The Rhinos Milano are an American football team based in Milan , Italy . The team was founded in 1976 (first team in Italy) and won the Italian Superbowl championship in 1981, 1982, 1983, 1990 and 2016. The Rhinos play in the Italian Football League (formerly called Series A) the highest level league in Italy.
143-675: The team was founded as Pantere Rosa di Piacenza. In 1978 the Rhinos were part of the first game played between two Italian teams where they defeated the Busto Arsizio Frogs. The 2016 season saw the Rhinos Milano , with Head Coach Chris Ault , winning all of their 13 games played to complete a perfect season. This American football team article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to sports in Italy
286-551: A bustum (burnt, in Latin ), that is a new settlement which, in order to be distinguished from the other nearby settlements, was assigned a name: arsicium (again "burnt", or better "arid") for Busto Arsizio, whose name is actually a tautology ; carulfì for nearby Busto Garolfo , cava for Busto Cava, later Buscate . The slow increase in population was helped by the Insubres , a Gaulish tribe who arrived in successive waves by crossing
429-500: A chapel demolished in 1862 that featured a depiction of St Barnabas . The current name of Via Roma dates back to the time when the Capitoline city became capital of the Kingdom of Italy (20 September 1870). Located outside the ancient town, it partially corresponded to today's Piazza Giuseppe Garibaldi. It owes its name to the district of the same name that led here. Already mentioned in
572-419: A consequence, imperial power did not prevent the expansionist aims of the various municipalities in the surrounding territories and other towns, and cities began taking up arms against each other in contests to achieve regional hegemony. Frederick Barbarossa , on the other hand, repudiated the policy of his predecessors by attempting to restore imperial control over the northern Italian municipalities, also on
715-559: A few years earlier; these people would also have provided logistical support to the troops of the League. From a strategic point of view, in Legnano the municipal army was therefore in a position that would have prevented the emperor from making the most logical moves: to attack Milan or reach Pavia. After spending the night in Cairate, Frederick Barbarossa resumed the march on Pavia heading towards
858-598: A flooded moat that encircled the inhabited center, and by two access gates to the village: medieval Legnano thus appeared as a fortified citadel. A second reason that explains the positioning of the Carroccio in Legnano lay in the fact that the Legnanese was a territory not hostile to the troops of the Lombard League, given that the population of the area was still mindful of the devastation operated by Frederick Barbarossa
1001-464: A historically connected territory with the emperor together with another area of Lombardy, the Martesana . The Lombard League troops took possession of the area between Legnano, Busto Arsizio, and Borsano. The remaining part of the army, which on the whole was formed by about 15,000 men (3,000 of whom were knights, while 12,000 were infantry ), followed with considerable detachment along the road between
1144-665: A military alliance symbolically led by Pope Alexander III , the Lombard League . The battle ended the fifth and last descent into Italy of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who after the defeat tried to resolve the Italian question by adopting a diplomatic approach. This resulted a few years later in the Peace of Constance (25 June 1183), with which the Emperor recognized the Lombard League and made administrative, political, and judicial concessions to
1287-463: A military campaign that lasted a few years, Barbarossa turned its attention to Milan, which was first besieged in 1162 and then, after its surrender (1 March ), completely destroyed. A similar fate fell on several cities allied to Milan. Frederick then exacerbated the grip of imperial power on Italian cities, going beyond the provisions decided during Roncaglia's second diet: he set up a bureaucratic structure run by officials who responded directly to
1430-403: A military union whose Latin name was Societas Lombardiae. According to the traditional narrative the municipalities sealed their alliance on 7 April 1167 with the oath of Pontida ; this event, however, is questioned by historians for its lack of mention in contemporary chronicles and because the first mention of the oath is late, given that it appears in a document dated 1505. On 1 December 1167
1573-560: A second diet to Roncaglia (autumn 1158 ) where he reiterated the imperial dominion over the municipalities of northern Italy, with the authority of the sovereign that imposed itself on that of the local institutions, establishing, among other things, that the regalie were entirely paid to the sovereign. The proclamations of this second diet of Roncaglia had disruptive effects on the Italian communes, which immediately rebelled. After receiving reinforcements from Germany and having conquered several riotous municipalities in northern Italy during
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#17328838722761716-400: A semicircle defensive system. The position of the lances within this formation, all facing outwards, was certainly another reason for the victorious resistance, given that it constituted a defensive bulwark that could not be easily overcome Furthermore, the municipal troops, grouped on a territorial basis, were linked by kinship or neighborhood relations, which contributed to further compacting
1859-441: A wide semicircle 2–3 km, each of which consisted of soldiers protected by shields. Between one shield and another the lances were then stretched, with the first row of foot soldiers fighting on their knees so as to form a jumble of spears aimed at the enemy. During the fight, which lasted eight to nine hours from morning to three in the afternoon and which was characterized by repeated charges punctuated by long pauses to make
2002-477: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Busto Arsizio Busto Arsizio ( Italian: [ˈbusto arˈsittsjo] ; Bustocco : Büsti Grandi ) is a comune (municipality) in the south-easternmost part of the province of Varese , in the Italian region of Lombardy , 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Milan . The economy of Busto Arsizio is mainly based on industry and commerce. It
2145-520: Is found in the 1857 Cadastre: it derives from the Marchesi, who held municipal and ecclesiastical offices in Busto Arsizio in the 18th century. The current dedication to Giuseppe Gambarana of Pavia, the last feudal lord of Busto who succeeded Camillo Marliani in 1780, is found in the 1910 topographic maps. Today, the original route has disappeared, replaced by car parks, but the odonym has been preserved in
2288-550: Is from the opposite side, forcing the municipal troops to resist around the Carroccio with the escape road blocked by the Olona. Another possible reason that led the municipal troops to position the Carroccio in Legnano was to anticipate Barbarossa, still believed to be far away, by making an incursion into the Seprio with the aim of preventing a new alliance between the two: the Seprio was in fact
2431-597: Is perceptible in the local dialect, Büstócu , slightly different from other Western Lombard varieties, according to a local expert and historian Luigi Giavini. Traditionally these first inhabitants used to set fire to woods made of old and young oaks and black hornbeams, which at that time, covered the whole Padan Plain . This slash-and-burn practice, known as "debbio" in Italian , aimed to create fields where grapevines or cereals such as foxtail, millet and rye were grown, or just to create open spaces where stone huts with thatched roofs were built. By doing this, they created
