138-722: Rhodesia Television (RTV) was a live-broadcast, television station operating in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe ) as a private company. It was established on the 14th of November, 1960, first in Salisbury (now Harare ), with transmissions in Bulawayo beginning seven months later. It was only the fourth TV service in Africa after Algeria , Nigeria and Egypt , and the first such service in southern Africa , since South Africa did not introduce television until 1976. RTV broadcast on behalf of
276-425: A body-centered cubic structure and is the more stable form. The structure of the β phase is called A15 cubic ; it is metastable , but can coexist with the α phase at ambient conditions owing to non-equilibrium synthesis or stabilization by impurities. Contrary to the α phase which crystallizes in isometric grains, the β form exhibits a columnar habit . The α phase has one third of the electrical resistivity and
414-437: A sextuple bond between tungsten atoms — the highest known bond order among stable atoms. In 1781, Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that a new acid , tungstic acid , could be made from scheelite (at the time called tungsten). Scheele and Torbern Bergman suggested that it might be possible to obtain a new metal by reducing this acid. In 1783, José and Fausto Elhuyar found an acid made from wolframite that
552-2744: A 1975 market research survey the peak adult viewership in the Salisbury/Midlands/Umtali region averaged 68,000 and in the Bulawayo region 25,000. Advertising cost based on a 30-second spot was approximately ZWD 1.00 per 1,000 viewers. Officers included John Terry, David Pinnel, Peter Lockitch and Lin Mehmel. With a few exceptions, presenters were employed on a freelance basis: Adrienne Verney, Alan Britten, Alan Cockle, Alan Dickinson, Allan Riddell, Barry Taylor, Bernice Dixon, Beryl Maitland, Bill Franklin, Bob Nixon, Bob Ross, Bonnie van Rooyen, Brian Asch, Brian Cooper, Brian Lawson, Brian Williams, 'Cabby' Caborn, Carol Lynch, Mike Lindley, Clem Tholet , Dave Paterson, David Chodzko, Dave Emberton, Derek Partridge , Des Hamill, Dickie Arbiter , Donna Wurzel, Douglas Gordon, Edrice Royston, Elaine Gillespie, Fortinay Fowler, Frank Alnwaith, Frank Selas, Gail Adams, Gary Worth, Geoffrey Atkins, Gerry Wilmot, Glenn Irving, Gloria Mulliagan, Graham Ross, Ian Dixon, Ian Salmon, Ian Warren, Irene Harding, James Thrush, Jan Smith, Jill Baker, Jimmy Robinson, John Aldridge, John Batwell, John Bishop, John Pank, John Wooton (Wooty), Joy Cameron Dow, Ken Jackson, Lawford Sutton-Pryce, Len Rookes, Leslie MacKenzie, Leslie Sullivan , Libby Railton, Liz James, Mabel Anderson, Malcolm Russell, Margaret Kriel (Maggie Patrick), Mark Lukazinski, Martin Lee, Martin Locke, Mary Morgan-Davies, Mike Lindley, Mike Stewart, Mike Westcott, Nick Critchlow, Nigel Curling, Noreen Welch, Norman Bisby, Odilo Weger, Oliver Ransford, Pat Trevor , Patrick McLaughlin, Paul Tingay, Pauleen Bailey, Peter Bunkell, Peter Butler, Peter Evans, Peter Rollason, Peter Tobin, Peter van Aswegen, Peter Wilson, Ralph Glover, Ray Straker, Reg Salisbury, Rhys Meier, Rick Fenner, Bob Cushman, Rodney Gale, Rory Kilalea, Ross Campbell, Roy Brassington, Sally Donaldson, Sarah Thompson, Simon Parkinson, Sir Henry Gratten-Bellew, Sonia Hattin, Stan Higgins, Stan Trethowan, Stuart Dawes, Stuart Goakes, Ted Patterson, Terrence Kennedy, Toni Fairfield, Tony Adams, Tony Bulling, Tony Hitchman, Tony Oscroft, Trish Johns, Vic Mackeson, Vic Thomas, Viv Wilson, Wrex Tarr , Gerry Wilmot These were called Bric-a-brac, Cabby, Culture Vulture, In Studio Minor, Juke Box Jury, National Foods High School Quiz, Nightcap, Pets Parade, Quirks and Quiddities, Sea Battles, Small Talk, Surf Pick-a-Box, Talkabout, Tele 5 Club, Wooty and Wonderama. Southern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia
690-625: A 51 per cent stake in the service. Occupying a position high in the hills above the Salisbury racecourse, the Pockets Hill television station was built just a few metres away from its original ' Alexandra Palace -style' transmitter mast. This was later replaced by a much taller, guyed structure. The HQ of the Rhodesian Broadcast Corporation occupied the nextdoor building. Operating in a country under United Nations International Sanctions from 1965, which prevented free trade with
828-496: A US court rejected General Electric 's attempt to patent it, overturning U.S. patent 1,082,933 granted in 1913 to William D. Coolidge . It is suggested that remnants of wolfram have been found in what may have been the garden of the astronomer/alchemist Tycho Brahe The name tungsten (which means ' heavy stone ' in Swedish and was the old Swedish name for the mineral scheelite and other minerals of similar density)
966-568: A colorless gas. At around 250 °C it will react with chlorine or bromine, and under certain hot conditions will react with iodine. Finely divided tungsten is pyrophoric . The most common formal oxidation state of tungsten is +6, but it exhibits all oxidation states from −2 to +6. Tungsten typically combines with oxygen to form the yellow tungstic oxide , WO 3 , which dissolves in aqueous alkaline solutions to form tungstate ions, WO 4 . Tungsten carbides (W 2 C and WC) are produced by heating powdered tungsten with carbon. W 2 C
1104-426: A different atom such as phosphorus in place of the two central hydrogens in metatungstate produces a wide variety of heteropoly acids, such as phosphotungstic acid H 3 PW 12 O 40 . Tungsten trioxide can form intercalation compounds with alkali metals. These are known as bronzes ; an example is sodium tungsten bronze . In gaseous form, tungsten forms the diatomic species W 2 . These molecules feature
1242-474: A distinct element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Its important ores include scheelite and wolframite , the latter lending the element its alternative name. The free element is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all known elements, melting at 3,422 °C (6,192 °F; 3,695 K). It also has the highest boiling point , at 5,930 °C (10,706 °F; 6,203 K). Its density
1380-579: A fully independent Rhodesia , which immediately became an unrecognised state . In 1979, it reconstituted itself under majority rule as Zimbabwe Rhodesia , which also failed to win international recognition. After a period of interim British control following the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979, the country achieved internationally recognised independence as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Initially,
1518-422: A half-life of (1.8 ± 0.2) × 10 years; on average, this yields about two alpha decays of W per gram of natural tungsten per year. This rate is equivalent to a specific activity of roughly 63 micro- becquerel per kilogram. This rate of decay is orders of magnitude lower than that observed in carbon or potassium as found on earth, which likewise contain small amounts of long-lived radioactive isotopes. Bismuth
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#17330944012521656-404: A location for the studio countdown clock. Audio foldback and talkback monitors were overhead above the lighting grid. There were caption stands for each camera to hold title captions, photographic images for news and simple commercial-designed images. The cyclorama did not have an 'infinity curve' until the mid-1970s and was painted a basic pale blue, which equated to a mid to light tone grey for
1794-456: A maximum of 10 minutes with a series of advertisers grouped into a mini programme. Programmes were hosted by a presenter and many of these presenters later went on to further their television careers hosting local TV programmes. The introduction of video tape and the acquisition of United Film Industries, a local production house, later expanded the scope of the commercial capability and many additional innovations were introduced to further improve
1932-487: A maximum of three per hour. Initially all commercials were supplied on 16mm film and were spliced into programme reels. To satisfy the retail market slide/camera card commercials with durations of 7 secs, 15 secs and 30 secs with pre-recorded voice over or live by the duty announcer were also broadcast during these breaks. Retail advertisers were also accommodated with an advertising magazine (Admag) programme broadcast live during early and later transmission times. Admags ran for
