145-474: In the 2009 science-fiction film Avatar , director James Cameron conceived a fictional universe in which humans seek to mine unobtanium on the fictional habitable moon Pandora. The Earth-like moon is inhabited by a sapient indigenous humanoid species called the Na'vi , as well as varied fauna and flora. Resources Development Administration (RDA―which, despite the name, is a public company which evolved from
290-547: A Silicon Valley startup ) scientists, administrators, recruits, support, and security personnel travel to Pandora in the 22nd century to discover this beautiful, lush world, which is inhabited by many lifeforms including the human-like Na'vi. The clan with which the humans have contact in the film lives "in a giant tree that sits on a vast store of a mineral called unobtainium, which humans want as an energy supply." Cameron has described Avatar as more " science fantasy " than true science fiction and has said that he would explain in
435-437: A motion-capture stage or "volume" six times larger than any previously used, and an improved method of capturing facial expressions, enabling full performance capture . To achieve the face capturing, actors wore individually made skull caps fitted with a tiny camera positioned in front of the actors' faces; the information collected about their facial expressions and eyes is then transmitted to computers. According to Cameron,
580-412: A petabyte of digital storage, and each minute of the final footage for Avatar occupies 17.28 gigabytes of storage. It would often take the computer several hours to render a single frame of the film. To help finish preparing the special effects sequences on time, a number of other companies were brought on board, including Industrial Light & Magic , which worked alongside Weta Digital to create
725-527: A runny nose . Fevers may develop and an affected child may develop difficulty breathing and sepsis . Swelling of the airway can cause narrowing of the airway, causing a hoarse breathing sound called stridor , or even cause complete blockage. Up to 80% of people affected by bacterial tracheitis require the use of mechanical ventilation , and treatment may include endoscopy for the purposes of acquiring microbiological specimens for culture and sensitivity , as well as removal of any dead tissue associated with
870-409: A tracheotomy is often performed to insert a tube for ventilation, usually when needed for particular types of surgery to be carried out so that the airway can be kept open. The provision of the opening via a tracheotomy is called a tracheostomy . Another method procedure can be carried, in an emergency situation, and this is a cricothyrotomy . Tracheal agenesis is a rare birth defect in which
1015-579: A traffic light with the amber signal lit outside of co-producer Jon Landau 's office to represent the film's uncertain future. Landau, who previously worked with Cameron as co-producer of Titanic , first met Cameron in 1993 when they were involved in the production of True Lies . Following True Lies , Landau would leave his role as a Fox executive to work in Cameron's production company Lightstorm . After Landau's death in July 2024, Cameron credited him for having
1160-453: A 3-D web tag, called an i-TAG, that consumers can scan using a web cam , revealing unique on-screen content that is exclusive to each specific action figure. A series of toys representing six different characters from the film were also distributed globally in McDonald's Happy Meals . Vertebrate trachea The trachea ( pl. : tracheae or tracheas ), also known as the windpipe ,
1305-624: A 3D film requires a higher frame rate to make strobing less noticeable. According to Cameron, the film is composed of 60% computer-generated elements and 40% live action, as well as traditional miniatures . Motion-capture photography lasted 31 days at the Hughes Aircraft stage in Playa Vista , Los Angeles. Live action photography began in October 2007 at Stone Street Studios in Wellington and
1450-496: A 45-page legal declaration that intended to "describe in great detail the genesis of the ideas, themes, storylines, and images that came to be Avatar ." In addition to historical events (such as European colonization of the Americas ), his life experiences and several of his unproduced projects, Cameron drew connections between Avatar and his previous films. He cited his script and concept art for Xenogenesis , partially produced as
1595-421: A big, powerful game engine . If I want to fly through space, or change my perspective, I can. I can turn the whole scene into a living miniature and go through it on a 50-to-1 scale." Using conventional techniques, the complete virtual world cannot be seen until the motion-capture of the actors is complete. Cameron said this process does not diminish the value or importance of acting. On the contrary, because there
