they are described as experimental and remain disabled by default (enabled by flags at runtime). Another goal of Ruby 3.0

235-451: A few names in its lifetime, starting as Riak then Riak DS (for Data Store) and finally Riak KV (for Key-Value). When Basho Technologies went into receivership in 2017 KV development was picked up by the open source community and has continued into 2021, with 2.2.6 released in 2018 being the first community release of KV. This release integrated some features that were originally restricted to Basho's Enterprise versions of Riak. Version 2.9.0

282-525: A standard library module, while the YJIT, a Rust -based JIT compiler now supports more architectures on Linux. Ruby 3.3 was released on December 25, 2023. Ruby 3.3 introduces significant enhancements and performance improvements to the language. Key features include the introduction of the Prism parser for portable and maintainable parsing, the addition of the pure-Ruby JIT compiler RJIT, and major performance boosts in

329-665: A surrounding do-end block (less need for extra begin-end blocks), method-chaining with yield_self , support for branch coverage and method coverage measurement, and easier Hash transformations with Hash#slice and Hash#transform_keys On top of that come a lot of performance improvements like faster block passing (3 times faster), faster Mutexes, faster ERB templates and improvements on some concatenation methods. A few notable changes in Ruby 2.6.0 include an experimental just-in-time compiler (JIT), and RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree (experimental). A few notable changes in Ruby 2.7.0 include pattern Matching (experimental), REPL improvements,

376-423: Is object-oriented : every value is an object, including classes and instances of types that many other languages designate as primitives (such as integers , Booleans, and " null "). Because everything in Ruby is an object, everything in Ruby has certain built-in abilities called methods. Every function is a method and methods are always called on an object. Methods defined at the top level scope become methods of

423-493: Is an Erlang application that provides an API for storing and retrieving key/value data into a log-structured hash table . The design owes a lot to the principles found in log-structured file systems and draws inspiration from a number of designs that involve log file merging. Bitcask has a number of advantages owing to its write-once, append-only on-disk data-format and its use of an in-memory hash-table of keys for lookups: Because Bitcask keeps all keys in memory at all times,

470-764: Is still code based on it. Ruby 1.8 is only partially compatible with Ruby 1.9. Ruby 1.8 has been the subject of several industry standards. The language specifications for Ruby were developed by the Open Standards Promotion Center of the Information-Technology Promotion Agency (a Japanese government agency) for submission to the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) and then to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It

517-430: Is supported but HAVING is not. ORDER BY was to appear in a version that was never released. Riak TS existed as a collection of branches (in separate components of Riak KV such as riak_kv, riak_pb, etc.) and not as product with a repository of its own. It was developed by a dedicated team consisting of Gordon Guthrie (leader), Andy Till and Andrei Zavada, with occasional contributions from other developers. Riak TS

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564-473: Is the distributed systems framework that underpins Riak, forming the foundation for all Riak versions. It is being maintained as part of Riak. riak_core_lite is intended for general use as a base for creating distributed systems. Riak KV is a distributed NoSQL database designed to deliver maximum data availability by distributing data across multiple servers, meaning that if one client can reach one server, it should be able to read and write data. KV went through

611-453: Is to improve concurrency and two more utilities Fibre Scheduler, and experimental Ractor facilitate the goal. Ractor is light-weight and thread-safe as it is achieved by exchanging messages rather than shared objects. Ruby 3.0 introduces RBS language to describe the types of Ruby programs for static analysis . It is separated from general Ruby programs. There are some syntax enhancements and library changes in Ruby 3.0 as well. Ruby 3.1

658-461: Is used to manage the serialization of requests. This enables Riak CS to manage globally unique entities like users and bucket names. Serialization in this context means that the entire cluster agrees upon a single value for any globally unique entity at any given time; when that value is changed, the new value must be recognized throughout the entire cluster. Riak CS was briefly rebranded as Riak S2 to make it more obviously compatible with Amazon S3 but

705-617: The principle of least astonishment (POLA) to the design of Ruby; in a May 2005 discussion on the newsgroup comp.lang.ruby, Matsumoto attempted to distance Ruby from POLA, explaining that because any design choice will be surprising to someone, he uses a personal standard in evaluating surprise. If that personal standard remains consistent, there would be few surprises for those familiar with the standard. Matsumoto defined it this way in an interview: Everyone has an individual background. Someone may come from Python, someone else may come from Perl, and they may be surprised by different aspects of