2070-400: A motor-driven Bolex , two clockwork Bolexes, and an Auricon sound camera which took 400' foot magnetic stripe film spools. It is probably safe to say that all programme producer/directors cut their teeth on studio news bulletins, of which a little more later. All material was collated for use in three daily bulletins, being, 6pm headlines, a 7.45pm main bulletin and late news headlines. With
2208-638: A much lower superconducting transition temperature T C relative to the β phase: ca. 0.015 K vs. 1–4 K; mixing the two phases allows obtaining intermediate T C values. The T C value can also be raised by alloying tungsten with another metal (e.g. 7.9 K for W- Tc ). Such tungsten alloys are sometimes used in low-temperature superconducting circuits. Naturally occurring tungsten consists of four stable isotopes ( W, W, W, and W) and one very long-lived radioisotope, W. Theoretically, all five can decay into isotopes of element 72 ( hafnium ) by alpha emission , but only W has been observed to do so, with
2346-530: A range of oxidation states. Notable examples include the trigonal prismatic W(CH 3 ) 6 and octahedral W(CO) 6 . The world's reserves of tungsten are 3,200,000 tonnes; they are mostly located in China (1,800,000 t), Canada (290,000 t), Russia (160,000 t), Vietnam (95,000 t) and Bolivia . As of 2017, China, Vietnam and Russia are the leading suppliers with 79,000, 7,200 and 3,100 tonnes, respectively. Canada had ceased production in late 2015 due to
2484-496: A set of headphones. 3. Local stories were sourced over the telephone and/or filmed on location with the cameraman and the sub/reporter. 4. International film footage was obtained via Visnews and UPITN in London and was collected daily at the Bulawayo airport. The main bulletin was read from the studio, using two newsreaders in front of a stylised map of the world. Two cameras were required. The headlines' bulletins were presented from
2622-480: A sharp blow. The hardness and heat resistance of tungsten can contribute to useful alloys . A good example is high-speed steel , which can contain as much as 18% tungsten. Tungsten's high melting point makes tungsten a good material for applications like rocket nozzles , for example in the UGM-27 Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile . Tungsten alloys are used in a wide range of applications, including
2760-481: A shortage of tungsten used in the shell core, caused in part by the Wolfram Crisis , limited their use. Tungsten has also been used in dense inert metal explosives , which use it as dense powder to reduce collateral damage while increasing the lethality of explosives within a small radius. Tungsten(IV) sulfide is a high temperature lubricant and is a component of catalysts for hydrodesulfurization . MoS 2
2898-482: A tiny news 'booth', just off the main corridor, which encompassed a fixed position camera, a desk and an AKG microphone. There was no autocue although some readers liked to write out the headlines and tape it just under the lens being used. Visual resources The two reporter/subs were trained to direct studio bulletins. Two studio cameras, two cameramen, a floor manager and camcards. From telecine, film, slides, opaques, epidiascope images. VT inserts were introduced in
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#17330944012523036-499: A tungsten bar with gold, which has been observed since the 1980s, or taking an existing gold bar, drilling holes, and replacing the removed gold with tungsten rods. The densities are not exactly the same, and other properties of gold and tungsten differ, but gold-plated tungsten will pass superficial tests. Gold-plated tungsten is available commercially from China (the main source of tungsten), both in jewelry and as bars. Because it retains its strength at high temperatures and has
3174-477: A white population of over 100,000, as well as additional British military and civil units and their dependents, most of these were relatively new to the region, were primarily in the extraction business, had little landed interests, and were more amenable to allowing black nationalism than the Southern Rhodesians. Accordingly, Britain granted independence to Northern Rhodesia on 24 October 1964. However, when
3312-414: Is hypoallergenic , and is harder than gold alloys (though not as hard as tungsten carbide), making it useful for rings that will resist scratching, especially in designs with a brushed finish . Because the density is so similar to that of gold (tungsten is only 0.36% less dense), and its price of the order of one-thousandth, tungsten can also be used in counterfeiting of gold bars , such as by plating
3450-475: Is selective laser melting , which is a form of 3D printing and allows creating complex three-dimensional shapes. Tungsten is mainly used in the production of hard materials based on tungsten carbide (WC), one of the hardest carbides . WC is an efficient electrical conductor , but W 2 C is less so. WC is used to make wear-resistant abrasives , and "carbide" cutting tools such as knives, drills, circular saws , dies , milling and turning tools used by
3588-798: Is 19.254 g/cm , comparable with that of uranium and gold , and much higher (about 1.7 times) than that of lead . Polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material (under standard conditions, when uncombined), making it difficult to work into metal . However, pure single-crystalline tungsten is more ductile and can be cut with a hard-steel hacksaw . Tungsten occurs in many alloys, which have numerous applications, including incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes , electrodes in gas tungsten arc welding , superalloys , and radiation shielding . Tungsten's hardness and high density make it suitable for military applications in penetrating projectiles . Tungsten compounds are often used as industrial catalysts . Its largest use
3726-476: Is heated with hydrogen or carbon to produce powdered tungsten. Because of tungsten's high melting point, it is not commercially feasible to cast tungsten ingots . Instead, powdered tungsten is mixed with small amounts of powdered nickel or other metals, and sintered . During the sintering process, the nickel diffuses into the tungsten, producing an alloy. Tungsten can also be extracted by hydrogen reduction of WF 6 : or pyrolytic decomposition : Tungsten
3864-484: Is in tungsten carbide , a wear-resistant metal used in metalworking , mining , and construction . About 50% of tungsten is used in tungsten carbide, with the remaining major use being alloys and steels: less than 10% is used other compounds. Tungsten is the only metal in the third transition series that is known to occur in biomolecules , being found in a few species of bacteria and archaea . However, tungsten interferes with molybdenum and copper metabolism and
4002-642: Is more commonly used for such applications. Tungsten oxides are used in ceramic glazes and calcium / magnesium tungstates are used widely in fluorescent lighting . Crystal tungstates are used as scintillation detectors in nuclear physics and nuclear medicine . Other salts that contain tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries. Tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) is incorporated into selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts found in coal-fired power plants. These catalysts convert nitrogen oxides ( NO x ) to nitrogen (N 2 ) and water (H 2 O) using ammonia (NH 3 ). The tungsten oxide helps with
4140-489: Is not traded as a futures contract and cannot be tracked on exchanges like the London Metal Exchange . The tungsten industry often uses independent pricing references such as Argus Media or Metal Bulletin as a basis for contracts. The prices are usually quoted for tungsten concentrate or WO 3 . Approximately half of the tungsten is consumed for the production of hard materials – namely tungsten carbide – with
4278-658: Is problematic even in depleted form, or where uranium's additional pyrophoric properties are not desired (for example, in ordinary small arms bullets designed to penetrate body armor). Similarly, tungsten alloys have also been used in shells , grenades , and missiles , to create supersonic shrapnel. Germany used tungsten during World War II to produce shells for anti-tank gun designs using the Gerlich squeeze bore principle to achieve very high muzzle velocity and enhanced armor penetration from comparatively small caliber and light weight field artillery. The weapons were highly effective but