2574-574: Is recorded in the Teresian Cadastre and in the 1857 Cadastre it is called Stradone Tosi as it joins Via San Michele at Casa Tosi. From 1906 its name changed to Via Madonna del Monte as a reference to the Sacro Monte of Varese , and with a resolution of the City Council on 26 June 1964 the name became Via Emilio Parona. It corresponds to the current intersection of Via Roma and Via Bramante and kept
2717-446: Is the ancient odonym of today's Via Goffredo Mameli, which today connects Piazza Giuseppe Garibaldi with Busto Arsizio station . The name Strà Garotola can be traced back to the 1920s and derives from the word garro , meaning ‘stony river bed’. It was the road that led from the meadow of Porta Basilica to the banks of the Olona river, precisely to the mill of the same name (where during
2860-425: Is the fifth municipality in the region by population and the first in the province. Despite some claims about a Celtic heritage, recent studies suggest that the " Bustocchi " ' s ancestors were Ligurians , called "wild" by Pliny , "marauders and robbers" by Livy and "unshaven and hairy" by Pompeius Tragus. They were skilled ironworkers and much sought after as mercenary soldiers. A remote Ligurian influence
3003-628: Is very irregular and it connected Prato Savico to the Church of the Beata Vergine delle Grazie. The layout of the street is preserved in the 1857 Land Register, where it appears as a ring road, which also included today's Via Alessandro Volta. In 1876 it was called the Re Magi ring road (a name derived from the one popularly attributed to the Porta Savico, a name it retained until the early 20th century. From 1910
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#17328838722763146-579: The Antipope Paschal III , who in the meantime had ousted the legitimate pontiff, Alexander III, from Peter's throne; the latter, in 1165, after having obtained the recognition of the other European sovereigns, had returned to Rome, but Barbarossa, mindful of the role that his predecessors had on papal appointments, decided to intervene directly. As a test of strength, and for demonstration purposes, Frederick attacked some cities in northern Italy, reaching Rome victorious, but an epidemic that spread among
3289-516: The Libro della Decima of 1399, this meadow was overlooked by the Porta Basilica, the eastern entrance to the village, restored in 1613 by Count Luigi Marliani, then again in 1727 by Carlo Marliani and finally demolished in 1861. In the 1857 cadastre, the name of the area is Prato di Porta Milano (in fact, the road leading to Simplon and then to Milan was accessed through this gate). At the end of 1860, for
3432-567: The Milanese Guido da Landriano , former consul of the Milanese capital, rector of the Lombard League as well as an expert knight. On the night of 28-29 May 1176, during the descent towards Pavia, Frederick Barbarossa was with his troops at the monastery of the Benedictine nuns of Cairate for a stop which later proved to be fatal, since it caused a delay compared to the contemporaneous moves of
3575-588: The Ossola mountains, but strengthened in time, suffering grievous losses to arrests, tortures and deportation to the Nazi lager system. The names of Mauthausen-Gusen and Flossenbürg concentration and extermination camps are sadly known to the Bustocchi , as dozens of their fellow citizens died there. On 25 April 1945, when the partisans took over, Busto Arsizio gave voice to the first free radio channel in northern Italy since
3718-496: The Ticino . Meanwhile, some avant-gardes of the Lombard League army stationed in Legnano, formed by 700 knights, broke away from the main army and searched the territory between Borsano and Busto Arsizio. According to other sources, the knights instead controlled the area between Borsano and Legnano, in other words, the modern-day districts of Ponzella and Mazzafame. At 3 miles (about 4.5 km) from Legnano, near Cascina Brughetto,
3861-481: The medieval commune . This institutional evolution was contemporary with the investiture struggle. When a city's bishop , who had traditionally exerted a strong influence on the civil matters of the municipality, became largely preoccupied with the contest between Empire and Papacy, the citizens were stimulated, and in some ways obliged, to seek a form of self-government that could act independently in times of serious difficulty. Citizens became increasingly aware of
4004-480: The odonym of Via Cardinale Eugenio Tosi. It corresponds to today's Via Antonio Pozzi and is found in the 1857 Cadastre as the result of the levelling of the moat and the defensive embankment of the village. It runs parallel to the Contrada dei Ratti and in the second half of the 19th century was known as Via dei Giardini and connected to Via dell'Ospedale. The current dedication to the priest Antonio Pozzi dates back to
4147-521: The plague , which hit hard in 1630, traditionally being stopped by the Virgin Mary after the Bustocchi , always a pious Catholic flock, prayed for respite from the deadly epidemic. By the mid-19th century, modern industry began to take over strongly; in a few decades, Busto Arsizio became the so-called " Manchester of Italy". In 1864, while the "Bustocco" Eugenio Tosi was the Archbishop of Milan , it
4290-573: The 11th and the 12th centuries, the Papacy , the Holy Roman Empire , and their respective factions, the so-called " Guelphs and Ghibellines ", respectively. At times it was a dispute so bitter that several municipalities in northern Italy came to dismiss their bishops on the charge of simony, inasmuch as they had been invested in their offices by the emperor and not by the Pope. The dispute about investitures
4433-511: The 13th century, there is evidence of the existence of a Via de Bollono that ran from the Porta Basilica meadow to the Cairora farmstead, in the direction of today's Corso Sempione. The toponym does not appear in the Libro della decima (Book of the tithe) of 1399, probably because, as Pietro Antonio Crespi Castoldi reports, not all the houses in the village were subject to the tithe, particularly those located along this road axis. The name Via Bollono
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4576-502: The 17th century following the levelling of the embankment that surrounded the village of Busto Arsizio to the west. It rises in correspondence with the town gates of Sciornago and Pessina and until 1876 was indicated on maps as Prato Pessina (in the Book of Tithing of 1399 it was Pratum de Pessina ), in continuity with the ancient name of the adjoining Piazza San Michele. The name Piazza della Fiera (Fair Square), documented since 1876, derives from
4719-432: The 1857 Cadastre. Luigi Ferrario in 1864 also mentions this name. The name remained unchanged until the beginning of the 20th century, but in the toponymy of 1910 the name Vicolo Rauli (Rauli Alley) can be found, from the name of an ancient Bustese family. The 1930 partial town-planning scheme provided for the opening of a street between Piazza San Giovanni and Via Ugo Foscolo, opening up Vicolo Rauli, implemented in 1932 with
4862-452: The 1857 Land Register). Corresponding to today's Via Solferino, which connects Via Montebello and Piazza San Giovanni, it was so named in 1857 by the surveyors in charge of surveying the centre of Busto Arsizio for the creation of the new Cadastre. The choice of this name derives from the presence of a hydraulic machine, commissioned by the municipal administration around 1750 to combat the risk of fires (which were particularly frequent due to
5005-459: The 18th century, Canon Petazzi reported a district called Paiè, which was travelled by processions to reach the church of San Gregorio, probably due to the dialectal contraction of Palearia into Paiè. In the Land Register of 1857, the street, limited to the section corresponding to today's Via Roma, is given the odonym of Contrada di San Barnaba, and the name, according to Enrico Crespi, is due to