752-623: The Fortune 100 and becoming a foundation to many of the world's fastest-growing Web-based, mobile and social networking applications, as well as cloud service providers. Releases after graduation include Riak 1.0 was released September 10, 2011 Riak CS was made open source on March 20, 2013 Riak TS was originally released in October 2015 Notable users include AT&T , Comcast , GitHub , Best Buy , UK National Health Services (NHS) , The Weather Channel , and Riot Games . Bitcask Bitcask

799-542: The Object class. Since this class is an ancestor of every other class, such methods can be called on any object. They are also visible in all scopes, effectively serving as "global" procedures. Ruby supports inheritance with dynamic dispatch , mixins and singleton methods (belonging to, and defined for, a single instance rather than being defined on the class). Though Ruby does not support multiple inheritance , classes can import modules as mixins. Ruby has been described as

846-735: The Riak build. Specific builds including these features are available. Originally known as Riak Moss(Riak Multi-tenant Object Storage System - MOSS) but named as Riak CS (Cloud Storage) when released, Riak CS was first publicly released in January 2012. Riak CS (Cloud Storage) is object storage software built on top of Riak KV, Riak's distributed database. Riak CS is designed to provide simple, highly-available, distributed cloud storage at any scale, and can be used to build cloud architectures or as storage infrastructure for heavy-duty applications and services. Riak CS also includes an application called Stanchion which

893-464: The Ruby FAQ, the syntax is similar to Perl 's and the semantics are similar to Smalltalk's , but the design philosophy differs greatly from Python 's. The syntax of Ruby is broadly similar to that of Perl and Python . Class and method definitions are signaled by keywords, whereas code blocks can be defined by either keywords or braces. In contrast to Perl, variables are not obligatorily prefixed with

940-993: The Ruby License and the GPL to being dual-licensed under the Ruby License and the two-clause BSD license. Adoption of 1.9 was slowed by changes from 1.8 that required many popular third party gems to be rewritten. Ruby 1.9 introduces many significant changes over the 1.8 series. Examples include: Ruby 2.0 was intended to be fully backward compatible with Ruby 1.9.3. As of the official 2.0.0 release on February 24, 2013, there were only five known (minor) incompatibilities. Ruby 2.0 added several new features, including: Starting with 2.1.0, Ruby's versioning policy changed to be more similar to semantic versioning . Ruby 2.2.0 includes speed-ups, bugfixes, and library updates and removes some deprecated APIs. Most notably, Ruby 2.2.0 introduces changes to memory handling – an incremental garbage collector, support for garbage collection of symbols and

987-436: The YJIT compiler. Additionally, improvements in memory usage, the introduction of an M:N thread scheduler, and updates to the standard library contribute to a more efficient and developer-friendly Ruby ecosystem. Matsumoto has said that Ruby is designed for programmer productivity and fun, following the principles of good user interface design. At a Google Tech Talk in 2008 he said, "I hope to see Ruby help every programmer in

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1034-408: The class and only exposes them through accessor methods ( attr_writer , attr_reader , etc.). Unlike the "getter" and "setter" methods of other languages like C++ or Java , accessor methods in Ruby can be created with a single line of code via metaprogramming ; however, accessor methods can also be created in the traditional fashion of C++ and Java. As invocation of these methods does not require

1081-509: The extra features that Basho charged license fees for. Basho operated a freemium model, wherein they provided free versions of Riak in the form of Riak Core, Riak KV, Riak CS and Riak TS but made their money from licensing more advanced features and SLA-based support. The extra features from the Enterprise Editions have since been integrated into the open source version of Riak KV, as of Riak KV release 2.2.6. and Riak CS 2.1.2 riak_core

1128-576: The first article about Ruby was published on the Web. In the same year, Matsumoto was hired by netlab.jp to work on Ruby as a full-time developer. In 1998, the Ruby Application Archive was launched by Matsumoto, along with a simple English-language homepage for Ruby. In 1999, the first English language mailing list ruby-talk began, which signaled a growing interest in the language outside Japan. In this same year, Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka wrote

