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34-546: Although the Riđani appear to have been predominantly a romanized people (Vlachs), Albanian names also appear among them, as was the case with one of their leaders, katunar Šimrak . The first mention of Riđani was in a 1335 document. The territory where they lived was between the Zeta river in the Onogošt župa (county) and Ledenice near Risan . In the first half of the 15th century,

68-530: A Roman province may be too broad a canvas to generalize. One characteristic of cultural Romanization was the creation of many hundreds of Roman coloniae in the territory of the Roman Republic and the subsequent Roman Empire. Until Trajan , colonies were created by using retired veteran soldiers, mainly from the Italian peninsula, who promoted Roman customs and laws, with the use of Latin . About 400 towns (of

102-451: A Romanizing effect upon the native communities. This thought process, fueled though it was by early 20th century standards of imperialism and cultural change, forms the basis for the modern understanding of Romanization. However, recent scholarship has devoted itself to providing alternate models of how native populations adopted Roman culture and has questioned the extent to which it was accepted or resisted. One additional reason behind

136-407: A certain fee. Riđani frequently invaded the region of Konavle and robbed it, so Ragusans complained to Stjepan Vukčić Kosača . In 1430 a deal is struck between Riđani and some villages near Risan (Morinje, Police). In it Riđani agrees to stop attacking the villages, determine grazing borders as well as allowing free passage of caravans and other transit through their area. Representatives of Riđan at

170-693: A temple to the Capitoline triad: Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, the deities venerated in the temple of Jupiter Best and Biggest on the Capitol in Rome. Livius It has been estimated that at the beginning of the empire, about 750,000 Italians lived in the provinces. Julius Caesar , Mark Antony and Augustus settled many of their veterans in colonies: in Italy, and the provinces. The colonies that were established in Italy until 14 BCE have been studied by Keppie (1983). In his account of

204-482: Is a historical settlement in the Nikšić Municipality of northwestern Montenegro . It is located in the historical region of Grahovo . In 1614, Mariano Bolizza wrote that Grahovo was situated in a beautiful plain, and commanded by Mile Perin . The settlement had 90 houses, out of which 70 were Orthodox Christian, and 20 were Turkish (Muslim). The town had 200 men in arms. On the 26th of August, 1836, After

238-663: The Greeks . Romanization was largely effective in the western half of the empire, where native civilizations were weaker. In the Hellenized east, ancient civilizations like those of Ancient Egypt , Anatolia , the Balkans , Syria , and Palestine effectively resisted all but its most superficial effects. When the Empire was divided, the east, with mainly Greek culture, was marked by the increasing strength of specifically Greek culture and language to

272-636: The Iberian Peninsula , Gaul , southern Germany and Dalmatia . Romanization in most of those regions remains such a powerful cultural influence in most aspects of life today that they are described as "Latin countries" and "Latin American countries". That is most evident in European countries in which Romance languages are spoken and former colonies that have inherited the languages and other Roman influences. According to Theodor Mommsen , cultural Romanization

306-467: The " civilizing of barbarians ". Acculturation proceeded from the top down, with the upper classes adopting Roman culture first and the old ways lingering longest among peasants in outlying countryside and rural areas. Hostages played an important part in this process, as elite children, from Mauretania to Gaul , were taken to be raised and educated in Rome. Ancient Roman historiography and traditional Italian historiography confidently identified

340-463: The Empire, Latin had to compete with Greek , which largely kept its position as lingua franca and even spread to new areas. Latin became prominent in certain areas around new veteran colonies like Berytus . The local customary laws were supplanted in part by Roman law , with its institutions regarding property and inheritance. Typically-Roman institutions, such as public baths , the imperial cult and gladiator fights, were adopted. Gradually,

374-518: The Gallic tongue" was destroyed and burnt to the ground. Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the Vulgar Latin dialects that developed into French, with effects including loanwords and calques (including oui , the word for "yes"), sound changes, and influences in conjugation and word order. The very existence of Romanization is a source of contention among modern archaeologists . One of

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408-831: The Montenegrin tribal assembly ( zbor ), which was the supreme governing body of Montenegro, decided to accept Riđani as their own. After this event, the tribe ceased to exist. Its name is preserved in toponyms and folk tradition. Some modern-day Serbo-Croatian families (including the Merćep family) descends from the Riđani. According to some legends, they populated the territory of Krivošije and Cerovo Ždrijelo near Grahovo. According to traditional belief, Riđani had been trying to migrate from their mountainous homeland to fertile lands of Grahovo (near Nikšić ), facing resistance of its native people. Romanization (cultural) Romanization or Latinization ( Romanisation or Latinisation ), in