5148-499: The 1910 toponymy. This is today's Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II. It owes its name to the presence of the still existing Marliani-Cicogna Palace, once the residence of the Counts of Busto Arsizio of the Marliani family. This was an alley that opened southwards at the south-western corner of Piazza San Giovanni Battista, present in the Teresian Cadastre and referred to as Vicolo della costa in
5291-404: The 1930s, it was given its current name. The route of this road, already present in the Teresian Cadastre, corresponds to today's Via XXII Marzo, between Via Giacomo Matteotti and Corso Europa, in the old town centre. In the 1857 Land Register there is the odonym Contrada dei Prandoni, confirmed by Luigi Ferrario in 1864 and preserved until the beginning of the 20th century. The name derives from
5434-465: The 700 municipal knights on the track crossed—just outside a forest—300 knights of the imperial army on patrol, which represented only the vanguards of Frederick's troops. Being numerically superior, the Knights of the League attacked the imperial column and succeeded, at least initially, in gaining the upper hand. Immediately after the first clashes, Barbarossa arrived with the bulk of the army and charged
5577-523: The Alps c. 500 BCE . It is said that they defeated the Etruscans , who by then controlled the area, leaving some geographical names behind (Arno creek (not to be confused with Florence's river), Castronno , Caronno, Biandronno , etc.). Busto Arsizio was created on the route between Milan and Lake Maggiore (called "Milan’s road", an alternative route to the existent Sempione ), part of which, before
5720-494: The Alps at the head of his army five times. The first descent, which began in the autumn of 1154 and led only 1,800 men, led the king to besiege and conquer the riotous Asti , Chieri and Tortona and to attack some castles of the Milanese countryside, but not the capital of Milan, given that he did not have sufficient forces. This campaign continued with the convocation of diet of Roncaglia , with which Frederick re-established imperial authority, nullifying, among other things,
5863-438: The Alps from the usual Brenner, guarded by the League, the emperor had passed from Savoy thanks to the support of Count Humbert III . In the first phase of the campaign he succeeded in easily subjugating some cities of northwestern Italy, trying without luck to conquer also Alessandria (1174–1175). After this unfortunate siege, with the exhausted army, Frederick went to Pavia (April 1175), his ally and shortly before sacked by
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6006-499: The Carroccio was placed along a slope flanking the river, presumably wooded, to have a natural defense on at least one side, that traced by the stream. In this way, Barbarossa, who was expected along the river coming from Castellanza , would have been obliged to attack the municipal army in a situation of disadvantage, having to go back to this depression. This choice turned out to be wrong: in fact Barbarossa arrived from Borsano (nowadays frazione (hamlet) of Busto Arsizio ), that
6149-667: The Carroccio, so that almost all the Brescians and most of the others fled to Milan, as well as most of the best Milanese. The others stopped at the Carroccio with the Milan infantrymen and fought heroically. Finally the emperor was made to flee, almost all the Comaschi were captured, of the Germans many were taken and killed, many died in the Ticino. As for the final stages of the battle, which are connected to
6292-460: The Italian national anthem . In Legnano, to commemorate the battle, the Palio di Legnano takes place annually from 1935, on the last Sunday of May. In the institutional sphere, the date of 29 May was chosen as the regional holiday of Lombardy. The clash between the municipalities of northern Italy and imperial power originated in the struggle for investitures , or in that conflict which involved, in
6435-512: The Latin word longorius , meaning ‘long pole’, as it probably crossed woods whose trees were used to make poles. This alley owes its name to the De Lupis family, whose presence is attested in Busto Arsizio from the 13th century. Later, some branches of the family vulgarised the surname to Lualdi. The street took its current name of Vicolo Clerici after the 19th century (it is still cited as Vicolo Lupi in
6578-423: The League was instead mainly made up of private citizens who were recruited in case of need; the knights of the League, given the high cost of the steed and armor, were of high social extraction, while the infantry were mostly peasants and citizens from the low social classes. However, the information regarding Barbarossa encamped in Cairate did not reach the leaders of the Lombard League, who were convinced that
6721-407: The Lombard League acted with foresight: to beat the emperor on time, they anticipated the times and moved towards Legnano to block the way towards the rest of his army, forcing him to fight in a territory known to them and therefore favorable. One of the most important phases of the battle was the strong resistance of the infantry around the Carroccio after the temporary retreat of the cavalry; under
6864-480: The Lombard League expanded considerably with the accession of the municipalities of the Lega Veronese. Arrived in northern Italy, Frederick decided to face the League, but finding himself in a stalemate that was caused by some failed sieges and by the constant growth of the number of cities that adhered to the municipal military alliance, he decided to postpone the confrontation and to return to Germany (1168). After
7007-508: The Lombard League. The emperor probably spent the night in Castelseprio in the manor of the counts of the homonymous county, who were bitter enemies of Milan. Barbarossa decided to stop in Cairate to cross the River Olona , the only natural barrier that separated it from the faithful Pavia, trusting to have the possibility to enter the area controlled by the allied city after having traveled
7150-506: The Lombard capital and Legnano. The decision to place the Carroccio in Legnano was not accidental. At the time the village represented an easy access for those coming from the north to the Milanese countryside, given that it was located at the mouth of the Valle Olona , which ends at Castellanza; this passage had therefore to be closed and strenuously defended to prevent the attack on Milan, which
7293-512: The Lombards could have known. Indeed, when it was said that they were near Bellinzona, it seemed like a fairy tale. The emperor wanted to pass and go to Pavia, believing that the Pavesi should come to meet him. Instead they came, met the Milanese with the knights indicated above, between Borsano and Busto Arsizio, and a huge battle was attacked. The emperor put to flight the knights who were on one side near
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#17328838722767436-417: The Milanese countryside: after defeating Brescia , which was a Milanese company, and having freed Lodi from the Milanese yoke, Barbarossa directed the attack to the Milanese capital, who agreed to surrender (8 September 1158) to avoid a long and bloody siege. Milan again lost the conquests made in previous years (Como, Pavia, Seprio and Brianza ), but it was not razed. Frederick Barbarossa, then, summoned
7579-457: The Milanese region. Of these, two contributed the most to fuel anti-imperial sentiment: to try to interrupt the supplies in Milan during one of his descents in Italy, in 1160, the emperor devastated the area north of the city destroying the crops and fruit trees of farmers. In particular, in fifteen days Barbarossa destroyed the countryside of Vertemate , Mediglia , Verano , Briosco , Legnano , Nerviano , Pogliano and Rho . The second event