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4416-426: Is resistant to chemical attack, although it reacts strongly with chlorine to form tungsten hexachloride (WCl 6 ). In aqueous solution, tungstate gives the heteropoly acids and polyoxometalate anions under neutral and acidic conditions. As tungstate is progressively treated with acid, it first yields the soluble, metastable "paratungstate A" anion , W 7 O 24 , which over time converts to
4554-450: Is somewhat toxic to most forms of animal life. In its raw form, tungsten is a hard steel-grey metal that is often brittle and hard to work . Purified, monocrystalline tungsten retains its hardness (which exceeds that of many steels), and becomes malleable enough that it can be worked easily. It is worked by forging , drawing , or extruding but it is more commonly formed by sintering . Of all metals in pure form, tungsten has
4692-616: Is strictly regulated by the Chinese Government, which fights illegal mining and excessive pollution originating from mining and refining processes. There is a large deposit of tungsten ore on the edge of Dartmoor in the United Kingdom , which was exploited during World War I and World War II as the Hemerdon Mine . Following increases in tungsten prices, this mine was reactivated in 2014, but ceased activities in 2018. Within
4830-539: Is used in English, French, and many other languages as the name of the element, but wolfram (or volfram ) is used in most European (especially Germanic and Slavic) languages and is derived from the mineral wolframite , which is the origin of the chemical symbol W . The name wolframite is derived from German wolf rahm ( ' wolf soot, wolf cream ' ), the name given to tungsten by Johan Gottschalk Wallerius in 1747. This, in turn, derives from Latin lupi spuma ,
4968-542: The 'high band' Umatic recorders and edit suite. In 1979 / 1980 the station took delivery of its first Sony 1-inch 'C Spool' edit suite – and the earliest content was shot and produced in colour, though still broadcast in monochrome. RTV was one of very few stations worldwide still broadcasting in black and white. There were two Rank telecine units, each comprising: 16mm projector (optical and magnetic sound), 35mm slide carousels and epidiascope (for caption cards), transferring to video cameras. These units fed imagery to both
5106-695: The Carrock mine from the German owned Cumbrian Mining Company and, during World War I , restrict German access elsewhere. In World War II , tungsten played a more significant role in background political dealings. Portugal, as the main European source of the element, was put under pressure from both sides , because of its deposits of wolframite ore at Panasqueira . Tungsten's desirable properties such as resistance to high temperatures, its hardness and density, and its strengthening of alloys made it an important raw material for
5244-579: The EU , the Austrian Felbertal scheelite deposit is one of the few producing tungsten mines. Portugal is one of Europe's main tungsten producers, with 121 kt of contained tungsten in mineral concentrates from 1910 to 2020, accounting for roughly 3.3% of the global production. Tungsten is considered to be a conflict mineral due to the unethical mining practices observed in the Democratic Republic of
5382-694: The East and North African campaigns , Italy , Madagascar and Burma . Southern Rhodesian forces had the highest loss ratio of any constituent element, colony, dependency or dominion of the British Empire forces during World War II. Additionally, the Rhodesian pilots earned the highest number of decorations and ace appellations of any group within the Empire. This resulted in the Royal Family paying an unusual state visit to
5520-639: The Moffat Treaty , which was signed by King Lobengula of the Ndebele people . "Southern" was first used in 1898 and dropped from normal usage in 1964, on the break-up of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland . " Rhodesia " then remained the name of the country until the creation of Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979. Legally, from the British perspective, the name Southern Rhodesia continued to be used until 18 April 1980, when
5658-707: The Republic of Zimbabwe was promulgated. The British government agreed that Rhodes' company, the British South Africa Company (BSAC), would administer the territory stretching from the Limpopo to Lake Tanganyika under charter as a protectorate . Queen Victoria signed the charter in 1889. Rhodes used this document in 1890 to justify sending the Pioneer Column , a group of white settlers protected by well-armed British South Africa Police (BSAP) and guided by
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5796-672: The Transvaal Republic (for two brief periods known as the British Transvaal Colony ; from 1910, the Union of South Africa and, from 1961, the Republic of South Africa ). This southern region, known for its extensive gold reserves, was first purchased by the BSAC's Pioneer Column on the strength of a Mineral Concession extracted from its Matabele king, Lobengula , and various majority Mashona vassal chiefs in 1890. Though parts of
5934-650: The Transvaal Republic , the Ndebele were led by their spiritual leader Mlimo against the white colonials and thus began the Second Matabele War (1896–97) which resulted in the extermination of nearly half the British settlers. After months of bloodshed, Mlimo was found and shot by the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham and soon thereafter Rhodes walked unarmed into the Ndebele stronghold in Matobo Hills and persuaded
6072-494: The Union of South Africa , but, by forcing the pace of negotiation, the Southern Rhodesians obtained unfavourable terms and the electorate backed Responsible Government in a 1922 referendum . In view of the outcome of the referendum, the territory was annexed by the United Kingdom on 12 September 1923. Shortly after annexation, on 1 October 1923, the first constitution for the new Colony of Southern Rhodesia came into force. Under this constitution Sir Charles Coghlan became
6210-423: The impi to lay down their arms, effectively ending the revolt. A legislative council was created in 1899 to manage the company's civil affairs, with a minority of elected seats, through which the BSAC had to pass government measures. As the company was a British institution in which settlers and capitalists owned most shares, and local black African tribal chiefs the remainder, and the electorate to this council
6348-583: The British Government did not wish to see them fall into the hands of the nationalist leaders, and since Southern Rhodesia had borne the major expenses of running the Federation. With regard to the latter, however, Northern Rhodesia was the wealthiest of the three member states (due to its vast copper mines) and had contributed more to the overall building of infrastructure than the other two members did. Southern Rhodesia, recognising an inevitable dissolution of
6486-471: The British South Africa Company and its sub-concessionaires who were mostly British subjects. In 1953, it was merged into the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland , which lasted until 1963. Southern Rhodesia was renamed Rhodesia and remained a de jure British colony until 1980. However, the Rhodesian government issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965 and established
6624-469: The Congo . South Korea's Sangdong mine , one of the world's largest tungsten mines with 7,890,000 tonnes of high-grade tungsten reportedly buried, was closed in 1994 due to low profitability but has since re-registered mining rights and is scheduled to resume activities in 2024. Tungsten is extracted from its ores in several stages. The ore is eventually converted to tungsten(VI) oxide (WO 3 ), which
6762-415: The Federation created the paradoxical situation of having a white elite owning most of the land and capital, whilst being completely dependent upon cheap black labour. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was dissolved on 1 January 1964. However, it was expected that only Nyasaland would be let go, whilst the remainder of Rhodesia both north and south would be united. Although Northern Rhodesia had