442-502: The Riđani territory belonged to the Duchy of Saint Sava . Their knez was Radivoj Sladojević. In contemporary Ragusan documents, they are described as Vlachs . The earliest Ragusan sources about this tribe are early 15th-century records in which they are mentioned as Vlachi Rigiani . In 1429, the Ragusan senate invited them to take their livestock to Konavle mountains during the summer, for

476-512: The Roman Empire) are known to have possessed the rank of colonia. During the empire, colonies were showcases of Roman culture and examples of the Roman way of life. The native population of the provinces could see how they were expected to live. Because of this function, the promotion of a town to the status of "Colonia civium Romanorum" implied that all citizens received full citizen rights and dedicated

510-636: The Romanization and the Hellenization of the native Semitic peoples . Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe also contributed to the de-Romanization of the Balkans, and the rapid demographic spread of the Slavs was followed by a population exchange, mixing and language shift to and from Slavic . Grahovo, Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87 Grahovo ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Грахово, pronounced [ɡrâxoʋo] )

544-510: The achievements of his long reign, Res Gestae Divi Augusti ( The Deeds of the Divine Augustus ), Augustus stated that he had settled 120,000 soldiers in twenty colonies in Italy in 31 BCE, then 100,000 men in colonies in Spain and southern Gaul in 14 BCE, followed by another 96,000 in 2 BCE. Brian Campbell also states "From 49 to 32 BCE about 420,000 Italians were recruited", which would thus be

578-637: The conquered would see themselves as Romans. The process was supported by the Roman Republic and then by the Roman Empire . The entire process was facilitated by the Indo-European origin of most of the languages and by the similarity of the gods of many ancient cultures. They also already had trade relations and contacts with one another through the seafaring Mediterranean cultures like the Phoenicians and

612-558: The detriment of the Latin language and other Romanizing influences, but its citizens continued to regard themselves as Romans. While Britain certainly was Romanized, its approximation to the Roman culture seems to have been smaller than that of Gaul. The most Romanized regions, as demonstrated by Dott. Bernward Tewes and Barbara Woitas of the computing center of the Catholic University Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, were Italy,

646-465: The different processes involved with a "civilization of barbarians". Modern historians take a more nuanced view: by making their peace with Rome, local elites could make their position more secure and reinforce their prestige. New themes include the study of personal and group values and the construction of identity, which is the personal aspect of ethnogenesis . The transitions operated differently in different provinces; as Blagg and Millett point out even

680-465: The extinction of all aspects of native cultures even when there was extensive acculturation. Many non-Latin provincial languages survived the entire period while sustaining considerable Latin influence, including the ancestor languages of Welsh, Albanian , Basque and Berber . Where there was language replacement, in some cases, such as Italy, it took place in the early imperial stage, while in others, native languages only totally succumbed to Latin after

714-515: The fall of the Empire, as was likely the case with Gaulish. The Gaulish language is thought to have survived into the 6th century in France, despite considerable Romanization of the local material culture. The last record of spoken Gaulish deemed to be plausibly credible was when Gregory of Tours wrote in the 6th century ( c.  560 –575) that a shrine in Auvergne which "is called Vasso Galatae in

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748-525: The first approaches, which now can be regarded as the "traditional" approach, was taken by Francis Haverfield . He saw this process beginning in primarily post-conquest societies (such as Britain and Gaul ), where direct Roman policy from the top promoted an increase in the Roman population of the province through the establishment of veteran colonies. The coloniae would have spoken Latin and been citizens of Rome following their army tenure (See Roman citizenship ). Haverfield thus assumes this would have

782-462: The historical and cultural meanings of both terms, indicate different historical processes, such as acculturation , integration and assimilation of newly incorporated and peripheral populations by the Roman Republic and the later Roman Empire . The terms were used in ancient Roman historiography and traditional Italian historiography until the Fascist period, when the various processes were called

816-716: The kidnapping of a young male and female population of Konavle and Herzegovina. Two Riđani siblings, Dobretić and Bukmir sold them for 16 ducats to Ottoman subaşi, vojvodas, martoloses and Muslims in Trebinje who in turn sold them as slaves. Riđani were registered in the first Ottoman defter (tax registry) of the Sanjak of Herzegovina , as part of the Novi kadiluk (modern-day Herceg Novi ). In 1597, envoys of Serbian Patriarch Jovan Kantul and vojvoda Grdan , chieftain of Nikšići and Riđani tribes, reported to Pope Clement VIII about

