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76-503: The Reverend is an honorific style given before the names of certain Christian clergy and ministers . There are sometimes differences in the way the style is used in different countries and church traditions. The Reverend is correctly called a style , but is sometimes referred to as a title , form of address, or title of respect. The style is also sometimes used by leaders in other religions such as Judaism and Buddhism . The term

152-405: A Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , or Anglican Christian priest), " Rabbi " for Jewish clergy, or Professor . Holders of an academic doctorate , such as a Ph.D. , are addressed as "Doctor" (abbreviated Dr.). Some honorifics act as complete replacements for a name, as "Sir" or "Ma'am", or "Your Honour/Honor". Subordinates will often use honorifics as punctuation before asking

228-556: A certain kind of white-collar work. Again, even expatriate professionals in the Philippines were affected by these reasons when they resided and married a Filipino or were naturalized so it is not unusual for them to be addressed Filipino style. Spanish has a number of honorific forms that may be used with or as substitutes for names, such as señor or caballero ("Mr.", "Sir", "Gentleman"); señora ("Madam", "Mrs.", "Lady", "ma'am") and señorita ("Miss", "young lady"); licenciado for

304-463: A doctoral degree (for instance Colombian presidents are often referred to as Doctor ___); likewise "Maestro" is used for artistic masters, especially painters. Additionally, older people and those with whom one would speak respectfully (e.g., one's boss or teacher), are often addressed as usted, abbreviated ud. , a formal/respectful way of saying "you" (e.g. Dra. Polo, ¿cómo está usted? Dr. Polo, how are you?). The word usted historically comes from

380-406: A doctorate in which case they are often addressed in formal situations as The Reverend Doctor . In informal situations Reverend is used. The Reverend , however, is used in more formal or in written communication, along with His/Her Reverence or Your Reverence . Brother or Sister is used in some places, although these are formally used to address members of Methodist religious orders, such as

456-789: A large degree, many classical constructs are still occasionally employed to convey formality, humility, politeness or respect. Honorific language in Chinese is achieved by using honorific or beautifying alternatives, prefixing or suffixing a word with a polite complement, or by dropping casual-sounding words. In general, there are five distinct categories of honorific language: Indian honorifics abound, covering formal and informal relationships for commercial, generational, social, and spiritual links. Honorifics may be prefix, suffix, or replacement types. There are many variations. Italian honorifics are usually limited to formal situations. Professional titles like Ingegnere (engineer) are often substituted for

532-590: A larger civil aircraft are usually addressed as "Captain" plus their full name or surname. This tradition is slowly diminishing in the United States and most European Union countries. However, many countries, especially in Asia , follow this tradition and address airline pilots, military pilots, and flight instructors exclusively as "Captain" even outside of the professional environment. In addition, such countries' etiquette rules dictate that this title must be placed on all

608-409: A member of a princely dynasty, or "Her Grand Ducal Highness" for a member of a family that reigns over a grand duchy . Verbs with these honorifics as subject are conjugated in the third person (e.g. "you are going" vs. "Your Honour is going" or "Her Royal Highness is going".) Protocol for monarchs and aristocrats can be very complex, with no general rule; great offence can be given by using a form that

684-653: A minister or secretary of state as "Your Excellency" or Mr./Madam Secretary, etc. A prime minister may be addressed as "the Honorable". In the UK, members of the Privy Council are addressed as "the Right Honourable   ...". A member of Parliament or other legislative body may have particular honorifics. A member of a Senate, for example, may be addressed as "Senator". The etiquette varies and most countries have protocol specifying

760-430: A mister . It is likewise incorrect to form the plural Reverends . Some dictionaries, however, do place the noun rather than the adjective as the word's principal form, owing to an increasing use of the word as a noun among people with no religious background or knowledge of traditional styles of ecclesiastical address. When several clergy are referred to, they are often styled individually (e.g. The Reverend John Smith and

836-435: A monarch ranking as a king/queen or emperor and his/her consort may be addressed or referred to as "Your/His/Her Majesty", "Their Majesties", etc. (but there is no customary honorific accorded to a female monarch's consort, as he is usually granted a specific style). Monarchs below kingly rank are addressed as "Your/His/Her Highness ", the exact rank being indicated by an appropriate modifier, e.g. "His Serene Highness " for