6900-705: The Federation, was quick to use federal funds in building its infrastructure ahead of the others. A key component of this was the building of the Kariba Dam and its hydroelectric facility (shafts, control centre, etc.), which was situated on the Southern Rhodesian side of the Zambezi Gorge. This situation caused some embarrassment for the Zambian government later when it was a "front line state" in support of insurgents into Rhodesia in that its major source of electric power
7038-493: The Master Control suite next door. Camera direction from the control room, in the very early days, was via a radio transmitter up in the lighting grid and with cheap domestic medium wave transistor radios strapped to the heads of the crew members. This system was replaced by cabled 'Cans' which plugged directly into the camera, receiving its signal from the multi-cored camera cable. Each camera was also able to talkback directly to
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#17330944012527176-635: The Southern Rhodesian government announced that when Northern Rhodesia achieved independence as Zambia, the Southern Rhodesian government would officially become known as the Rhodesian Government and the colony would become known as Rhodesia. On 23 October of that year, the Minister of Internal Affairs notified the press that the Constitution would be amended to make this official. The Legislative Assembly then passed an Interpretation Bill to declare that
7314-560: The United Kingdom created the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (or the Central African Federation , CAF), which consisted of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland (now Zimbabwe , Zambia , and Malawi , respectively). The idea was to try to steer a middle road between the differing aspirations of the black nationalists, the colonial administration and the white settler population. The CAF sought to emulate
7452-652: The United Kingdom, and it was therefore outside the powers of Southern Rhodesian institutions to amend them unilaterally. Notwithstanding the Governor's lack of assent to the Interpretation Bill the United Kingdom's Colonial Office was, by 1965, officially using the name "Rhodesia" in British Government-issued Gazettes of the period (for instance see: The 1965 Queen's Birthday Honours of 12 June 1965). The Rhodesian government, which had begun using
7590-836: The addition of live commercial breaks from the same studio area. Based around a single studio and a small news and continuity announce booth, each studio was equipped with a complement of tungsten luminaires suspended from an overhead lighting grid and controlled by a small board of analogue dimmers . These luminaires included 2kw fresnel spot / key lights, 1kw 'scoop' fill lights and backlighting from banks of 5 Par38 type lamps. Microphones were connected on wall-mounted or multi-core terminated stageboxes. The latter being bulky (clumsy but indestructible) Philips connector strips. Early monochrome cameras were mounted on three wheeled dollies, but these cameras were later replaced with RCA or Bosch monochrome cameras with image orthicon tubes , mounted on gas powered studio pedestals. The oldest camera
7728-416: The administration of the two northern territories as Northern Rhodesia in 1911. As a result of the various treaties between the BSAC and the black tribes, Acts of Parliament delineating BSAC and Crown Lands, overlapping British colonial commission authority of both areas, the rights of the increasing number of British settlers and their descendants were given secondary review by authorities. This resulted in
7866-417: The aerospace and automotive industries and radiation shielding. Superalloys containing tungsten, such as Hastelloy and Stellite , are used in turbine blades and wear-resistant parts and coatings. Tungsten's heat resistance makes it useful in arc welding applications when combined with another highly-conductive metal such as silver or copper. The silver or copper provides the necessary conductivity and
8004-422: The arms industry, both as a constituent of weapons and equipment and employed in production itself, e.g., in tungsten carbide cutting tools for machining steel. Now tungsten is used in many more applications such as aircraft and motorsport ballast weights, darts, anti-vibration tooling, and sporting equipment. Tungsten is unique amongst the elements in that it has been the subject of patent proceedings. In 1928,
8142-549: The ballroom-dancing championships and the annual Trade Fair held in Bulawayo. The unit was reliant on external 3-phase power, so it was never able to go off the grid too far. During the independence war, the Station produced an annual variety show, initially called the "Mayor's Christmas Cheer Show" to raise funds to assist various local charities. In later years these grew into the "Bless 'em All Troopie Shows" alternating annually from Salisbury and Bulawayo studios. The final Troopie Show
8280-581: The big game hunter Frederick Selous , through Matabeleland and into Shona territory to establish Fort Salisbury (now Harare ). In 1893–1894, with the help of their new Maxim guns , the BSAP defeated the Ndebele in the First Matabele War , a war which also resulted in the death of King Lobengula and the death of most of the members of the Shangani Patrol . Shortly after the disastrous BSAP Jameson Raid into
8418-458: The camera control units or 'CCUs', where a duty engineer would manage the video signals from studio and telecine cameras. A small group of studio newsreaders, location news reporters, film cameramen, office editors/scriptwriters and a duty director handled the day's latest events. Monochrome film, shot on 16mm cameras ( Auricon , Bolex , Arriflex ) would be developed on site in the station's film-processing laboratory and left in negative form. This
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#17330944012528556-420: The cars were filmed going around from the bottom corner into the main straight. This 16mm film was made into a loop and used for fill during transmission. The luggage trolley/camera dolly caught the cars going up the main straight, whilst being pushed across the tower platform of around 4m. The presenter, Peter Rollason, stood out of the shot alongside the camera with a mic doing his commentary and would walk into
8694-424: The city's highest point. A single storey building housed offices, a canteen and kitchen; a secretarial/administrative office (two ladies) and a reception area. The heart of the building was dwarfed by the two-storey high studio block. An outdoor prefabricated canteen building was erected in 1976 and at the rear of the building, a concrete ramp led to the engineering workshop, another prefab construction. Adjacent to
8832-448: The closure of its sole tungsten mine. Meanwhile, Vietnam had significantly increased its output in the 2010s, owing to the major optimization of its domestic refining operations, and overtook Russia and Bolivia. China remains the world's leader not only in production, but also in export and consumption of tungsten products. Tungsten production is gradually increasing outside China because of the rising demand. Meanwhile, its supply by China
8970-421: The colony at the end of the war to thank the Rhodesian people. Economically, Southern Rhodesia developed an economy that was narrowly based on production of a few primary products, notably, chrome and tobacco. It was therefore vulnerable to the economic cycle. The deep recession of the 1930s gave way to a post-war boom. This boom prompted the immigration of about 200,000 white settlers between 1945 and 1970, taking
9108-404: The colony ceased to exist when the new country of Zimbabwe became independent at midnight on 17 April 1980. List of chief justices of Southern Rhodesia: Tungsten Tungsten (also called wolfram ) is a chemical element ; it has symbol W and atomic number 74. It is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively as compounds with other elements. It was identified as