7722-533: The Prandoni ( De Prandonis ) family, of Milanese origin and traceable in Busto Arsizio around the 16th century. From this street, which assumed its current name of Via XXII Marzo in 1906, originated Vicolo Provasoli, which became the private property of Cinema Oscar in 1955. This is a short street that runs alongside the Villa Ottolini-Tovaglieri, on the north-western edge of the ancient village. The street
7865-422: The Teresian Cadastre. Between 1749 and 1751, the rectory of San Giovanni was demolished and the baptistery of San Filippo Neri, which gave the district its name, was built in its place. In the early 20th century, the street was given the odonym of Via Prepositurale, but already in 1910 the current name of Via Monsignor Giuseppe Tettamanti appeared. Corresponding to today's Via Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour, joining
8008-719: The advent of Fascism , at the Church of St. Edward After the war, Busto Arsizio turned increasingly on the right of the political spectrum as its bigger industries in the 1960s and 1970s decayed, to be replaced by many familiar small enterprises and a new service-based economy. Today, the city represents a major stronghold for both Forza Italia and Lega Nord right-wing political parties. Busto Arsizio's districts There are nine districts in Busto Arsizio, these are: Sant'Anna, San Michele , San Giovanni , Sant'Edoardo , Madonna Regina, Beata Giuliana, Santi Apostoli, Borsano and Sacconago. The historical toponymy of Busto Arsizio includes
8151-460: The armies repackage and refurbish, the first two lines finally gave way, but the third resisted shocks. According to other sources, the rows that capitulated were instead four, with a fifth and last that rejected the attacks. Meanwhile, the municipal troops who were retreating towards Milan met the bulk of the Lombard League army moving towards Legnano; the municipal army, now reunified, after having reorganized moved towards Legnano and arrived at
8294-479: The basis of the requests of some of the latter, who repeatedly asked for imperial intervention to limit Milan 's desire for supremacy: in 1111 and 1127 the city conquered, respectively, Lodi and Como , forcing Pavia , Cremona and Bergamo to passivity. To make matters worse the relations between the Empire and the municipalities were further soured by the harsh measures implemented by imperial authorities against
8437-446: The battle, which is connected to the initial clash between the two armies, seems to have taken place between Borsano and Busto Arsizio. This thesis is supported, among other things, by the document of the two anonymous chroniclers, where it is said that: Then Saturday 29 May 1176, while the Milanese were at Legnano together with fifty knights from Lodi, about three hundred from Novara and Vercelli, about two hundred from Piacenza, with
8580-448: The cavalry —and to a small number of militias on horseback. At this point an exceptional event occurred with respect to the traditional dominance of cavalry on infantry of that period. In Legnano the municipal infantry, with the few remaining knights, after being attacked by Barbarossa, settled around the Carroccio (maintaining a certain distance from the symbol of their municipalities), organizing themselves on some defensive lines along
8723-499: The celebrations of the feat of the Thousand , the square was named after Giuseppe Garibaldi. This was the street, still in existence, that ran westwards from Piazza Santa Maria. It owes its name to the presence, in the square, of the ‘ beccaria ’, a porticoed building used for butchering meat. Its name changed several times over time: first to Contrada del Mercato, from 1876 to Via Alessandro Manzoni and from 1905 to Via Felice Cavallotti,
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#17328838722768866-650: The church of the Madonna in Prato. The name Garlasca is already found in 1399 in the Libro della Decima (Book of the Tithe) and also appears again in the Cadastre of 1857. In the topography of the late 19th century, it is found with the name of Galarasca local road, while from the beginning of the 20th century the current names of Via Gaetano Donizetti, for the first short stretch near the town centre, and Via Gioaccino Rossini appear. This
9009-508: The city. The same source also mentions the distance of 3 miles (about 4.5 km) from Legnano in reference to the first contact of the two armies, confirming the hypothesis that this phase of the clash took place between Borsano and Busto Arsizio. The same document states that: Then they sent forward, towards Como, 700 soldiers to know on which side their powerful and very strong adversary advanced. There they met 300 Germanic soldiers, for about three miles, whose traces Frederick trodden with
9152-562: The conflict but merely describe the events; among the Teutonic documents, the most important are the annals of Cologne, the writings of Otto of Freising and the chronicles of Godfrey of Viterbo . The most important contemporary ecclesiastical sources are the writings of the Archbishop of Salerno and the Life of Alexander III drafted by Boso Breakspeare, with the first not referring to the indication of
9295-586: The conquests made by Milan in previous years, especially with regard to Como and Lodi. The first part of that journey continued along the Via Francigena and ended in Rome with the coronation of Frederick Barbarossa as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Adrian IV (18 June 1155 ). During his stay in Rome, Frederick, who had left from the north with the title of King of Germany , was harshly contested by
9438-430: The construction of an oratory and the opening of a kindergarten named after Saint Anne with the entrance facing the meadow of San Gregorio, which began its activity in 1860. Between 1859 and 1861, today's Piazza Trento e Trieste was named after Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour , a name that remained until 1896, when a street in the historic centre was named after Cavour. Regardless of the official toponymy, at least since 1860
9581-472: The creation of the Naviglio Grande , made use of the navigational water of the Ticino river . However, nothing is clearly known about Busto Arsizio's history before the 10th century, when the city's name was first discovered in documents, already with its present name: loco Busti qui dicitur Arsizio . A part of the powerful Contado of the Seprio, in 1176, its citizens likely participated (on both sides) in
9724-465: The current Via Federico Confalonieri, which runs westwards from Piazza Alessandro Manzoni. Previously, in the Teresian Cadastre, the street was called Via Vernaschela because of the crossroads, later removed, with Strada Vernasca, while the name of Sant'Alò is due to the presence of a chapel dedicated to the patron saint of goldsmiths, blacksmiths and farriers, demolished in 1914. The current name of Via Federico Confalonieri dates back to 1906. As early as
9867-417: The defense of the Carroccio and the subsequent and resolute clashes between the two armies, the Life of Alexander III of Boso Breakspeare, contemporary with the battle, provides an important indication: in this text we indicate the toponyms, evidently crippled by the copyists, of Barranum and Brixianum , which could indicate Legnano and Borsano or Busto Arsizio and Borsano, and the precise distance between
10010-489: The difference between Frederick and his predecessors was felt. In fact, Barbarossa showed a strong aversion to municipal autonomies: his will was to restore effective power over northern Italy. The second descent, which began in June 1158, was originated by the rebelliousness of Milan and the allied municipalities to accept imperial power. This long expedition began with the attack of Frederick Barbarossa in Milan and his allies of