1175-505: The first book on Ruby, The Object-oriented Scripting Language Ruby (オブジェクト指向スクリプト言語 Ruby), which was published in Japan in October 1999. It would be followed in the early 2000s by around 20 books on Ruby published in Japanese. By 2000, Ruby was more popular than Python in Japan. In September 2000, the first English language book Programming Ruby was printed, which was later freely released to

1222-409: The implementation to use a private instance variable exposed through a property descriptor, code internal to the class may need to be adjusted to use the private variable rather than the public property. Ruby's design forces all instance variables to be private, but also provides a simple way to declare set and get methods. This is in keeping with the idea that in Ruby, one never directly accesses

1269-485: The internal members of a class from outside the class; rather, one passes a message to the class and receives a response. The original Ruby interpreter is often referred to as Matz's Ruby Interpreter or MRI. This implementation is written in C and uses its own Ruby-specific virtual machine . The standardized and retired Ruby 1.8 implementation was written in C , as a single-pass interpreted language . Starting with Ruby 1.9, and continuing with Ruby 2.x and above,

1316-453: The language. Initially two names were proposed: " Coral " and " Ruby ". Matsumoto chose the latter in a later e-mail to Ishitsuka. Matsumoto later noted a factor in choosing the name "Ruby"–it was the birthstone of one of his colleagues. The first public release of Ruby 0.95 was announced on Japanese domestic newsgroups on December 21, 1995. Subsequently, three more versions of Ruby were released in two days. The release coincided with

1363-600: The language. Then they come up to me and say, 'I was surprised by this feature of the language, so Ruby violates the principle of least surprise.' Wait. Wait. The principle of least surprise is not for you only. The principle of least surprise means principle of least my surprise. And it means the principle of least surprise after you learn Ruby very well. For example, I was a C++ programmer before I started designing Ruby. I programmed in C++ exclusively for two or three years. And after two years of C++ programming, it still surprises me. Ruby

1410-548: The launch of the Japanese-language ruby-list mailing list, which was the first mailing list for the new language. Already present at this stage of development were many of the features familiar in later releases of Ruby, including object-oriented design, classes with inheritance, mixins , iterators , closures , exception handling and garbage collection . After the release of Ruby 0.95 in 1995, several stable versions of Ruby were released in these years: In 1997,

1457-438: The machine will something something something." They are focusing on machines. But in fact we need to focus on humans, on how humans care about doing programming or operating the application of the machines. We are the masters. They are the slaves. Matsumoto has said his primary design goal was to make a language that he himself enjoyed using, by minimizing programmer work and possible confusion. He has said that he had not applied

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1504-455: The name did not catch on and it reverted to Riak CS. In 2021 development for Riak CS was resumed with contributions from TI Tokyo. Riak TS is an extension to Riak KV optimized for time series data, in that: A limited subset of SQL commands was implemented in Riak TS. There is no provision for consistency guarantees between tables (no foreign indexes). In SELECT statements, WHERE clause

1551-475: The open source versions was completed with the 2.2.6 release. Riak was originally written by Andy Gross and Justin Sheehy at Basho Technologies to power a web Sales Force Automation application by former engineers and executives from Akamai . There was more interest in the datastore technology than the applications built on it, so the company decided to build a business around Riak itself, gaining adoption throughout

1598-1068: The option to compile directly against jemalloc. It also contains experimental support for using vfork (2) with system() and spawn(), and added support for the Unicode 7.0 specification. Since version 2.2.1, Ruby MRI performance on PowerPC64 was improved. Features that were made obsolete or removed include callcc, the DL library, Digest::HMAC, lib/rational.rb, lib/complex.rb, GServer, Logger::Application as well as various C API functions. Ruby 2.3.0 includes many performance improvements, updates, and bugfixes including changes to Proc#call, Socket and IO use of exception keywords, Thread#name handling, default passive Net::FTP connections, and Rake being removed from stdlib. Other notable changes include: Ruby 2.4.0 includes performance improvements to hash table, Array#max, Array#min, and instance variable access. Other notable changes include: A few notable changes in Ruby 2.5.0 include rescue and ensure statements automatically use

1645-477: The premium features are now available in the open source versions. Since Basho's demise, community ad-hoc and paid support options have arisen. Riak has official drivers for Ruby , Java , Erlang and Python . There are also numerous community-supported drivers for other programming languages. After bet365 purchased the Riak IP, the Riak products were made full open source and work to integrate premium features into