9246-756: The colony could be referred to as Rhodesia. The Bill received its third reading on 9 December 1964, and passed to the Governor for royal assent . However, no royal assent was granted to the Bill. Section 3 of the Southern Rhodesia (Annexation) Order 1923 provided that Southern Rhodesia "shall be known as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia" and the Southern Rhodesia (Constitution) Act 1961 and the Order-in-Council which followed it both referred to it as such. The country's name had been agreed previously by both Southern Rhodesia and
9384-705: The colony's formal name in United Kingdom constitutional theory: for example, the Act passed by the United Kingdom Parliament declaring the independence a legal nullity was entitled the Southern Rhodesia Act 1965 . Following the signing of the Lancaster House Agreement , the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the Southern Rhodesia Constitution (Interim Provisions) Order 1979, establishing
9522-404: The density, tungsten is seen as an alternative (albeit more expensive) to lead fishing sinkers . Depleted uranium is also used for these purposes, due to similarly high density. Seventy-five-kg blocks of tungsten were used as "cruise balance mass devices" on the entry vehicle portion of the 2012 Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft. It is an ideal material to use as a dolly for riveting , where
9660-699: The director if necessary. The early vision mixing desks were rudimentary and home-built, in front of an array of wall-mounted CRT monitors . New vision mixing consoles were installed progressively, that could also provide basic dissolves and keying functions. A Studer 12-channel stereo audio mixer was added to the sound mixing suite in 1972. This controlled a wrap-around console incorporating: two EMT broadcast turntables, two Ampex quarter-inch full-track tape recorder / players, and two Spot Master cartridge players for instant playback of theme music and stings. Microphones were mostly AKG D202 and Beyer M 201, with bulky RCA Lavalieres. A couple of AKG C414 and one Neumann U87 mic
9798-545: The election. Prior to about 1918, the opinion among the electorate supported continued BSAC rule but opinion changed because of the development of the country and increased settlement. In addition, a decision in the British courts that land not in private ownership belonged to the British Crown rather than the BSAC gave great impetus to the campaign for self-government. In the resulting treaty government self-government, Crown lands which were sold to settlers allowed those settlers
9936-488: The element tungsten is not ferromagnetic (but iron is), when it is present in steel in these proportions, it stabilizes the martensite phase, which has greater ferromagnetism than the ferrite (iron) phase due to its greater resistance to magnetic domain wall motion . Tungsten, usually alloyed with nickel , iron , or cobalt to form heavy alloys, is used in kinetic energy penetrators as an alternative to depleted uranium , in applications where uranium's radioactivity
10074-408: The exception of lead stories, collation was as much as possible primed to geographical areas of the world to attempt to introduce a smoother 'flow' to the bulletin. Other newsroom productions included a five-days-a-week 30-minute current affairs programme, The Tenth Hour, produced by the head of news and a weekly five-to-seven minute 'Crimecheck', produced in cooperation with the police. Equipment in
10212-476: The experience of Australia, Canada and South Africa – wherein groups of colonies had been federated together to form viable independent nations. Originally designed to be "an indissoluble federation", the CAF quickly started to unravel due to the low proportion of British and other white citizens in relation to the larger black populations. Additionally, by incorporating the tribes within the Federation as potential citizens,
10350-409: The film department progressed to CP-16 cameras, the 16mm film also included a side-stripe magnetic audio track. In the final period before the advent of location video cameras and recorders, there was a period where 16mm 'reversal film' was shot for local content. Facilities expanded to the second largest city, Bulawayo, in 1961. Set in Bulawayo's Montrose suburb, the television station was built on
10488-544: The first Premier of First Cabinet of Southern Rhodesia and upon his death in 1927 he was succeeded by Howard Unwin Moffat . During World War II , Southern Rhodesian military units participated on the side of the United Kingdom. Southern Rhodesian support for the Allied war effort was based on a mixture shared kinship and identity with Britain and support for democracy. Southern Rhodesian forces were involved on many fronts including
10626-531: The formation of new movements for expanding the self-government of the Rhodesian people which saw BSAC rule as an impediment to further expansion. The Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council election of 1920 returned a large majority of candidates of the Responsible Government Association and it became clear that BSAC rule was no longer practical. Opinion in the United Kingdom and South Africa favoured incorporation of Southern Rhodesia in
10764-492: The high wear resistance and thermal conductivity of tungsten carbide improves the printing of abrasive filaments. Some string instrument strings incorporates tungsten. Tungsten is used as an absorber on the electron telescope on the Cosmic Ray System of the two Voyager spacecraft . Its density, similar to that of gold, allows tungsten to be used in jewelry as an alternative to gold or platinum . Metallic tungsten
10902-515: The highest melting point (3,422 °C, 6,192 °F), lowest vapor pressure (at temperatures above 1,650 °C, 3,000 °F), and the highest tensile strength . Although carbon remains solid at higher temperatures than tungsten, carbon sublimes at atmospheric pressure instead of melting, so it has no melting point. Moreover, tungsten's most stable crystal phase does not exhibit any high-pressure-induced structural transformations for pressures up to at least 364 gigapascals. Tungsten has
11040-503: The late-night news. The British national anthem would be broadcast at station opening and again at closedown. The studio production crew most often consisted of three cameramen , a single audio operator and two African floor managers. There was also the small set design and creation team in the props area. On occasion, the station would host a broadcast from the Prime Minister, other government ministers, or foreign dignitaries, whereupon
11178-476: The less soluble "paratungstate B" anion, H 2 W 12 O 42 . Further acidification produces the very soluble metatungstate anion, H 2 W 12 O 40 , after which equilibrium is reached. The metatungstate ion exists as a symmetric cluster of twelve tungsten- oxygen octahedra known as the Keggin anion. Many other polyoxometalate anions exist as metastable species. The inclusion of
11316-427: The loop of the same cars going around the bottom corner every lap. The Salisbury crew also took their studio cameras out on outside broadcasts from time to time. Unique to Salisbury Studios, was an Isuzu panel truck that had been converted as a mobile control vehicle for sound, vision and engineering. The annual Opening of Parliament was always covered along with important international games of rugby or cricket ,
11454-402: The lowest coefficient of thermal expansion of any pure metal. The low thermal expansion and high melting point and tensile strength of tungsten originate from strong covalent bonds formed between tungsten atoms by the 5d electrons. Alloying small quantities of tungsten with steel greatly increases its toughness . Tungsten exists in two major crystalline forms: α and β. The former has
11592-456: The major broadcast manufacturers of the world, RTV electronic engineers had to be particularly resourceful to keep the station on air. This led to constant sanction busting by the directors to ensure that vital equipment could be replaced and that a good stock of spares and consumables could be maintained. The station initially operated 'live-to-air' as it had no facility for videotape recording. Imported light entertainment and documentary content