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912-410: A multitude of pronouns that are extremely nuanced—for example, there are so many ways to say 'I', and most of them already indicate the speaker's gender and often their age and societal standing relative to the person they are speaking to." The most common Thai honorifics are used to differentiate age between friends, family, and peers. The most commonly used are: Turkish honorifics generally follow

988-463: A noun and for clergy to be referred to as being either a reverend or the reverend ( I talked to the reverend about the wedding service. ) or to be addressed as Reverend or, for example, Reverend Smith or the Reverend Smith . This has traditionally been considered grammatically incorrect on the basis that it is equivalent to referring to a judge as being an honourable or an adult man as being

1064-512: A person with bachelor's or a professional degree (e.g., attorneys and engineers ); maestro for a teacher, master mechanic, or person with a master's degree; doctor ("doctor"); etc. Also used is don (male) or doña (female) for people of rank or, in some Latin American countries (e.g., Puerto Rico ), for any senior citizen. In some Latin American countries, like Colombia , "Doctor" is used for any respected figure regardless of whether they have

1140-702: A person's name. Honorifics used (both as style and as form of address) include, in the case of a man, " Mr. " (irrespective of marital status ), and, in the case of a woman, previously either of two depending on marital status: " Miss " if unmarried and " Mrs. " if married, widowed, or divorced; more recently, a third, " Ms. ", became the more prevalent norm, mainly owing to the desire to avoid identifying women by their marital status. Further considerations regarding identifying people by gender currently are raised with varying prevalence and details; in some environments, honorifics such as Mx. , Ind. or Misc. may be used so as not to identify people by gender. In some environments,

1216-472: A sign of Filipino professionals' obsession with flaunting their educational attainment and professional status. Despite this, some of their clients (especially non-Filipinos) would address them as simply Mr. or Mrs./Ms. followed by their surnames (or even Sir/Ma'am) in conversation. It is very rare, however, for a Filipino (especially those born and educated abroad) to address Filipino architects, engineers, and lawyers, even mentioning and referring to their names,

1292-792: A substitute for names. The most common honorifics in Pakistan are usually placed immediately before the name of the subject or immediately after the subject. There are many variations across Pakistan. Persian honorifics generally follow the second name, especially if they refer to gender or particular social statuses (e.g., Name Agha [= Mr. Name], Name Khanom [= Ms. Name], Name Ostad [teacher or cleric], Name Rayis [manager, leader or director]). Such honorifics are used in both formal and informal situations. A more formal honorific referring to gender would be Jenab [His Excellency], which precedes Name Agha [= Mr. Name] and Sarkar [= Her Excellency], which precedes Name Khanom [= Ms. Name]. A newer honorific

1368-554: A superior a question or after responding to an order: "Yes, sir" or even "Sir, yes, sir." Judges are often addressed as "Your Honour/Honor" when on the bench, the plural form is "Your Honours" and the style is "His/Her Honour". If the judge has a higher title, that may be the correct honorific to use, for example, for High Court Judges in England: "Your Lordship" or "My Lord". Members of the U.S. Supreme Court (as well as some state-level appellate judges) are addressed as "Justice". Similarly,

1444-488: A whole, tends to function on hierarchy; honorific stems are appended to verbs and many nouns, though primarily names, and in many cases one word may be exchanged for another word entirely with the same verb or noun meaning, but with different honorific connotations. In Japan , there are three rough divisions of honorifics: Indonesia's Javanese majority ethnicity has many honorifics. For example: Korean honorifics are similar to Japanese honorifics, and similarly, their use

1520-939: Is Arjomand [esteemed], which comes after other honorifics (except those referring to gender), and is not gender-specific (e.g., Ostad Arjomand Name Surname , or Rayis Arjomand Sarkar Khanom Name Surname ). They are generally used in very formal situations. The usage of Filipino honorifics differs from person to person, though commonalities occur like the occasional insertion of the word po or ho in conversations, and their dependence on age-structured hierarchies. Though some have become obsolete, many are still widely used in order to denote respect, friendliness, or affection. Some new "honorifics", mainly used by teenagers, are experiencing surges in popularity. The Filipino language has honorifics like Binibini/Ate ("Miss", "Big sister"), Ginang/Aling/Manang ("Mrs.", "Madam"), Ginoo/Mang/Manong/Kuya ("Mister", "Sir", "Big brother") that have roots in Chinese culture. Depending on one's relation with