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#17328732467271740-477: A blue-skinned woman 12 feet (4 m) tall, which he thought was "kind of a cool image". Also he said, "I just like blue. It's a good color ... plus, there's a connection to the Hindu deities, which I like conceptually." He included similar creatures in his first screenplay (written in 1976 or 1977), which featured a planet with a native population of "gorgeous" tall blue aliens. The Na'vi were based on them. For
1885-430: A chance to test the new technology. Spielberg said, "I like to think of it as digital makeup, not augmented animation ... Motion capture brings the director back to a kind of intimacy that actors and directors only know when they're working in live theater." Spielberg and George Lucas were also able to visit the set to watch Cameron direct with the equipment. To film the shots where CGI interacts with live action,
2030-633: A grim future". Cameron acknowledges that Avatar implicitly criticizes the United States' role in the Iraq War and the impersonal nature of mechanized warfare in general. In reference to the use of the term " shock and awe " in the film, Cameron said: "We know what it feels like to launch the missiles. We don't know what it feels like for them to land on our home soil, not in America." He said in later interviews, "... I think it's very patriotic to question
2175-445: A length of about 10 to 11 cm (4 to 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 in), wider in males than females. The trachea begins at the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx at the level of sixth cervical vertebra (C6) and ends at the carina, the point where the trachea branches into left and right main bronchi., at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4), although its position may change with breathing . The trachea
2320-465: A lexicon of about 1000 words, with some 30 added by Cameron. The tongue's phonemes include ejective consonants (such as the "kx" in "skxawng") that are found in Amharic , and the initial "ng" that Cameron may have taken from Te Reo Māori . Actress Sigourney Weaver and the film's set designers met with Jodie S. Holt, professor of plant physiology at University of California, Riverside , to learn about
2465-501: A mythic level of storytelling". The January 2007 press release described the film as "an emotional journey of redemption and revolution" and said the story is of "a wounded former Marine, thrust unwillingly into an effort to settle and exploit an exotic planet rich in biodiversity , who eventually crosses over to lead the indigenous race in a battle for survival". The story would be of an entire world complete with an ecosystem of phantasmagorical plants and creatures, and native people with
2610-447: A narrowing of the trachea ( tracheal stenosis ). Obstruction invariably causes a harsh breathing sound known as stridor . A camera inserted via the mouth down into the trachea, called bronchoscopy , may be performed to investigate the cause of an obstruction. Management of obstructions depends on the cause. Obstructions as a result of malignancy may be managed with surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy . A stent may be inserted over
2755-430: A number of works by other creators as "reference points and sources of inspiration" for Avatar . These include two of his "favorite" films, 2001: A Space Odyssey , where mankind experiences an evolution after meeting alien life, and Lawrence of Arabia , where "an outsider...encounters and immerses into a foreign culture and then ultimately joins that group to fight other outsiders." Cameron said he became familiar with
2900-578: A panel, moderated by Tom Rothman , at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con on July 23. Twenty-five minutes of footage was screened in Dolby 3D . Weaver and Cameron appeared at additional panels to promote the film, speaking on the 23rd and 24th respectively. James Cameron announced at the Comic-Con Avatar panel that August 21 will be " Avatar Day". On this day, the trailer was released in all theatrical formats. The official game trailer and toy line of
3045-485: A person who has had their larynx removed. Air travels upwards from the surgical connection to the upper oesophagus and the pharynx, creating vibrations that create sound that can be used for speech. The purpose of the puncture is to restore a person's ability to speak after the vocal cords have been removed. Sometimes as an anatomical variation one or more of the tracheal rings are formed as complete rings, rather than horseshoe shaped rings. These O rings are smaller than
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#17328732467273190-631: A photograph of themselves to change into a Na'vi. Avatar: A Confidential Report on the Biological and Social History of Pandora , a 224-page book in the form of a field guide to the film's fictional setting of the planet of Pandora, was released by Harper Entertainment on November 24, 2009. It is presented as a compilation of data collected by the humans about Pandora and the life on it, written by Maria Wilhelm and Dirk Mathison. HarperFestival also released Wilhelm's 48-page James Cameron's Avatar: The Reusable Scrapbook for children. The Art of Avatar