11730-535: The mass necessary for good results can be achieved in a compact bar. High-density alloys of tungsten with nickel, copper or iron are used in high-quality darts (to allow for a smaller diameter and thus tighter groupings) or for artificial flies (tungsten beads allow the fly to sink rapidly). Tungsten is also used as a heavy bolt to lower the rate of fire of the SWD M11/9 sub-machine gun from 1300 RPM to 700 RPM. Tungsten has seen use recently in nozzles for 3D printing ;
11868-431: The metal matrix in place of cobalt because it takes a higher luster when polished. Sometimes manufacturers or retailers refer to tungsten carbide as a metal, but it is a ceramic . Because of tungsten carbide's hardness, rings made of this material are extremely abrasion resistant, and will hold a burnished finish longer than rings made of metallic tungsten. Tungsten carbide rings are brittle, however, and may crack under
12006-535: The metalworking, woodworking, mining , petroleum and construction industries. Carbide tooling is actually a ceramic/metal composite, where metallic cobalt acts as a binding (matrix) material to hold the WC particles in place. This type of industrial use accounts for about 60% of current tungsten consumption. The jewelry industry makes rings of sintered tungsten carbide , tungsten carbide/metal composites, and also metallic tungsten. WC/metal composite rings use nickel as
12144-425: The mid 70s and by 1979 a Sony ENG camera with shoulder pack was being utilised along with a new edit suite adjacent to a now downsized newsroom. Audio resources A mixing console took feeds from studio mics, two vinyl turntables, an Ampex reel to reel tape machine and a single cassette player. The audio operator also had feeds from Sound on Film which might include spoken reports, Natural Sound on Film against which
12282-479: The mid 70s electric typewriters and a telex machine had made the dictaphone system redundant. Newsgathering From the early 60s up until about 1971, news was gathered and compiled in the following ways: 1. All the 'read to camera' stories and others not immediately available to Bulawayo were read over the telephone by someone in the Salisbury newsroom and recorded on to a dictaphone. 2. The duty sub would transcribe these stories on to (Byo) news format script paper, via
12420-430: The monochrome cameras. On the unused studio wall were racks for camera and audio cables, as well as double-glazed viewing windows to connect the technical areas visually with the studio floor. One single room held production, vision mixing and audio mixing areas, with no partition. All cues were verbal although intercoms connected both video and audio desks with Studio, VT (video tape) and Telecine areas, as well as with
12558-483: The most stable being W ( t 1/2 6.4 minutes). Tungsten is a mostly non-reactive element: it does not react with water, is immune to attack by most acids and bases, and does not react with oxygen or air at room temperature. At elevated temperatures (i.e., when red-hot) it reacts with oxygen to form the trioxide compound tungsten(VI), WO 3 . It will, however, react directly with fluorine (F 2 ) at room temperature to form tungsten(VI) fluoride (WF 6 ),
12696-412: The most stable of which are W with a half-life of 121.2 days, W with a half-life of 75.1 days, W with a half-life of 69.4 days, W with a half-life of 21.6 days, and W with a half-life of 23.72 h. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than 3 hours, and most of these have half-lives below 8 minutes. Tungsten also has 11 meta states , with
12834-714: The name Georg Agricola used for the mineral in 1546, which translates into English as ' wolf's froth ' and is a reference to the large amounts of tin consumed by the mineral during its extraction, as though the mineral devoured it like a wolf. This naming follows a tradition of colorful names miners from the Ore Mountains would give various minerals, out of a superstition that certain ones that looked as if they contained then-known valuable metals but when extracted were somehow "hexed". Cobalt (cf. Kobold ), pitchblende (cf. German blenden for ' to blind, to deceive ' ) and nickel (cf. "Old Nick") derive their names from
12972-403: The new name anyway, did not press the issue. The Unilateral Declaration of Independence , adopted on 11 November 1965, was in the name of "Rhodesia", which remained unchanged by the declaration of a republic in 1970, the title of the republican constitution of 1969, like the constitution before it, being "Constitution of Rhodesia". While the new name was widely used, 'Southern Rhodesia' remained
13110-432: The new nationalists changed its name to Zambia and began tentatively at first and later in rapid march an Africanisation campaign, Southern Rhodesia remained a British colony, resisting attempts to bring in majority rule. The colony attempted to change its name to Rhodesia although this was not recognised by the United Kingdom. The majority of the Federation's military and financial assets went to Southern Rhodesia, since
13248-430: The newsroom was as basic as it could be: 3 x Olivetti manual typewriters, 2 x foot-pedal operated dictaphones, linked to a telephone to the Salisbury newsroom, 1 x 16mm projector to throw images onto a wall to enable checking/timing of daily footage, 1 x large filing cabinet containing 9" x 12" camera cards featuring images of most newsmakers and 2 x smaller cabinets holding slides and "opaques" (4" x 3" images of same). By
13386-446: The newsroom was very small, perhaps 4,5m x 3m. Furnishings were basic. A desk for the news editor (Head of News) and a 'shelf desk' on an opposite wall used by two sub-editors/reporters/later bulletin directors. A film cameraman was responsible for processing and editing news film on an Intercine editing table. All local film was shot on 16mm negative which was converted to positive electronically, before transmission. Cameras used included
13524-543: The offices of Governor and Deputy Governor of Southern Rhodesia, filled by Lord Soames and Sir Antony Duff respectively. The new Governor arrived in Salisbury on 12 December 1979, and on that day the Parliament of Zimbabwe Rhodesia handed power over to him by passing the Constitution of Zimbabwe Rhodesia (Amendment) (No. 4) Act, declaring that "Zimbabwe Rhodesia shall cease to be an independent State and become part of Her Majesty's dominions". After elections in February 1980,
13662-426: The pervasiveness of the chromium(III) compounds. The highest oxidation state is seen in tungsten(VI) oxide (WO 3 ). Tungsten(VI) oxide is soluble in aqueous base , forming tungstate (WO 4 ). This oxyanion condenses at lower pH values, forming polyoxotungstates . The broad range of oxidation states of tungsten is reflected in its various chlorides: Organotungsten compounds are numerous and also span
13800-619: The physical strength of the catalyst and extends catalyst life. Tungsten containing catalysts are promising for epoxidation, oxidation, and hydrogenolysis reactions. Tungsten heteropoly acids are key component of multifunctional catalysts. Tungstates can be used as photocatalyst, while the tungsten sulfide as electrocatalyst. Applications requiring its high density include weights, counterweights , ballast keels for yachts, tail ballast for commercial aircraft, rotor weights for civil and military helicopters, and as ballast in race cars for NASCAR and Formula One . Being slightly less than twice
13938-402: The remaining major use being in alloys and steels. Less than 10% is used in other chemical compounds . Because of the high ductile-brittle transition temperature of tungsten, its products are conventionally manufactured through powder metallurgy , spark plasma sintering , chemical vapor deposition , hot isostatic pressing , and thermoplastic routes. A more flexible manufacturing alternative
14076-455: The right to vote in the self-governing colony. The territory north of the Zambezi was the subject of separate treaties with African chiefs: today, it forms the country of Zambia . The first BSAC Administrator for the western part was appointed for Barotseland in 1897 and for the whole of North-Western Rhodesia in 1900. The first BSAC Administrator for the eastern part, North-Eastern Rhodesia ,