850-463: The meeting were Radjen Metiković , Vlatko Milobratović , Milorad Dragošević and Vukosav Bukumirović . A 1441 document tells of their attacks and robbing of Ragusan merchant convoys. One 1451 document indicate that Riđani populated the region between Risan , Kotor and Vrsinje. Eventually, Riđani became one of three strong tribes in the region of Onogošt (Nikšić), besides Drobnjaci and Lužani . All three of them were governed by one ban . Ugren

884-517: The night. The assault occurred in the village of Mljetičak, north of Nikšić . In the ensuing clash, Smail-aga was shot and killed, after which his severed head was brought to Cetinje . As a sign of his gratitude, Njegoš made Cerović a senator. The town of Grahovo, although fairly small received many high positions in the Montenegrin Government, For example, Most Montenegrin Kings were titled as

918-540: The possibilities to raise an anti-Ottoman rebellion. In mid-17th century their chieftain was Radul of Riđani . Riđani distinguished themselves in the struggle against the Ottomans, particularly during the late 17th-century Morean War . Riđani slowly fled west to Herzegovina, especially after the Ottomans established Nikšić as their stronghold, while remnants of Riđani with newly immigrated Uskoks formed three tribal societies: Krivošije , Grahovo and Nikšićke Rudine. In 1749

952-623: The rise of Petar II Petrović-Njegoš to power in the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro , members of Grahovo tribe , led by vojvoda Jakov Daković refused to pay haraç to the Ottoman authorities and joined the rest of Montenegrins in guerrilla warfare in Ottoman-controlled Herzegovina , expressing the desire to unite with Montenegro. In response, Ali Pasha Rizvanbegović , vizier of Herzegovina, attacked Grahovo in 1836 and occupied

986-461: The romanization process was the "Spread of Catholicism ". Christianity actually is centered in Rome, and believes that a Roman Bishop is the supreme head of Christianity: the spread of Roman Catholicism corresponds with the spread of a Latinized "Western" cultural mindset and generally of the spread of the Romance languages, all based on Latin. Roman names were adopted by some, and the Latin language

1020-606: The town. Four years after the Montenegrin defeat at Grahovo, seeking revenge for the death of his brother, Njegoš plotted the assassination of Smail-aga with the assistance of the local Christians from Herzegovina who lived on the territory under Smail-aga's control. Njegoš ordered a Montenegrin tribal leader, Novica Cerović , to ambush Smail-aga Čengić , the Ottoman commander who was responsible for killing Njegoš's brother Joko. In late September 1840, Montenegrins attracted Čengić and his army deep into their territory, organized an ambush and murdered them by attacking their camp during

1054-520: The veteran (citizen) stock that was largely sent to the provinces (colonies) during Augustus. The Lex Calpurnia, however, also allowed citizenship to be granted for distinguished bravery. For example, the 1,000 socii from Camerinum after Vercellae 101 BCE (Plutarch Mar. XXXVIII) and the auxiliary (later Legio XXII Deiotariana ) after Zela , got Roman citizenship. By the time of Augustus, the legions consisted mostly of ethnic Latins/Italics and Cisalpine Gauls. However, Romanization did not always result in

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1088-537: Was among the most notable bans. After the Ottomans captured the region populated by Riđani it became known as the nahija of Riđani, with its seat in Grahovo. An Ottoman governor administered the nahija, while the tribe was governed by its vojvoda (of Drobnjaci and Banjani ) or by their knez (of Riđani). In 1466 the subaşi of Riđani was Širmerd. In 1469 Riđani were one of the "Vlach" tribes that participated in

1122-645: Was more complete in those areas that developed a "neolatin language" (like Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian). The same process later developed in the recent centuries' colonial empires. The regions of Levant and Mesopotamia were re-Semiticized by the Arab conquests of the Rashidun and the Umayyad Caliphates and into the Abbasid Caliphate after centuries of Roman rule. The conquests reversed

1156-457: Was spread, which was greatly facilitated by the fact that many cultures were mostly oral (particularly for the Gauls and Iberians ). Anyone who wanted to deal (through writing) with the bureaucracy and/or with the Roman market had to write in Latin. The extent of the adoption is subject to ongoing debate, as the native languages were certainly spoken after the conquests. Moreover, in the eastern half of

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