3335-553: A prominent role in the film's production. Avatar premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on December 10, 2009, and was released in the United States on December 18. The film received positive reviews from critics, who highly praised its groundbreaking visual effects, though the story received some criticism for being derivative. During its theatrical run, the film broke several box office records, including becoming
3480-523: A recurring role on the program, and is seen in the episode anxiously awaiting the release of the film. A week prior to the American release, Zoe Saldana promoted the film on Adult Swim , when she was interviewed by an animated Space Ghost . McDonald's had a promotion mentioned in television commercials in Europe called "Avatarize yourself", which encouraged people to go to the website set up by Oddcast , and use
3625-416: A resonator to amplify sound. In some birds, the tracheal rings are complete, and may even be ossified . In amphibians , the trachea is normally extremely short, and leads directly into the lungs, without clear primary bronchi. A longer trachea is, however, found in some long-necked salamanders , and in caecilians . While there are irregular cartilagenous nodules on the amphibian trachea, these do not form
3770-402: A result of a viral illness affecting other parts of the respiratory tract , such as the larynx and bronchi, called croup , that can result in a cough. Infection with bacteria usually affects the trachea only and can cause narrowing or even obstruction. As a major part of the respiratory tract, when obstructed the trachea prevents air entering the lungs and so a tracheostomy may be required if
3915-615: A rich culture and language. Estimates put the cost of the film at about $ 280–310 million to produce and an estimated $ 150 million for marketing, noting that about $ 30 million in tax credits would lessen the financial impact on the studio and its financiers. A studio spokesperson said that the budget was "$ 237 million, with $ 150 million for promotion, end of story." Principal photography for Avatar began in April 2007 in Los Angeles and Wellington . Cameron described
4060-460: A river with bioluminescent particles and a purple moss that lit up when stepped on. When he woke up, he made a drawing of the scene and later used it in the movie. In August 1996, Cameron announced that after completing Titanic , he would film Avatar , which would make use of synthetic, or computer-generated , actors. The project would cost $ 100 million and involve at least six actors in leading roles "who appear to be real but do not exist in
4205-486: A sacred Na'vi site, Administrator Parker Selfridge orders Hometree destroyed. Despite Grace's argument that destroying Hometree would damage the biological neural network that encompasses all Pandoran life, Selfridge gives Jake and Grace one hour to convince the Na'vi to evacuate. Jake confesses that he was a spy and the Na'vi take him and Grace captive. Quaritch's soldiers destroy Hometree, killing many, including Neytiri's father,
4350-463: A short film, as being the basis for many of the ideas and visual designs in Avatar . He stated that Avatar 's "concepts of a world mind, intelligence within nature, the idea of projecting force or consciousness using an avatar, colonization of alien planets, greedy corporate interests backed up by military force, the story of a seemingly weaker group prevailing over a technologically superior force, and
4495-428: A single camera body to create depth perception. While these preparations were underway, Fox wavered in its commitment to Avatar because of cost overruns and delays on Cameron's previous picture, Titanic . During the production of Titanic , Cameron rewrote the script to streamline the plot by combining several characters' roles and offered to cut his fee if the film were a commercial disappointment. Cameron installed
Fictional universe of Avatar - Misplaced Pages Continue
4640-616: A system that needs to be corralled ..." and, "The film is definitely not anti-American." A scene in the film portrays the violent destruction of the towering Na'vi Hometree, which collapses in flames after a missile attack, coating the landscape with ash and floating embers. Asked about the scene's resemblance to the September ;11 attacks on the World Trade Center , Cameron said he had been "surprised at how much it did look like September 11". In July 2024, Cameron stated