14214-1044: The same miners' idiom. Tungsten has thus far not been found in nature in its pure form. Instead, tungsten is found mainly in the minerals wolframite and scheelite . Wolframite is iron – manganese tungstate (Fe,Mn)WO 4 , a solid solution of the two minerals ferberite (FeWO 4 ) and hübnerite (MnWO 4 ), while scheelite is calcium tungstate (CaWO 4 ). Other tungsten minerals range in their level of abundance from moderate to very rare, and have almost no economic value. Tungsten forms chemical compounds in oxidation states from -II to VI. Higher oxidation states, always as oxides, are relevant to its terrestrial occurrence and its biological roles, mid-level oxidation states are often associated with metal clusters , and very low oxidation states are typically associated with CO complexes . The chemistries of tungsten and molybdenum show strong similarities to each other, as well as contrasts with their lighter congener, chromium . The relative rarity of tungsten(III), for example, contrasts with
14352-401: The scope of the commercial opportunity. The content of commercials was strictly enforced under a set of principles which had some interesting rules. For example, a toilet was not permitted to be featured in any visual presentation and the word toilet was prohibited in ad copy. Intimate female products were not permitted for advertising, along with any political advertising. Comparative advertising
14490-401: The shot when required. The trolley was then pulled back again as the cars went down the back straight and onto the long corner sections all the way around and down to the corner at the bottom of the main straight. Here, the director back in the studio, cut to the film loop whilst the trolley was moved back to first position and all the cables were unwound. History does not relate if anyone noticed
14628-569: The situation was untenable, and facing strong international pressure, concluded the Internal Settlement with black nationalist leaders in March 1978. A general election a year later resulted in the creation of a unity government, which in December 1979 concluded the Lancaster House Agreement , whereby Britain resumed control of the country for a brief period before granting independence to the renamed Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980. On 7 October 1964,
14766-453: The station initially operated 'live-to-air' as it initially had no facility for videotape recording. Imported light entertainment and documentary content was shared with the Salisbury studio and broadcast a day or two or week later. A small group of 6 programme Producer / Directors were responsible for local, weekly and sometimes daily studio productions. using a mix of 8 camera / audio operators and 3 floor managers. Like all Montrose offices
14904-418: The studio and transmission control areas, so both must always liaise closely to gain their use. The VT room had four of the aforementioned Quad recorders where two girls usually operated and cued tapes for recordings or transmission. This room was heavily air conditioned to keep the machines cool and so it also housed the archive / main store for videotaped content. Contained also within this technical area were
15042-404: The studio staff would turn up in jackets and ties in stark contrast to the regular shorts and tee shirts. As this was live TV, the crew would sometimes build a set at one end of the studio, in absolute silence, in readiness for an upcoming programme, whilst another completely unrelated live programme would be playing out at the opposite end of the studio. Pressures became even more complicated with
15180-431: The studio, a props room housed programme sets, advertising materials and other sundries. Staffing was typically as follows, though never exceeded 40 people. 1 x Station Manager, 2 x administrative staff, 1 x receptionist, 1 x night receptionist, Up to 5 engineers, 2 x transmission controllers, 2 x telecine operators, 3 x Video operators, 2 x newsroom staff, 1 x film cameraman/editor, 1 x cook, 2 x cleaners. Like Salisbury,
15318-443: The studios would provide voice-over, and when film was silent, the newsroom would provide library music discs to be played against the film action, to lend mood. Commercial Television Commercial Division RTV Bulawayo International Television held the commercial marketing rights for the Bulawayo station until ITV's dissolution and takeover by Commercial Television, a wholly owned subsidiary of Rhodesia Television. The Bulawayo office
15456-524: The territory was referred to as "South Zambezia", a reference to the River Zambezi , until the name "Rhodesia" came into use in 1895. This was in honour of Cecil Rhodes , the British empire-builder and key figure during the British expansion into southern Africa . In 1888 Rhodes obtained mineral rights from the most powerful local traditional leaders through treaties such as the Rudd Concession and
15594-548: The territory were laid-claim-to by the Bechuana and Portugal, its first people, the "Bushmen" (or Sān or Khoisan ), had possessed it for countless centuries beforehand and had continued to inhabit the region. Following the colony's unilateral dissolution in 1970 by the Republic of Rhodesia government, the Colony of Southern Rhodesia was re-established in 1979 as the predecessor state to the Republic of Zimbabwe Rhodesia which, in-turn,
15732-578: The then Federal Broadcasting Corporation (FBC), with its major shareholders being South African companies, including the Argus Group of newspapers, parent company of the Rhodesia Herald , and Davenport and Meyer, which also operated LM Radio , based in Mozambique . Broadcasts started on 15 November 1960. RTV was funded by advertising, sponsored programmes and a television licence fee. Television reception
15870-441: The tungsten allows the welding rod to withstand the high temperatures of the arc welding environment. Quenched (martensitic) tungsten steel (approx. 5.5% to 7.0% W with 0.5% to 0.7% C) was used for making hard permanent magnets, due to its high remanence and coercivity , as noted by John Hopkinson (1849–1898) as early as 1886. The magnetic properties of a metal or an alloy are very sensitive to microstructure. For example, while
16008-488: The white population up to 307,000. A large number of these immigrants were of British working-class origin. The black population was about 6 million. In the 1940s, the founding of a university to serve central African countries was proposed. Such a university was eventually established in Salisbury , with funding provided by the British and Southern Rhodesian governments and some private sources. One condition of British funding
16146-455: The workhorses for recording of entire TV and current affairs programmes. As there was no post-production editing available on the Quad machines, all content had to be pre-compiled from the studio floor and control room. Under the guise of RBC TV in 1976 the station joined the 'video cassette' era when Sony Umatic 'low band' recorders, cameras and an edit suite were installed. This in turn progressed to
16284-488: Was a broadcast from the Rhodesian Grand Prix from the old Bulawayo airport (Brady Barracks). Achieved on a monochrome low-resolution surveillance camera and one Shibaden video recorder, the tiny camera was fitted with a very limited zoom lens that was operated with a small handle underneath, which also acted as the focus pull. The camera was mounted on a luggage trolley "borrowed" from the Bulawayo train station. This
16422-626: Was a landlocked, self-governing British Crown colony in Southern Africa , established in 1923 and consisting of British South Africa Company (BSAC) territories lying south of the Zambezi River . The region was informally known as South Zambesia until annexation by Britain, at the behest of Cecil Rhodes 's British South Africa Company (for whom the colony was named). The bounding territories were Bechuanaland ( Botswana ), Northern Rhodesia ( Zambia ), Portuguese Mozambique ( Mozambique ) and
16560-489: Was a nationwide tour over a two-week period. The variety of challenges thrown up by these recording venues would tax the fundamentally simple OB Van and its crew to its limits. At its inception RTV contracted an independent British/Rhodesian company, International Television (Pvt) Ltd (ITV), as its commercial managers. The company was headed by David Pinnel (Managing Director) and had registered offices in Salisbury , Bulawayo , Kitwe and Johannesburg . This agreement with ITV