10153-486: The early 20th century. This is the current Vicolo Purificazione (Purification Alley), which runs southwards for about 30 metres from Via San Michele in the centre. Its route can be found in the Teresian Cadastre, then in the one of 1857 under the name Vicolo Fassi, the surname of a Bustese family that, as noted by Luigi Ferrario in 1864, had properties in the town, probably some near this alley. It corresponds to today's Piazza Alessandro Manzoni and its origin dates back to
10296-528: The early 20th century. With the first layout of the Ferrovia Mediterranea (Mediterranean Railway) the road was affected by the crossing of the tracks with its level crossing where it now crosses Viale della Gloria; from 1881 the Milan-Gallarate tramway also ran along the road. From the first decade of the 21st century, the street assumed its current name of Corso XX Settembre. This name is found in
10439-424: The emblem of the autonomy of their municipalities, the municipal infantry resisted against a militarily superior army and moreover on horseback. The Carroccio also had a tactical function: being a very important symbol, in case of folding, the municipal army would have been obliged to protect it at all costs, and so it happened that, just to stay around the wagon, the municipal infantry they organized themselves into
10582-452: The emperor instead of the municipal autonomies, which were virtually suppressed, and established an imperial-nominated podestà at the head of the rebel cities. Meanwhile, Pope Adrian IV died and his successor, Pope Alexander III , soon proved to be in solidarity with the Italian municipalities and particularly hostile to the emperor. In 1163 the rebellion of some cities in northeastern Italy forced Frederick Barbarossa to descend for
10725-609: The emperor met his cousin Henry the Lion and other feudal lords in Chiavenna between January and February 1176 with the aim of asking for reinforcements to continue his campaign. When Henry denied him these, Frederick turned to his wife Beatrice of Burgundy ; Rainald of Dassel , the archbishop of Cologne and Archchancellor ; and Wichmann von Seeburg , archbishop of Magdeburg , asking for additional troops to be sent to Italy; after receiving
10868-540: The emperor was distant, still in Bellinzona waiting for the reinforcement troops. For this reason, the Carroccio , the emblem of the autonomy of the municipalities belonging to the Lombard League carrying the cross of Aribert , escorted by a few hundred men of the League, was transferred from Milan to Legnano, leaving from the capital of Milan from Porta Romana , and then up the Olona to its final destination. In Legnano
11011-425: The emperor's departure, the role of the Lombard League was limited to the diplomatic or military resolution of the diatribes that periodically broke out between the municipalities belonging to the alliance. Shortly after Barbarossa returned to Germany, the League founded a new city, Alessandria , named in honor of Pope Alexander III, who sided with the Italian municipalities so that the municipal military coalition
11154-597: The end of 1166 the emperor went to Italy for the fourth time at the head of a powerful army. To avoid the Marca of Verona, after having crossed the Alps from the Brenner Pass , instead of going along the usual Adige Valley , Barbarossa turned towards Val Camonica ; its objective was not, however, the attack on the rebellious Italian communes, but the Papacy. In fact, Frederick sided with
11297-447: The exception is the Life of Alexander III written by Boso Breakspeare , which reaches four hundred words. On some occasions there is the problem of the distortion of toponyms made by the copyists of the time, who did not know the geography of the area. The contemporary sources that deal with the battle of Legnano are divided into three categories: the chronicles written by the Milanese or by
11440-618: The fact that the city hosted the important Allied liaison mission with the partisans, the Mission Chrysler , led by Lt. Aldo Icardi, later famous for his involvement in the Holohan murder case . During the conflict, Busto Arsizio was a major industrial centre for war production, and the occupying Germans moved the Italian national radio there. The Italian resistance movement resorted preferably to strikes and sabotage than to overt guerrilla warfare , since those willing to fight mostly took to
11583-436: The famous Battle of Legnano , actually fought between Busto Arsizio's frazione of Borsano and nearby Legnano , when Frederick Barbarossa was defeated by the communal militia of the Lombard League . From the 13th century, the city became renowned for its production of textiles. Even its feudalization in later centuries under several lords, vassals of the masters of Milan, did not stop its slow but constant growth; nor did
11726-539: The federated cities in the Lombard League, those written by the imperials or their allies and the ecclesiastical documents of the papal party. The contemporary Milanese chronicles unanimously report that the battle was fought de , apud , iuxta , ad Lignanum or inter Legnanum et Ticinum . Among them stands a document compiled by two anonymous chroniclers ( Gesta Federici I imperatoris in Lombardy . Trad.: "The exploits of Emperor Frederick I in Lombardy" ), whose two parts of
11869-456: The imperial army and with the sacking of the military camp of Frederick Barbarossa in Legnano. The emperor himself found it difficult to escape capture and reach the faithful Pavia. After the battle, the Milanese wrote to the Bolognese , their allies in the League, a letter stating, among other things, that they had in custody, right in Milan, a conspicuous loot in gold and silver, the banner,
12012-434: The imperial ones were heavy, while the losses attributable to the municipal army were quite slight. According to some studies conducted by Guido Sutermeister , part of the dead of the battle of Legnano were buried around the little church of San Giorgio, now no longer in existence, which once stood on the top of the hill of San Martino along the modern via Dandolo, in the near the church of San Martino in Legnano . From
12155-433: The imperial troops forced the first rows of the municipal army to back off in confusion. The strong impact then forced the municipal knights to retreat towards Milan, leaving the soldiers alone who were in Legnano to defend the Carroccio. Barbarossa therefore decided to attack the latter with the cavalry, given that it was defended only by the infantry—according to the canons of the time considered to be clearly inferior to
12298-415: The imperials to resist until the evening and then, at the end of the battle, fall back to catch up and reorganize did not go well. They tried to flee towards Ticino passing from Dairago and Turbigo , but were pursued by the troops of the Lombard League for eight miles. The waters of the river were the theater of the last phases of the battle, which ended with the capture and killing of many soldiers of
12441-412: The insufficient number of reinforcements coming from Germany and other Italian allies, the emperor decided to leave the alpine valleys resuming the march from Como to Pavia, both of his allies, in a hostile territory but characterized by the presence of vast areas covered with an impenetrable forest that allowed a relatively safe journey. His goal was to meet with the rest of his militias and to clash with
12584-472: The king and composed of the most valiant soldiers, the " gairethinx " or " arengo ". City consuls generally came from the increasingly dominant (merchant and professional) classes of a city; although the duration of a consul's mandate was only one year, and there was a certain turnover of individuals in the positions, a communal administration sometimes amounted to a coterie of leading families that shared municipal power in oligarchic fashion. In any case