4785-444: A tendency to get recurrent respiratory tract infections. From 2008, operations have experimentally replaced tracheas, with those grown from stem cells , or with synthetic substitutes, however this is regarded as experimental and there is no standardised method. Difficulties with ensuring adequate blood supply to the replaced trachea is considered a major challenge to any replacement. Additionally, no evidence has been found to support
4930-445: A unique camera referred to as a "simulcam" was used, a merger of the 3D fusion camera and the virtual camera systems. While filming live action in real time with the simulcam, the CGI images captured with the virtual camera or designed from scratch, are superimposed over the live action images as in augmented reality and shown on a small monitor, making it possible for the director to instruct
5075-522: A vast biological neural network spanning the entire lunar surface into which the Na'vi and other creatures can connect. The strength of this collective consciousness is powerfully illustrated when the human invaders are defeated in battle by the Pandora ecology after the resolute Na'vi were nearly defeated. Cameron used a team of expert advisors in order to make the various examples of fauna and flora as scientifically feasible as possible. Cameron hopes to explore
5220-446: A vital role in the production of Avatar . In mid-2006, Fox decisively declined to produce the film, so Cameron began shopping it around to other studios. He approached Walt Disney Studios , showing his proof of concept to then-chairman Dick Cook . However, when Disney attempted to take over, Fox exercised its right of first refusal . In October 2006, Fox finally committed to making Avatar after Ingenious Media agreed to back
5365-444: Is a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs , allowing the passage of air , and so is present in almost all animals lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi. At the top of the trachea, the cricoid cartilage attaches it to the larynx. The trachea is formed by a number of horseshoe-shaped rings, joined together vertically by overlying ligaments , and by
5510-554: Is a benevolent goddess known as Eywa. The Na'vi are able to physically connect to Eywa when they use their braids to connect to the Tree of Souls and other similar flora which function as the global brain's interfaces. Eywa is said to have a connection to all things Pandoran. In the Avatar universe (set in the year 2154), humans have achieved a very technologically advanced, post-industrial society ruled/dominated by powerful corporations and industries. One of Earth's most powerful corporations
5655-405: Is a midline structure, it can be displaced normally to the right by the aortic arch. The trachea passes by many structures of the neck and chest ( thorax ) along its course. In front of the upper trachea lies connective tissue and skin. Several other structures pass over or sit on the trachea; the jugular arch , which joins the two anterior jugular veins , sits in front of the upper part of
5800-877: Is a veteran of a military operation in Venezuela . The planet has also suffered serious natural and man-made disasters, such as an intra-continental conflict and tsunamis hitting the east and west coasts of the United States. Technologically, humans have achieved monumental advancements by 2154: interplanetary and interstellar space travel and colonization ; virtual 3D printing and holography mapping; and advanced methods of cryonics and psionics (via synthetic telepathy interface ) are employed. Using their capability of advanced genetic engineering , humans develop "Avatar" hybrid bodies from genetically distinct modified human DNA and Na'vi alien genetic material. Through psionics , genetically matched humans are then mind-linked to these "Avatars" for remote control operation. In
5945-569: Is capable of injecting a human's intelligence into a remotely located body, a biological body." Cameron also cited the Japanese cyberpunk manga and anime Ghost in the Shell , in terms of how humans can remotely control, and transfer their personalities into, alien bodies. The look of the Na'vi – the humanoids indigenous to Pandora — was inspired by a dream that Cameron's mother had, long before he started work on Avatar . In her dream, she saw
Fictional universe of Avatar - Misplaced Pages Continue
6090-463: Is exhaled back into the atmosphere. The extra oxygen is added to the Na'vi bloodstream to help power their extra-large bodies and powerful muscles. This process accounts for the small amount of methane in the Pandoran atmosphere. At rest or when the Na'vi are dormant, those same organs can convert some small amounts of methane back into carbon dioxide and water to replenish their water supply if needed. This
6235-567: Is inhospitable to humans, is inhabited by the Na'vi , 10-foot-tall (3.0 m), blue-skinned, sapient humanoids that live in harmony with nature . To explore Pandora, genetically matched human scientists control Na'vi-human hybrids called "avatars". Paraplegic former Marine Jake Sully is recruited by the RDA to replace his deceased identical twin , who had signed up to be an operator. Avatar Program head Dr. Grace Augustine considers Jake inadequate, but accepts him as an operator. While escorting