16698-613: Was added for higher quality use. There was only one handheld VHF Telefunken wireless microphone . This had a 50 cm long flexible antenna cable that would often be ripped off accidentally during transmission, causing an explosive cacophony of white noise. Telecine content was upgraded with the coming of the videotape era in 1975, using man-sized RCA Quad video machines that consumed 10½" spools of 2" magnetic tape. These were still monochrome machines, but enabled advertisements to be inserted at will – lengthy pre-roll times permitting. These huge machines, operated by dedicated 'VT Girls', were
16836-531: Was all hauled up three floors, onto the top of the old airfield control tower. The pictures were fed by cable from the camera down to the recorder (housed in the back of a Ford Taunus station wagon.) This had a transmitter and roof-mounted dish. With line of sight to the new microwave tower at the Bulawayo post office in Main Street, the signal was then sent into the studio in Montrose. In the morning during practice,
16974-415: Was also prohibited and competing products could not be transmitted in the same commercial break. CTV employed a small team of copywriters, sales personnel and directors/producers to service both the advertising agencies and the local direct clients. A rate card divided into time segments was published each year and market research studies were conducted to determine viewership in each segment and region. In
17112-516: Was appointed in 1895. The whites in the territory south of the river paid it scant regard though, and generally used the name "Rhodesia" in a narrow sense to mean their part. The designation "Southern Rhodesia" was first used officially in 1898 in the Southern Rhodesia Order in Council of 20 October 1898, which applied to the area south of the Zambezi, and was more common after the BSAC merged
17250-478: Was confined mainly to large cities, and most viewers were whites. In its first decade, broadcasts were received in Salisbury on channel 4 and Bulawayo on channel 3. Umtali (now Mutare ) only received television in 1972, by which time it was estimated that more than 90 per cent of the white population had access to the service. By 1973, RTV was broadcasting 42 hours a week from three transmitters. The station originally provided live monochrome news and entertainment and
17388-578: Was controlled by the Rhodesian state. With the protectorate of Northern Rhodesia no longer in existence, in 1964, Southern Rhodesia reverted to the name Rhodesia (see next section). In 1965, Rhodesia unilaterally declared itself independent under a white-dominated government led by Ian Smith . After a long civil war ensued between the white (until 1979) government and two African majority, Soviet Bloc -aligned 'liberation movements' ( Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army and Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ). The Salisbury government, realizing
17526-459: Was cut/edited by the director, and broadcast in this state by reversing the Black and White scanned imagery in telecine. This was a cheap but effective method. Such films were always mute in the early days, so commercial mood music would be played off acetate or vinyl discs to match the action or emotion. Music library discs were few and far between, so this music became very overused. At a later stage when
17664-481: Was identical to tungstic acid. Later that year, at the Royal Basque Society in the town of Bergara , Spain, the brothers succeeded in isolating tungsten by reduction of this acid with charcoal , and they are credited with the discovery of the element (they called it "wolfram" or "volfram"). The strategic value of tungsten came to notice in the early 20th century. British authorities acted in 1912 to free
17802-523: Was instrumental in maintaining public morale after the nation's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on 11 November 1965 and during the subsequent Rhodesian Bush War , when the country gained its independence. The first programming created for the majority black viewership was introduced when RTV was taken over by the Rhodesian government in 1976, becoming RBC TV, when the Rhodesia Broadcasting Corporation (RBC) initially acquired
17940-415: Was limited to those shareholders, the electorate was almost exclusively white settlers. Over time as more settlers arrived and a growing number had less than the amount of land required to own a share in the company or where in trades supporting the company as workers, successive activism resulted in first increasing the proportion of elected seats, and eventually allowing non-share holders the right to vote in
18078-508: Was located in the city and was staffed by a small staff with a Manager, secretarial staff and a sales/copywriter. Most of the clients in Bulawayo were sourced from local retailers and manufacturers. The rate card structure of the Bulawayo station was identical to Salisbury with the same rules and time segments with rates adjusted pro rata based on the smaller viewing population in the Bulawayo transmission area. The production of advertising magazines (Ad Mags/Market Place) and other commercial spots
18216-585: Was long thought to be non-radioactive, but Bi (its longest lived isotope) actually decays with a half life of 2.01 × 10 years or about a factor 10 slower than W . However, due to naturally occurring bismuth being 100% Bi , its specific activity is actually higher than that of natural tungsten at 3 milli-becquerel per kilogram. The other naturally occurring isotopes of tungsten have not been observed to decay, constraining their half-lives to be at least 4 × 10 years . Another 34 artificial radioisotopes of tungsten have been characterized,
18354-481: Was sourced from 16mm film and broadcast live from Rank Telecine units. As a result, in the early years, viewers were familiar with seeing the caption 'Please Do Not Adjust Your Set. Normal Programming Will Be Resumed As Soon As Possible' when the 'technical gremlins' upset the broadcast flow. A small group of programme Producers and their Director/Vision Mixers organised weekly and sometimes daily studio productions. Transmissions opened at 17:00 and ran until just after
18492-551: Was terminated on 7 February 1968 and a new wholly owned subsidiary of RTV was formed known as Commercial Television (CTV) which absorbed all the ITV staff members. Managing director of the new company was John Terry and the Sales Director was Peter Lockitch, later to become Managing Director. The broadcasting act stated that advertising content was not to exceed 10 minutes in every hour and commercial breaks during programmes were limited to
18630-604: Was that student admission should be based on "academic achievement and good character" with no racial distinction. University College of Rhodesia (UCR) received its first intake of students in 1952. Until 1971 it awarded degrees of the Universities of London and Birmingham. In 1971 UCR became the University of Rhodesia and began awarding its own degrees. In 1980 it was renamed the University of Zimbabwe . In 1953, with calls for independence mounting in many of its African possessions,
18768-404: Was the predecessor state of the Republic of Zimbabwe . Its only true geographical borders were the rivers Zambezi and Limpopo , its other boundaries being (more or less) arbitrary, and merging imperceptibly with the peoples and domains of earlier chiefdoms of pre-colonial times. The British colony was established de jure in 1923, having earlier been occupied, constructed and administered by
18906-478: Was undertaken in the Bulawayo studio using RTV staff. Breakfast Television was pioneered in Bulawayo as an experiment. A live programme hosted by John Aldridge was on air for 5 hours once a week on a Saturday morning. However, the advertising support did not warrant a continuation or an extension of this service and it was eventually abandoned. The Bulawayo crew managed the first live outside broadcast in Rhodesia. It
19044-455: Was usually designated as Camera 3, with its turret of fixed focus lenses, delegated to holding wide shots and for shooting the caption stands. Cameras 1 and 2 had more useful zoom lenses, so were at the heart of programme production. These old cameras often ran very hot and were often operated with both side covers left open in an effort to assist with cooling. There was a mobile video monitor used not only for lighting reference, but also to provide
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