1596-454: Is Sayın /Muhterem [esteemed], which precedes the surname or full name, and is not gender-specific. (e.g. Sayın/Muhterem Name Surname, or Sayın/Muhterem Surname). They are generally used in very formal situations. Honorifics in Vietnamese are more complex compared to Chinese, where the origins of many of these pronouns can be traced, and many have fallen out of usage or have been replaced due to

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1672-735: Is a double monastery of the United Methodist Church located in St. Joseph, Minnesota , United States. The guiding sources for the monastery include the Holy Bible , the Rule of Saint Benedict , the Benedictine Breviary, and Methodist texts such as The United Methodist Hymnal , The Book of Discipline , and the writings of John Wesley . Consultations to explore the possibility of creating an ecumenical monastic community began in 1984 and led to

1748-513: Is a Micronesian language spoken on the Pingelap atoll and on two of the eastern Caroline Islands, called the high island of Pohnpei. Pingelapese does not employ many honorifics into their speech. Their society is structured in a way that everyone is seen as equal, most likely due to the fact that there are so few of them due to emigration. There is no structured hierarchy to enforce the use of honorific speech. There are not many polite vocabulary words and

1824-563: Is a prefix honorific used with elders, similar to mzee , but may also mean grandfather. Other prefix honorifics are ndugu , for brother or a close male friend, and dada for a sister or close female friend; thus, John and Jane would be Ndugu John and Dada Jane, respectively. Amongst the Akan ethnic groups of West Africa's Ghana , the word nana is used as an aristocratic pre-nominal by chiefs and elders alike. In Yorubaland , also in West Africa,

1900-410: Is also acceptable to treat those titles and descriptions (except Doctor ) as adjectival nouns (i.e., first letter not capitalized, e.g. architect (name) ) instead. Even though Doctor is really a title in standard English, the "created" titles Architect, Attorney, and Engineer (among other examples) are a result of vanity (titles herald achievement and success; they distinguish the title holder from

1976-736: Is an anglicisation of the Latin reverendus , the style originally used in Latin documents in medieval Europe. It is the gerundive or future passive participle of the verb revereri ("to respect; to revere"), meaning "[one who is] to be revered/must be respected". The Reverend is therefore equivalent to The Honourable or The Venerable . It is paired with a modifier or noun for some offices in some religious traditions: Lutheran archbishops, Anglican archbishops, and most Catholic bishops are usually styled The Most Reverend ( reverendissimus ); other Lutheran bishops, Anglican bishops, and Catholic bishops are styled The Right Reverend . With Christian clergy,

2052-454: Is customary for priests only. Deacons may be addressed as Deacon , honorary prelates as Monsignor ; bishops and archbishops as Your Excellency (or Your Grace in Commonwealth countries), or, in informal settings, as Bishop , Archbishop , etc. In some Methodist churches, especially in the United States, ordained and licensed ministers are usually addressed as Reverend , unless they hold

2128-608: Is extensively used in the Malay language -speaking cultures in Brunei and Malaysia . In contrast Singapore , whose Malay royalty was abolished by the British colonial government in 1891, has adopted civic titles for its leaders. Being Muslim, Malay people address high-ranking religious scholars as tok imam (grandpa imam). Tok dalang is a honorific used to address a village leader. Pakistan has numerous honorific forms that may be used with or as

2204-531: Is mandatory in many formal and informal social situations. Korean grammar as a whole tends to function on hierarchy; honorific stems are appended to verbs and some nouns, and in many cases, one word may be exchanged for another word entirely with the same verb or noun meaning, but with different honorific connotations. Linguists say there are six levels of honorifics in Korean but, in daily conversation, only four of them are widely used in contemporary Korean. Suffix -ssi-(씨)

2280-491: Is more common. Honorific Typically, honorifics are used as a style in the grammatical third person , and as a form of address in the second person. Some languages have anti-honorific ( despective or humilific ) first person forms (expressions such as "your most humble servant" or "this unworthy person") whose effect is to enhance the relative honor accorded to the person addressed. The most common honorifics in modern English are usually placed immediately before

2356-495: Is not exactly correct. There are differences between "Your Highness" and "Your Royal Highness"; between "Princess Margaret" and "The Princess Margaret". All these are correct, but apply to people of subtly different rank. An example of a non-obvious style is "Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ", which was an official style, but unique to one person. In music, a distinguished conductor or virtuoso instrumentalist may be known as "Maestro". In aviation, pilots in command of