6380-412: Is lined with a layer of interspersed layers of column-shaped cells with cilia . The epithelium contains goblet cells , which are glandular , column-shaped cells that produce mucins , the main component of mucus . Mucus helps to moisten and protect the airways. Mucus lines the ciliated cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles that the cilia then waft upward toward the larynx and then
6525-508: Is never seen in the film, other than in the extended collector's edition, Cameron developed the future Earth of Avatar as a dystopian , overpopulated , over polluted, global urban slum wrecked by corrupt, nature-destroying industrialism ; the movie's background cyberpunk theme is a regular feature of his work. According to Jake, one of the main characters, the Earth is a "dying world" where humans have "killed their mother ", suggesting that there
6670-400: Is no need for repeated camera and lighting setups, costume fittings and make-up touch-ups, scenes do not need to be interrupted repeatedly. Cameron described the system as a "form of pure creation where if you want to move a tree or a mountain or the sky or change the time of day, you have complete control over the elements". Cameron gave fellow directors Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson
6815-458: Is not real life and it never will be, but this is the pinnacle of what we can build in a virtual presentation so far." In February 2010, CNN published an article exploring the "Avatar science" (the technology linking the human mind to a remotely controlled body). Elizabeth Landau wrote, "Scientists say we are many decades, even centuries, away from making this kind of sophisticated interaction possible, if it can be done at all." A neuroscientist at
6960-591: Is permanently transferred into his avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls. Additionally, Alicia Vela-Bailey appears, uncredited, as Ikeyni, the leader of the Tayrangi clan, Saeyla, one of the young Na'vi hunters who accompany Jake during his Iknimaya and a harassed blonde woman in a bar that Jake defends. Vela-Bailey served as the stunt double for Zoe Saldana and would later portray Zdinarsk in Avatar: The Way of Water . Terry Notary , who performed stunts as well, plays
7105-471: Is similar to the specialization of aircraft and helicopters in the United States military since the Vietnam war. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly writes, "Cameron turns Pandora into a vertiginously suspended forest landscape ... Jake and the sexy tribal princess Neytiri (Zoë Saldana) wow us with their fluid, prancing movements, but there's no subtext to their smoothly virtual faces." Carol Kaesuk Yoon of
7250-468: Is surrounded by 16–20 rings of hyaline cartilage ; these 'rings' are 4 millimetres high in the adult, incomplete and C-shaped. Ligaments connect the rings. The trachealis muscle connects the ends of the incomplete rings and runs along the back wall of the trachea. Also adventitia, which is the outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds the hyaline cartilage, contributes to the trachea's ability to bend and stretch with movement. Although trachea
7395-601: Is the globally integrated Resources Development Administration (RDA), a public company which evolved from a Silicon Valley startup , that owns all resources off Earth. The Interplanetary Commerce Administration granted these sole rights to the RDA under the stipulation that the use of weapons of mass destruction is prohibited. Known RDA personnel on Pandora include head administrator Parker Selfridge, Colonel Miles Quaritch, Private Sean Fike, Corporal Lyle Wainfleet, Dr. Max Patel, Dr. Grace Augustine, Dr. Norm Spellman, Samson 16 pilot Trudy Chacon, and many others. Although Earth
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#17328732467277540-524: Is very little, if any, functioning natural ecosystem left. By the film's 22nd century timeframe, Earth faces a worldwide economic/energy crisis due to the depletion of natural resources. Earth is also apparently so politically unstable that the services of private security contractors and the militaries of Earth's nations are in high demand; Colonel Miles Quaritch boasts about serving three combat tours of duty in Nigeria before coming to Pandora and notes that Jake
7685-560: Is why humans can survive with just a filtration system (exo-packs), but the Navi need higher amounts of carbon dioxide to function. The high level of carbon dioxide and other gases such as hydrogen sulfide keep Na'vi blood pH at 5.25–5.75, which is more acidic than human blood (7.35–7.45). Much of the fiction takes place on the world of Pandora, which with a biodiversity of bioluminescent species ranging from six-legged animals to other types of exotic fauna and flora . The Pandoran ecology forms