12727-456: The land register of 1857 to indicate the current Via Roma, which runs from east to west south of the historic centre of Busto Arsizio, and Via San Gregorio, which runs north from the eastern end of Via Roma to Via Milano. The route of this road is found in the Teresian Cadastre and traced the inner course of the southern moat of the town (which was located along today's Via Giuseppe Mazzini). The historian Pietro Antonio Crespi Castoldi , speaking of
12870-405: The large number of wooden buildings and flammable materials such as cotton and grain, and were difficult to extinguish due to the dryness of the ground and the great depth of the wells). This machine, operated by hand and possibly later by steam, which was located in one of the buildings overlooking this street, lost its usefulness in 1897, when the new municipal aqueduct designed by Eugenio Villoresi
13013-448: The light cavalry, which came later, which carried out the decisive charge against the imperials. At centuries of distance, given the scarcity of authentic information written by contemporary chroniclers at the events, it is difficult to establish precisely where the clashes took place. The chronicles of the epoch that deal with the battle of Legnano are in fact short writings formed by a number of words between one hundred and two hundred;
13156-402: The middle of the fray trying to encourage his troops, but without appreciable results. In the heat of battle his horse was mortally wounded and the emperor disappeared to the sight of the fighters; in addition, the imperial army standard-bearer was killed, pierced by a spear. The imperials, attacked on two sides, then began to become discouraged and faced a total defeat. The strategy of
13299-595: The military forces specified in the various cities forming part of the alliance (30,000 men ), which were in fact still converging on Milan. The Lombard League was headed by the Cremonese Anselmo da Dovara and by the Vicentine Ezzelino I da Romano representing the two souls of the coalition, the Lombard and the Venetian. The military operations of the municipal troops, on this occasion, were instead guided by
13442-496: The military point of view, the battle of Legnano was a significant battle that involved a considerable number of men. Other important battles fought in the same period in fact employed a comparable number of soldiers: for example, 1,400 Aragonese knights and 800 French were involved in the Battle of Muret . At the strategic level, the clash between the two armies was carefully prepared by both factions. Barbarossa meticulously chose
13585-525: The militia of Brescia, Verona and the whole of the March [Trevigiana]. the infantry of Verona and Brescia were in the city, others were near by on the street and came to join the Milanese army – the Emperor Frederick was encamped with all the Comaschi near Cairate with about a thousand German knights, and it was said that they were two thousand he had brought across the valley of Disentis so secretly that none of
13728-612: The minor quarters of the Basilica district, reports that one of these is the Contrada Palearia, which probably coincided with the present Via Roma - Via San Gregorio route. The name Palearia can be traced back to straw (perhaps to houses with straw roofs) or to a Cascina Paleata (straw farmstead), but it could also take its name from the De Palaris family, present in Busto in the 14th century. In
13871-452: The municipal armies, to try to find an agreement with the army of the League, but without success. During the negotiations the emperor thought, at a certain point, that the agreement was close and therefore dismissed most of his army; the negotiations, however, failed in May 1175 and the armies prepared themselves again for the war. Realizing the mistake he made, which would later prove decisive,
14014-520: The municipal troops in the Milanese or in Alessandria; Frederick Barbarossa was in fact certain that a march in forced stages towards Pavia could have prevented the municipal troops from intercepting it. The Lombard League, on the other hand, decided to engage in battle with the imperial army as soon as possible to prevent the reunification of the Teutonic armies; this despite being still in reduced ranks (15,000 men ), given that he could not count on all
14157-413: The municipal troops. Some chroniclers of the time report that Barbarossa's advisers had suggested to the emperor to stall for a new strategy, but the sovereign would have refused to take advantage of the numerical superiority and not to be forced to retreat towards hostile territories; furthermore, a retreat would have affected the prestige of the emperor. The fate of the battle, therefore, reversed and
14300-445: The municipalities, officially ending his attempt to dominate northern Italy. The battle is alluded to in the Canto degli Italiani by Goffredo Mameli and Michele Novaro , which reads: «From the Alps to Sicily , Legnano is everywhere» in memory of the victory of Italian populations over foreign ones. Thanks to this battle, Legnano is the only city, besides Rome , to be mentioned in
14443-412: The name it still has today. From 1939 until the end of World War II it took the name Via Addis Ababa. This is the name that once identified the present-day via Luciano Manara, which runs southwards from Piazza Trento e Trieste, south-east of the city centre, to Via Ludovico Ariosto. Present in the Teresian Cadastre and in the Cadastre of 1857 (where the road is called the municipal road of Brughetto ),
14586-484: The name of Piazza della Pretura Vecchia until 1910, when the offices of the Magistrate's Court moved to Palazzo Marliani-Cicogna, and the square became Piazza Bramante, the name that remains of the street that goes from Piazza Santa Maria to Via Roma. Battle of Legnano The battle of Legnano was a battle between the imperial army of Frederick Barbarossa and the troops of the Lombard League on 29 May 1176, near
14729-508: The name of ring road, which later became the San Gregorio ring road due to the presence, to the east, of the church of San Gregorio Magno in Camposanto. The current naming after Giuseppe Mazzini dates back to 1906. Among the former ring roads was also the present Via Andrea Zappellini, located in the north-eastern part of the ancient village. In the Teresian Cadastre, the layout of this street
14872-446: The names of streets, squares and places in the municipal territory of Busto Arsizio and their history, both those officially present in the street directories and those that no longer exist or are used only by custom. Not all place names are present, but only those with particular links to the history and events of the town and surrounding area. Also listed are some streets with recent odonyms , but nevertheless of great interest because of
15015-590: The nobility of the Italian territories dominated by the Empire were much less (and progressively less) involved in the administrative functions of the city-dominated regions, than the nobility were in German lands. Because of the frictions that arose in the 11th and the 12th centuries, the cities of northern Italy experienced a rising ferment that led to the birth of a new form of local self-government based on an elective collegial body with administrative, judicial, and security functions, and which in turn designated city consuls:
15158-403: The northern Italian cities gradually ceased to recognize feudal institutions, which now seemed outdated. Moreover, previous emperors, for various vicissitudes, adopted for a certain period an attitude of indifference towards the issues of northern Italy, taking more care to establish relations that provided for supervision of the Italian situation rather than the effective exercise of power. As
15301-463: The old Piazza del Conte in the centre of Busto, the odonym became Piazza Umberto Biancamano, founder of the Savoy family . In 1944 it assumed its current name of Piazza Carlo Noè. Piazza Grande was also the ancient toponym in the 1857 cadastre of the current Piazza Pietro Toselli in the centre of Borsano [ it ] , now a district of Busto Arsizio, but an autonomous municipality until 1928. Like