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2432-404: Is royal language, which is used for the two highest-ranking chiefs. Next, respect honorifics are used with other superiors and people who are considered respected equals. There is not only the use of honorifics, but humiliative language as well, which is used to lower oneself below higher-ranking people, showing respect and reverence. This speech was lost in Pingelap when Pohnpei speakers migrated to

2508-571: Is sometimes used. In some countries, including the United States, the title Pastor (such as Pastor Smith in more formal address or Pastor John in less formal) is often used in many nondenominational Christian traditions rather than The Reverend or Reverend . The primary Jewish religious leader is a rabbi , which denotes that they have received rabbinical ordination ( semicha ). They are addressed as Rabbi or Rabbi Surname or (especially in Sephardic and Mizrachi ) as Hakham . The use of

2584-400: Is the opposite of colonial anti-equality. Thirdly, the power of American colonialism lies in its emphasis on education—an education that supposedly exposed Filipinos to the "wonders" of the American way of life. Through education, the American colonial state bred a new elite of Filipinos trained in a new, more "modern", American system. People with advanced degrees like law or engineering were at

2660-439: Is used at most honorific verbs, but not always. It is considered very impolite and offensive not to use honorific sentences or words with someone who is older or has a higher social status, and most Koreans avoid using non-honorific sentences with someone they have met for the first time. In Korean, names, first or last, always precede a title, e.g., Park Sonsaengnim, Park Kwanjangnim, etc. A complex system of Titles and honorifics

2736-488: Is used for Catholic, Orthodox and Old Catholic priests and for many priests of the Anglican and Lutheran churches. Some female Anglican or Old Catholic priests use the style The Reverend Mother and are addressed as Mother . In a unique case, Reverend was used to refer to a church consistory, a local administrative body. "Reverend Coetus" and "Reverend Assembly" were used to refer to the entire body of local officials during

2812-404: Is used within a sentence, the is correctly in lower-case. The usual abbreviations for Reverend are Rev. , Revd and Rev'd . The Reverend is traditionally used as an adjectival form with first names (or initials) and surname (e.g. The Reverend John Smith or The Reverend J. F. Smith ); The Reverend Father Smith or The Reverend Mr Smith are correct though now old-fashioned uses. Use of

2888-615: The Disciples of Christ , which use The Reverend for ordained ministers. Internally, members of the priesthood do not use The Reverend as a style, but are generally known as "brother" or "sister" or by their specific priesthood office ("deacon", "teacher" or "priest" are often appended after the person's name, instead of, for example, "Deacon John Adams" or "Deacon Adams", and generally only in written form; in contrast, elders, bishops, evangelists, apostles, etc. are often, for example, known as "Bishop John Smith" or "Bishop Smith"). Any member of

2964-490: The Saint Brigid of Kildare Monastery . Use of these forms of address differs depending on the location of the church or annual conference . In British Methodism, ordained ministers can be either presbyters (ministers of word and sacrament) or deacons (ministers of witness and service). Presbyters are addressed as The Revd (with given name and surname) or as Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms with surname alone. The United Methodist Church in

3040-522: The Chinese language that convey self-deprecation, social respect, politeness, or deference. During the ancient and imperial periods, Chinese honorifics varied greatly based on one's social status, but with the end of Imperial China , many of these distinctions fell out of favour due to the May Fourth Movement . As such, honorific usage today is mostly used in formal situations and business settings only. Although Chinese honorifics have simplified to

3116-790: The Christian terms "Reverend" and "minister" for the rabbi of a congregation was common in Classical Reform Judaism and in the British Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries, especially if the rabbi had attended a Western-style seminary or university rather than a traditional yeshiva . Some small communities without a rabbi may be led by a hazzan (cantor), who is addressed (in English) as "Reverend". For this reason, and because hazzanim are often recognized as clergy by secular authorities for purposes such as registering marriages; other hazzanim may be addressed as Reverend, although Cantor

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3192-679: The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (USA) are styled simply The Reverend . By tradition in the Church of Scotland, the ministers of St Giles' Cathedral , Edinburgh (also known as the High Kirk of Edinburgh) and Paisley Abbey are styled The Very Reverend . In Presbyterian courts where elders hold equal status with ministers it is correct to refer to ministers by their title (Mr, Mrs, Dr, Prof etc.). Like some other groups that assert