1692-532: The public, further widening the adoption of Ruby amongst English speakers. In early 2002, the English-language ruby-talk mailing list was receiving more messages than the Japanese-language ruby-list , demonstrating Ruby's increasing popularity in the non-Japanese speaking world. Ruby 1.8 was initially released August 2003, was stable for a long time, and was retired June 2013. Although deprecated, there

1739-430: The system must have enough memory to contain the entire keyspace in addition to other operational components and the operating system's file-system buffers . Ruby (programming language) Ruby is an interpreted , high-level , general-purpose programming language . It was designed with an emphasis on programming productivity and simplicity. In Ruby, everything is an object , including primitive data types . It

1786-478: The use of parentheses, it is trivial to change an instance variable into a full function, without modifying a single line of calling code or having to do any refactoring achieving similar functionality to C# and VB.NET property members. Python's property descriptors are similar, but come with a trade-off in the development process. If one begins in Python by using a publicly exposed instance variable, and later changes

1833-400: The world to be productive, and to enjoy programming, and to be happy. That is the primary purpose of Ruby language." He stresses that systems design needs to emphasize human, rather than computer, needs: Often people, especially computer engineers, focus on the machines. They think, "By doing this, the machine will run fast. By doing this, the machine will run more effectively. By doing this,

1880-667: Was a true object-oriented language – OO features appeared to be add-on to the language. As a language maniac and OO fan for 15 years, I really wanted a genuine object-oriented, easy-to-use scripting language. I looked for but couldn't find one. So I decided to make it. Matsumoto describes the design of Ruby as being like a simple Lisp language at its core, with an object system like that of Smalltalk, blocks inspired by higher-order functions , and practical utility like that of Perl. The name "Ruby" originated during an online chat session between Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka on February 24, 1993, before any code had been written for

1927-411: Was accepted as a Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS X 3017) in 2011 and an international standard (ISO/IEC 30170) in 2012. Around 2005, interest in the Ruby language surged in tandem with Ruby on Rails , a web framework written in Ruby. Rails is frequently credited with increasing awareness of Ruby. Effective with Ruby 1.9.3, released October 31, 2011, Ruby switched from being dual-licensed under

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1974-469: Was conceived in 1993. In a 1999 post to the ruby-talk mailing list, he describes some of his early ideas about the language: I was talking with my colleague about the possibility of an object-oriented scripting language. I knew Perl (Perl4, not Perl5), but I didn't like it really, because it had the smell of a toy language (it still has). The object-oriented language seemed very promising. I knew Python then. But I didn't like it, because I didn't think it

2021-504: Was conceived, along with Riak Data Platform project, as an attempt to diversify Basho's product line, an undertaking many insiders regard as misguided and eventually contributing to Basho's demise. Riak was originally licensed using a freemium model: open source versions of Riak KV, Riak CS and Riak TS are available, but end users can pay for additional features and support. However, since Basho entered receivership and bet365 (purchasers of all IP) made all Riak products fully open source, all

2068-478: Was developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan . Ruby is dynamically typed and uses garbage collection and just-in-time compilation . It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural , object-oriented , and functional programming . According to the creator, Ruby was influenced by Perl , Smalltalk , Eiffel , Ada , BASIC , Java , and Lisp . Matsumoto has said that Ruby

2115-406: Was released on December 25, 2021. It includes YJIT, a new, experimental, Just-In-Time Compiler developed by Shopify , to enhance the performance of real world business applications. A new debugger is also included. There are some syntax enhancements and other improvements in this release. Network libraries for FTP , SMTP , IMAP , and POP are moved from default gems to bundled gems. Ruby 3.2

2162-567: Was released on December 25, 2022. It brings support for being run inside of a WebAssembly environment via a WASI interface. Regular expressions also receives some improvements, including a faster, memoized matching algorithm to protect against certain ReDoS attacks, and configurable timeouts for regular expression matching. Additional debugging and syntax features are also included in this release, which include syntax suggestion, as well as error highlighting. The MJIT compiler has been re-implemented as

2209-513: Was the first major community release by the open source community, releasing in November 2019, with version 3.0.1 following on August 20, 2020. Development has continued since then with the latest release being version 3.0.7. The current version of Riak no longer supports some features in the Enterprise edition of Riak, including: The following features of Riak KV 2.x have been removed by default from

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