15444-450: The old church of Santi Apostoli Pietro e Paolo of Sacconago [ it ] . The name Piazza Grande dates back to 1857, when Sacconago was an autonomous municipality and this square was the largest in the town (the new church was inaugurated in 1932). In the first decade of the 20th century, the square was named after Victor Emmanuel II , but in 1931, three years after the annexation of Sacconago to Busto Arsizio, to avoid homonymy with
15587-500: The people of the city; in response, the emperor reacted by stifling the revolt in blood. Following this episode, and to Frederick's military campaign, the relations between the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy began to crack. During the return trip to Germany, the emperor destroyed Spoleto , accused of having paid the fodro , that is, the taxes to be paid to the sovereign, with a false currency. Already during this first descent,
15730-448: The place to cross the Alps, deciding to wait for reinforcements and to cross the Alpine arch again centrally in place of the usual Brenner, to easily reach Pavia. In fact, the second choice would have involved a much longer journey in enemy territory. Moreover, shortening the journey to Alexandria, his real goal, he focused on the surprise effect, which he partly obtained. Even the leaders of
15873-422: The places, and the second that report the crippled toponym of Barranum . Among the sources after the battle, Bonvesin da la Riva , who wrote about a century after the fight, stated that the battle had taken place " inter Brossanum et Legnanum ", while Goffredo da Bussero, a contemporary of Bonvesin de la Riva, reported that " imperator victus a Mediolanensisbus inter Legnanum et Borsanum ". The first phase of
16016-517: The plague the clothes of the sick were washed). This was the name of the avenue that today connects the Cinque Ponti area to the north-western part of the municipality of Castellanza . Since 1860, the layout of Viale della Gloria was occupied by the tracks of the Domodossola-Milan railway and the old station, now demolished. This is today's Piazza Carlo Noè, overlooked by the south side of
16159-412: The point where the Carroccio was located attacked the imperial troops on the sides and from behind, who were already tired from the vain assaults on the Carroccio. With the arrival of the cavalry, also the infantrymen around the communal cart passed to the counteroffensive. Sensing that the heart of the battle was now around the Carroccio, Frederick Barbarossa, with his usual audacity, threw himself into
16302-477: The presence in this square of the cattle market, a veritable fair especially on the occasion of the feast of St Roch, which was celebrated with the blessing of the cattle at the nearby church of St Roch. The current dedication of the square to Alessandro Manzoni dates back to 1906. The toponym is found in the 1857 Land Registry to indicate the route of the present-day Via Giuseppe Tettamanti, which runs northwards from Piazza San Giovanni Battista, already present in
16445-520: The public affairs of their own municipality and disinclined to accept the ecclesiastical and feudal structures, with their rigid and hierarchical management of the government. The change that led to a collegial management of public administration was rooted in the Lombard domination of northern Italy; this Germanic people was in fact accustomed to settling the most important questions (which were usually of military nature) through an assembly presided over by
16588-399: The ranks of the imperial army (perhaps of malaria ) and which also affected the emperor himself, forced him to leave Rome, which in the meantime had surrendered, and to return precipitously to northern Italy in search of reinforcements (August 1167). A few months before the epidemic that struck the imperial army, the municipalities of northern Italy had joined forces in the Lombard League ,
16731-448: The ranks. In addition to fighting for their fellow soldiers, the municipal soldiers also fought for the freedom of their city and to defend their possessions and this led to a further stimulus to resistance against the enemy. This battle is one of the first examples in which the medieval infantry could demonstrate its tactical potential towards the cavalry. The merit of the victory of the municipal troops must however also be shared with
16874-442: The remaining 50 km in a horse day. Overall, according to most historians, the imperial army encamped in Cairate was formed by 3,000 men (2,000 of whom were reinforcements from Germany), the vast majority of whom were heavy cavalry , who was able, if necessary, to fight on foot. Despite the numerical disparity, the extent of the Teutonic army was highly respected, given that it consisted of professional soldiers. The army of
17017-585: The road bordering the parking area to the south and east. An uncultivated piece of land outside the ancient hamlet, where today the Piazza San Michele is located. Like the Contrada Pessina, the name derives from the basin used as a drinking trough for animals that stood in Piazza Santa Maria. Traces of this toponym remain in the name of the church of the Madonna in Prato, a religious building that
17160-451: The road connected (and still connects through today's Via Milazzo) the centre of Busto to the Brughetto farmstead. It coincides with today's Via Giuseppe Mazzini and is the road that runs south along the historic centre of Busto Arsizio, following the southern development of the embankment and moat that defended the town. Clearly delineated in the Teresian Cadastre, in that of 1857 it assumed
17303-515: The shield and the imperial spear, and a large number of prisoners, including Count Berthold I of Zähringen (one of the princes of the Empire), Philip of Alsace (one of the empress's grandchildren) and Gosvino of Heinsberg (the brother of the Archbishop of Cologne). There are no precise data on the losses suffered by the two armies that faced each other in the battle of Legnano; from the descriptions in our possession, however, it can be affirmed that
17446-442: The site of the last phases of the battle and Milan, 15 miles (about 22 km), which is the exact distance between Legnano and the Lombard capital. This distance of 15 miles was then used to refer to Legnano also in subsequent documents. In fact, in the Life of Alexander III we read that: [The Milanese] settled, in large numbers, in a place suitable for them, between Barrano and Brissiano, around eight o'clock, 15 miles from
17589-547: The southern sides of Piazza Santa Maria and Piazza San Giovanni, it was so called because of the presence of the tax and revenue office during the Austrian rule . The current name appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. It was the road that connected Busto Arsizio to Arnate (today a district of Gallarate ), corresponding to today's Via Gioacchino Rossini and its continuation of Via Gaetano Donizetti, which leads into Piazza Alessandro Manzoni, together with Via Quintino Sella, at
17732-487: The square of the same name in Sacconago, in 1931 the square, previously named after Vittorio Emanuele II, was dedicated to Emanuele Filiberto. The current name dates from 1944. This was the name given to the open space in front of the church of San Gregorio Magno in Camposanto, which occupied the south-western part of what is now Piazza Trento e Trieste, outside the south-eastern end of the ancient fortifications. This clearing
17875-581: The square was commonly referred to as Piazza dell'Asilo, and this name persisted until the early 20th century. In 1909, the square assumed its current name of Piazza Trento e Trieste. Carlo Azimonti reports another popular denomination of the square, namely Prà Furnè, which is explained by the presence on the square of the Cantoni bakery in Prà Asìli. This was a road located west of Sacconago and connected this village to Ferno and Lonate Pozzolo . It owes its name to