3268-423: The Philippines encountered lowland societies that already used Iberian linguistic class markers like "Don" and "Doña." Secondly, the fundamental contradiction of the American colonial project. The Americans who occupied the Philippines justified their actions through the rhetoric of " benevolent assimilation ". In other words, they were only subjugating Filipinos to teach them values like American egalitarianism, which

3344-428: The Pingelap atoll and adapted their more casual way of speaking. Even though the younger generation of Pingelapese speakers does not use honorific speech, elders in the language report being taught a form of 'language of respect'. This language was to be used to address elders and leaders in the community. Women were also told to use it towards their brothers and with their children. Phrases could be made polite by adding

3420-668: The Reverend Henry Brown ); but in a list of clergy, The Revv is sometimes put before the list of names, especially in the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Male Christian priests are sometimes addressed as Father or, for example, as Father John or Father Smith . However, in official correspondence, such priests are not normally referred to as Father John , Father Smith , or Father John Smith , but as The Reverend John Smith . Father as an informal title

3496-754: The United States often addresses its ministers as Reverend (e.g., Reverend Smith ). The Reverend , however, is still used in more formal or official written communication. Church ministers are styled The Reverend . The moderators of the General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland , the Presbyterian Church in Ireland , the Presbyterian Church of Australia , and the United Church of Canada , when ordained clergy, are styled The Right Reverend during their year of service and The Very Reverend afterwards. Moderators of

3572-455: The apex of this system. Their prestige, as such, not only rested on their purported intelligence, but also their mastery of the colonizer's way of life. This, Lisandro Claudio suspects, is the source of the magical and superstitious attachment Filipinos have to attorneys, architects and engineers. The language they use is still haunted by their colonial experience. They linguistically privilege professionals because their colonizers made them value

3648-506: The basic titles or either Sir or Ma'am/Madam are to be employed for simplicity, as they are unnecessary when he or she is included in a list of wedding sponsors, or when their name appears in the list of officials of a country club or similar organization. They are uncalled for in public donations, religious activities, parents–teachers association events, athletic competitions, society pages of newspapers, and in any activity that has nothing to do with one's title or educational attainment. It

3724-581: The changing times. An honorific, or a pronoun, in Vietnamese when referring to a person acts as a way to define two peoples' degree of relationship with one another. Examples of these pronouns include 'chị' older sister, 'ông' male elder and 'chú' younger uncle (younger brother of father/only used on father's side). The exclusive use of the Vietnamese words for 'I' and 'you' are considered informal and rude. Rather honorifics are used to refer to oneself and to others. These terms generally differ from province to province, or region to region. As with East Asian tradition,

3800-509: The familial roles for which are more often described elsewhere in the Swahili-speaking world as baba mkubwa/mdogo (older/younger father) or mama mkubwa/mdogo (older/younger mother). Furthermore, parents are oftentimes addressed by a combination of their parental title and the name of a child, e.g. Baba Zekiyah refers to the father of Zekiyah. While Swahili is Bantu, it is highly influenced by Arabic and Hindi languages and cultures. Babu

3876-400: The first name, especially if they refer to gender or particular social statuses (e.g. Name Bey [Mr.], Name Hanım [Ms.], Name Beyefendi [literally meaning "Lord Master"], Name Hanımefendi [literally meaning "Lady Master"], Name Hoca [teacher or cleric], Name Öğretmen [solely for teacher]), Name Agha [high official]. Such honorifics are used in both formal and informal situations. Another honorific

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3952-650: The first name, nickname, or surname is usually restricted to Filipino vernacular and social conversation, even in television and film. Despite this, non-Filipinos and naturalized Filipinos (such as expat students and professionals) also address older people in the Filipino way. On a professional level, many use educational or occupational titles such as Architect, Engineer, Doctor, Attorney (often abbreviated as Arch./Archt./Ar., Engr., Dr. [or sometimes Dra. for female doctors], and Atty. respectively) on casual and even formal bases. Stricter etiquette systems frown upon this practise as

4028-402: The forms His Reverence and Her Reverence are also sometimes used, along with their parallel in direct address, Your Reverence . The abbreviation HR is sometimes used. In traditional and formal English usage it is still considered incorrect to drop the definite article, the , before Reverend . In practice, however, the is often not used in both written and spoken English. When the style