7830-526: The Avatar film series . It is set in the mid-22nd century, when humans are colonizing Pandora , a lush habitable moon of a gas giant in the Alpha Centauri star system, in order to mine the valuable unobtanium , a room-temperature superconductor mineral. The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of Na'vi , a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora. The title of
7975-523: The Noble Clyde Boudreaux oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico during June 2007. They photographed, measured and filmed every aspect of the platform, which was later replicated on-screen with photorealistic CGI during post-production. Cameron said that he wanted to make "something that has this spoonful of sugar of all the action and the adventure and all that" but also have a conscience "that maybe in
8120-506: The John Carter and Tarzan stories by Edgar Rice Burroughs and other adventure stories by Rudyard Kipling and H. Rider Haggard . In a 2007 interview with Time magazine, Cameron was asked about the meaning of the term Avatar , to which he replied, "It's an incarnation of one of the Hindu gods taking a flesh form. In this film what that means is that the human technology in the future
8265-591: The New York Times wrote that Avatar "has recreated what is the heart of biology : the naked, heart-stopping wonder of really seeing the living world". CNN reported that the film's universe has had a profound effect on the audience over their perception of Earth, and life on it, in reality. Avatar Forums posted a topic thread entitled "Ways to cope with the depression of the dream of Pandora being intangible" which received "1,000 posts from people experiencing depression and fans trying to help them cope" (a second thread
8410-465: The University of Pittsburgh , Andrew Schwartz, further commented that it "shouldn't be taken as anything but fantasy." Avatar (2009 film) Avatar is a 2009 epic science fiction film co-produced, co-edited, written, and directed by James Cameron . The cast includes Sam Worthington , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , Michelle Rodriguez and Sigourney Weaver . It is the first installment in
8555-520: The highest-grossing film of all time . In July 2019, this position was overtaken by Avengers: Endgame , but with subsequent re-releases, beginning with China in March 2021, it returned to becoming the highest-grossing film since then. Adjusted for inflation, Avatar is the second-highest-grossing movie of all time, only behind Gone with the Wind , with a total of a little more than $ 3.5 billion. It also became
8700-405: The inferior thyroid arteries and veins; the lower trachea receives blood from bronchial arteries. Arteries that supply the trachea do so via small branches that supply the trachea from the sides. As the branches approach the wall of the trachea, they split into inferior and superior branches, which join with the branches of the arteries above and below; these then split into branches that supply
8845-524: The karst limestone formations in China." According to production designer Dylan Cole, the fictional floating rocks were inspired by Huangshan (also known as Yellow Mountain), Guilin , Zhangjiajie , among others around the world. Cameron had noted the influence of the Chinese peaks on the design of the floating mountains. To create the interiors of the human mining colony on Pandora, production designers visited
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#17328732467278990-456: The oesophagus , followed by connective tissue and the vertebral column . To its sides run the carotid arteries and inferior thyroid arteries; and to its sides on its back surface run the recurrent laryngeal nerves in the upper trachea, and the vagus nerves in the lower trachea. The trachealis muscle contracts during coughing , reducing the size of the lumen of the trachea. The upper part of trachea receives and drains blood through
9135-470: The trachealis muscle at their ends. The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing. The trachea begins to form in the second month of embryo development, becoming longer and more fixed in its position over time. Its epithelium is lined with column-shaped cells that have hair-like extensions called cilia , with scattered goblet cells that produce protective mucins . The trachea can be affected by inflammation or infection, usually as
9280-475: The Banshees via motion capture. In 1994, director James Cameron wrote an 80-page treatment for Avatar , drawing inspiration from science fiction books he had read in his childhood, as well as from adventure novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs and H. Rider Haggard . Parts of the movie also came to him in a dream when he was 19 years old. He dreamed about a bioluminescent forest with fiber-optic trees, fan lizards,