18018-406: The street took its current name of Andrea Zappellini. On today's Via Carlo Tosi, in the district of San Michele, a turret still stands, which gave its name to the street, belonging to Casa Tosi, where pigeons were bred in the past, as in similar structures in the area. The name of Via della Colombaia was preserved until the early 20th century, but the current name of Via Carlo Tosi can be found in
18161-399: The support of the latter, he moved to Bellinzona to wait for them. Upon the arrival of the troops, Frederick realized, however, that their number was much lower than expected, since they consisted only of a number of knights including, according to the discordant sources of the time, between 1,000 and 2,000 units (the latter, according to most historians, is the most probable ). Despite
18304-451: The text, written by an unknown reporter between 1154 and 1167 and the other completed by another anonymous in 1177, they were copied in 1230 by Sire Raul . The annals of Brescia, of Crema, the Genoese chronicler Ottobono , Salimbene from Parma and the bishop of Crema also report apud Legnanum . The contemporary chronicles of the imperial part, on the other hand, do not specify the places of
18447-545: The third time in Italy in a military campaign that ended up in a stalemate, above all against the Veronese League , which in the meantime had formed between some cities of the March of Verona . With pacific Lombardy, Frederick in fact preferred to postpone the clash with the other municipalities of northern Italy due to the numerical scarcity of his troops and then, after having verified the situation, he returned to Germany. At
18590-411: The town of Legnano , in present-day Lombardy , Italy. Although the presence of the enemy nearby was already known to both sides, they suddenly met without having time to plan any strategy. The battle was crucial in the long war waged by the Holy Roman Empire in an attempt to assert its power over the municipalities of northern Italy , which decided to set aside their mutual rivalries and join in
18733-433: The transformations they have undergone over time that have changed the urban context, even though these are relatively recent events. This section contains the names of streets and squares that have disappeared due to demolitions or urban transformations or due to simple redefinition of the municipal toponymy. Each of the following contrade (districts) corresponded to streets and gates of the town: The Contrada Basilica
18876-575: Was a high medieval fortification, the castle of the Cotta , which was built at the time of the Hungarian raids and which was later used during the battle of Legnano as a military outpost. Later, the castle of the Cotta was replaced, as a defensive bulwark of Legnano, by the Castle Visconteo , which rises further south along the Olona. The Cotta castle was flanked by a defensive system formed by walls and
19019-640: Was also facilitated by the presence of an important road that existed since Roman times, the Via Severiana Augusta , which connected Mediolanum (the modern Milan ) with the Verbanus Lacus (Lake Verbano, or Lake Maggiore ), and from there to the Simplon Pass (lat. Summo Plano ). His journey was then taken up by Napoleon Bonaparte to build the Simplon state road. For this reason, in Legnano there
19162-502: Was built near the said meadow. It roughly coincided with today's Via Arnaldo da Brescia, built following the 1911 Master Plan that provided for the construction of the new hospital in the northern area of Busto Arsizio. The ancient odonym is found in the Land Registry of 1857 and owes its origin to the toponym Pobega , already present in the Libro della Decima of 1399, which derives from the Lombard word pobia , meaning ‘poplar’. In
19305-470: Was granted privileges by king Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. Busto Arsizio continued to grow over the next century, absorbing the nearby communities of Borsano and Sacconago in 1927 in a major administrative reform implemented by the Fascist regime and was only marginally damaged even by World War II (a single Allied airdropped bomb is said to have hit the train station). This respite was given, actually, by
19448-404: Was inaugurated. This was the street corresponding to today's Via Paolo Camillo Marliani, connecting Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II to Via Montebello. The mangle, from which it takes its name, was the machine used to roll and press fabrics. This is today's Vicolo Gambarana, in the south-western part of the historical centre. The route is present in the Teresian Cadastre and the name Vicolo Marchesi
19591-435: Was instead linked to the measures taken by Frederick Barbarossa after the surrender of Milan (1162): the imperial vicar who administered the Milanese countryside after the defeat of Milan forced the farmers of the area to pay a heavy annual tax of foodstuffs for the emperor, which made the population increasingly hostile to imperial power. To try to pacify northern Italy and restore imperial power, Frederick Barbarossa crossed
19734-553: Was not the only source of friction between the Empire and the municipalities of northern Italy. A crisis of feudalism arose with the economic growth of northern Italian cities and their emerging desire to free themselves from imperial administration. Furthermore, the Italian territories of the Holy Roman Empire were distinctly different from the Germanic ones in socioeconomic and cultural aspects, and were not sympathetic to imperial power wielded by an authority of German lineage. Moreover,
19877-456: Was one of the four contrade comprising the territory around the basilica of St John the Baptist , from which it takes its name ( basega literally means basilica). In the second half of the 19th century, the chronicler Luigi Ferrario reported the name Porta Milano as the new toponym of the district, since the gate (renamed Porta Milano) led to the Simplon road and thus to the city of Milan . It
20020-474: Was present in the Teresian Cadastre, while the remaining part of Piazza Trento e Trieste was occupied by fields. In the 1857 Cadastre, the current layout is outlined, with the entire square already fronted by real estate; Luigi Ferrario named it Piazza di San Gregorio. In the meantime, the vestry board of San Giovanni had purchased a piece of land in the Cassina Scerina near the church of San Gregorio and began
20163-403: Was retained until the 17th century and continued as far as Buon Gesù. The route of the road is delineated both in the Teresian Cadastre, where it appears with the name Via Ballone, and in that of 1857, where it takes the name of municipal road from Busto to Buon Gesù . In dialect, however, the road was called Strà Balòn, taking up the older name. The road continued to be called Strada Ballona until
20306-409: Was symbolically headed by the same Pope. The foundation of a new city without the consent of the imperial authority was a serious setback to Frederick Barbarossa, who decided to definitively resolve the Italian question. In 1174 Frederick Barbarossa, to try to resolve the situation once and for all, went down to Italy for the fifth time with a powerful army of about 10,000 men. Instead of crossing
20449-440: Was the western quarter of the town. The name derives from the basin used as a drinking trough for animals. It was the northernmost contrada and owes its name to the fact that during the plague epidemic of 1524 it was the district least affected by the disease. This was the southern contrada and the richest one. The name of the municipal road known as Strada di S. Alò is found in the 1857 Land Register and corresponds to
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