4104-422: The given name is more commonly used e.g., "Mr Khai Dinh") in order not to cause confusion. This is due to many Vietnamese sharing the same surname (e.g., up to 40% of Vietnamese share the surname Nguyen). Wuvulu-Aua does not normally incorporate honorifics as it is reserved for only the utmost respect. Originally without any honorifics, the semantics of pronouns change depending on the social context. In particular,

4180-480: The honorific "Mstr." may be used for a boy who has not yet entered adult society; similar to this, "Miss" may be considered appropriate for a girl but inappropriate for a woman (but unless parallel to "Mstr." the reasoning is not explicit). All the above terms but "Miss" are written as abbreviations —most were originally abbreviations (e.g., from "Mister", "Mistress"), others may be considered as coined to directly parallel them for consistency. Abbreviations that include

4256-442: The honorific title vuestra merced (literally "your mercy"). This formal you is accompanied by verb conjugation that is different from the informal you tú . Intimate friends and relatives are addressed as tú . In some regions, addressing a relative stranger as tú can be considered disrespectful or provocative, except when it is directed to a person notably younger than the speaker, or in an especially informal context. Pingelapese

4332-431: The honorifics to be used for its state, judicial, military and other officeholders. Former military officers are sometimes addressed by their last military rank, such as "Admiral", "Colonel", "General", etc. This is generally adopted only by those officers who served and at least obtained the rank equivalency of Major. In the U.S., veterans of all ranks who have served during wartime and were honorably discharged may 'bear

4408-488: The initial and final letters (a type of contraction) are typically written in most English dialects (modern U.K. English , Australian English , South African English as examples) without full stops ( periods ) but in U.S. English and Canadian English always end with a period. Other honorifics may denote the honored person's occupation, for instance " Doctor ", " Esquire ", " Captain ", " Coach ", " Officer ", " The Reverend " (for all Christian clergy ) or "Father" (for

4484-667: The lack of clerical titles within the church as narrated in the New Testament, congregations in the Restoration Movement (i.e., influenced by Barton Warren Stone and Alexander Campbell ), often disdain use of The Reverend and instead use the more generalized designation Brother . The practice is universal within the Churches of Christ and prevalent in the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ but has become uncommon in

4560-512: The language they use can be classified as a commoners' language. However, among the Micronesian languages, Pohnpeian is the only language that uses a thoroughly developed honorific speech. This demonstrates that a highly structured hierarchical society was very important in their culture. There are multiple ways that Pohnpeic speakers show respect through their language. In the Pohnpeic language there

4636-486: The non-Philippine (i.e. international standard) way. Even foreigners who work in the Philippines or naturalized Filipino citizens, including foreign spouses of Filipinos, who hold some of these titles and descriptions (especially as instructors in Philippine colleges and universities) are addressed in the same way as their Filipino counterparts, although it may sound awkward or unnatural to some language purists who argue that

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4712-607: The official letters and social invitations, business cards, identification documents, etc. In the U.S., when addressing a pilot, common etiquette does not require the title "Captain" to be printed on official letters or invitations before the addressee's full name. However, this is optional (akin to " Esq. " after an attorney's name, in the U.S.) and may be used where appropriate, especially when addressing airline pilots with many years of experience. Occupants of state and political office may be addressed with an honorific. A president may be addressed as Your Excellency or Mr./Madam President,

4788-429: The ordinary Signore / Signora (mister or Mrs.), while Dottore or Dottoressa (doctor) is used freely for any graduate of a university. For college professors on academic settings, the honorifics Professore or Professoressa prevail over Dottore or Dottoressa . Masculine honorifics lose their e ending when juxtaposed to a surname: e.g., Dottor Rossi, Cardinal Martini, Ragionier Fantozzi. Verbs are conjugated in

4864-526: The party being addressed, various honorifics may be used. As such addressing a man who is older, has a higher rank at work or has a higher social standing, one may use Mr or Sir followed by the First/ last/ or full name. Addressing a woman in a similar situation as above one may use "Miss", or "Madam" and its contraction "Ma'am", followed by First/ last/ or full name. Older married women may prefer to be addressed as "Mrs." The use of Sir/Miss/Madam or Ma'am, followed by

4940-513: The person's name, an informal pronoun , or some other style implying social equality, such as "brother", "sister", "friend", or " comrade ". This was also the practice in Revolutionary France and socialist countries which used Citoyen[ne] ("Citizen") as the manner of address. Also, some revolutionary governments abolished or banned the use of honorifics. One example is Turkey, which abolished honorifics and titles in 1934. Although it

5016-447: The prefix with the surname alone ( The Reverend Smith ) is considered a solecism in traditional usage: it would be as irregular as calling the person in question "The Well-Respected Smith". In some countries, especially Britain, Anglican clergy are acceptably addressed by the title of their office, such as Vicar , Rector , or Archdeacon . In the 20th and 21st centuries, it has been increasingly common for reverend to be used as

5092-427: The priesthood who presides over a congregation can, and often is, known as "pastor" or (if an elder), "presiding elder". Such use might only be in reference to occupying that position ("she is the pastor") as opposed to being used as a style ("Pastor Jane"). Priesthood members presiding over multiple congregations or various church councils are often termed "president". Externally, in ecumenical settings, The Reverend

5168-553: The rest of society) and insecurity (the title holder's achievements and successes might be ignored unless announced to the public), even due to historical usage of pseudo-titles in newspapers when Filipinos first began writing in English. Possible reasons are firstly, the fact the English taught to Filipinos was the "egalitarian" English of the New World, and that the Americans who colonized

5244-460: The second person dual pronoun is used as an honorific address. The dual reference communicates that the second person is to be respected as two people. This honorific is typically reserved for in-laws. It is undocumented if any other honorifics exist beyond this one. People who have a strong sense of egalitarianism , such as Quakers and certain socialists , and others, eschew honorific titles. When addressing or referring to someone, they often use

5320-399: The second person singular possessive suffix -mwi . Other ways to utilize honorific speech is by changing words entirely. According to Thai translator, Mui Poopoksakul, "The Thai language is absolutely immediate in its indication of the speaker and addressee's places in the society and their relationship to each other. Thai has honorifics as well as what I like to call 'dishonorifics': it has

5396-416: The surname is written prior to the given name (i.e., Hoang Khai Dinh: Hoang is the surname and Khai Dinh is the given name). This occurs in all formal situations. However, placing the surname last has become a commonality in order to cater to westerners, for example, on social media sites such as Facebook. When referring to a person as Mr or Mrs (teacher, painter, etc.) as in the English tradition of 'Mr Hoang',

5472-468: The third person singular (as opposed to the second person singular) when addressing someone using an honorific and the formal pronoun Lei (with a capital L) is used instead of the informal tu . In Japanese, honorifics called keigo ( 敬語 ) are used in everyday conversation. Most of them denote how the speaker's status relates to the one they are speaking to, and their use is mandatory in many formal and informal social situations. Japanese grammar , as

5548-706: The title' of the highest rank held, as codified in law, 10 USC 772e, both officer and enlisted. In areas of East Africa where the Bantu language Swahili is spoken, mzee is frequently used for an elder to denote respect by younger speakers. It is used in direct conversation and used in referring to someone in the third person. Other honorifics include mukubwa (for ministers, employers, and authorities), dada/kaka (for peers, friends, colleagues), and mama/baba (for parents and grandparents). Additionally, some Arabic loanwords are used in coastal regions as honorifics, too, such as ami (paternal uncle) and haloo (maternal aunt),

5624-490: The transformation of the Dutch Reformed Church in the mid-18th century. The Reverend may be modified to reflect ecclesiastical standing and rank. Modifications vary across religious traditions and countries. Some common examples are: None of the clergy are usually addressed in speech as Reverend or The Reverend alone. Generally, Father is acceptable for all three orders of clergy, though in some countries this

5700-512: The word ogbeni is used as a synonym for the English "mister". Titled members of the region's aristocracy are therefore called oloye instead, this being the word for "chief". Although the former of the two titles is only used by men, aristocrats of either gender are addressed using the latter of them. Some honorifics used by Ancient Romans , such as Augustus , turned into titles over time. Chinese honorifics ( 敬語 ; Jìngyǔ ) and honorific language are words, word constructs, and expressions in

5776-404: Was abolished, titles such as " ağa " (for landlords) and " paşa " (for high-ranking military officials) continued to be used by people. Feminist criticism of the use of separate honorifics for married and unmarried women ( Mrs. and Miss ) has led to some women adopting the honorific " Ms. " Footnotes Citations Saint Brigid of Kildare Monastery Saint Brigid of Kildare Monastery

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