9425-445: The Na'vi. Supported by Neytiri and the new chief Tsu'tey, Jake unites the clan, telling them to gather all the clans to battle the RDA. Quaritch organizes a strike against the Tree of Souls to demoralize the Na'vi. Before the battle, Jake prays to the Na'vi deity Eywa via a neural connection with the Tree of Souls. Tsu'tey and Trudy are among the battle's heavy casualties. The Na'vi are rescued when Pandoran wildlife unexpectedly join
9570-457: The actors how to relate to the virtual material in the scene. Due to Cameron's personal convictions about climate change, he allowed only plant-based (vegan) food to be served on set. Eventually, Cameron stated that it was Jon Landau who was "the heart of the Avatar family" and "the center of gravity of our little bubble universe." A number of innovative visual effects techniques were used during production. According to Cameron, work on
9715-412: The alien language Na'vi in March 2008. He also worked with Wanda Bryant, an ethnomusicologist , to create a music culture for the alien race. The first scoring sessions were planned to take place in early 2009. During production, Horner promised Cameron that he would not work on any other project except for Avatar and reportedly worked on the score from four in the morning until ten at night throughout
9860-468: The animation software and managers, Pixar 's RenderMan and Pixar's Alfred queue management system . The render farm occupies the 193rd to 197th spots in the TOP500 list of the world's most powerful supercomputers . A new texturing and paint software system, called Mari, was developed by The Foundry in cooperation with Weta. Creating the Na'vi characters and the virtual world of Pandora required over
10005-418: The anterior and posterior parts of the trachea. The inferior thyroid arteries arise just below the isthmus of the thyroid, which sits atop the trachea. These arteries join ( anastamoses ) with ascending branches of the bronchial arteries , which are direct branches from the aorta , to supply blood to the trachea. The lymphatic vessels of the trachea drain into the pretracheal nodes that lie in front of
10150-464: The area of medicine, humans have developed advanced stem cell neuroregeneration technology that can cure Jake's paralysis. However, in 2154, it is still extremely expensive and is not covered by Veterans Affairs benefits. Thus, RDA is initially able to use Jake's desire to regain the use of his legs as leverage against him. As with many science fiction films, many space vehicles, aircraft, ground vehicles, weapons, and technologies were created to fit
10295-488: The attack and overwhelm the humans, which Neytiri interprets as Eywa answering Jake's prayer. Quaritch, in an AMP suit , escapes his crashed aircraft and breaks open the avatar link unit containing Jake's human body, exposing it to Pandora's poisonous atmosphere. As Quaritch prepares to kill Jake's avatar, he is killed by Neytiri, who saves Jake from suffocation, seeing his human form for the first time. The RDA are expelled from Pandora; only some humans are chosen to stay. Jake
10440-405: The avatars of Grace and Dr. Norm Spellman, Jake's avatar is attacked by Pandoran wildlife and flees into the forest, where he is rescued by the Na'vi princess Neytiri . Suspicious of Jake, she takes him to her clan. Neytiri's mother, Mo'at, the clan's spiritual leader, orders her daughter to initiate Jake into their society. Colonel Miles Quaritch , head of RDA's security force, promises Jake that
10585-401: The battle sequences. ILM was responsible for the visual effects for many of the film's specialized vehicles and devised a new way to make CGI explosions. Joe Letteri was the film's visual effects general supervisor. Composer James Horner scored the film, his third collaboration with Cameron after Aliens and Titanic . Horner recorded parts of the score with a small chorus singing in
10730-457: The cartilages often unite, partially or completely, and they are sometimes bifurcated at their extremities. The rings are generally highly elastic but they may calcify with age . The trachea's main function is to transport air to and from the lungs. It also helps to warm, humidify, and filter the air before it reaches the lungs. The trachea is made up of rings of cartilage, which help to keep it open and prevent it from collapsing. The inside of
10875-500: The cast to the Hawaiian tropical rainforests to get a feel for a rainforest setting before shooting on the soundstage. During filming, Cameron made use of his virtual camera system , a new way of directing motion-capture filmmaking. The system shows the actors' virtual counterparts in their digital surroundings in real time, allowing the director to adjust and direct scenes just as if shooting live action. According to Cameron, "It's like
11020-456: The clan chief. Mo'at frees Jake and Grace, but they are detached from their avatars and imprisoned by Quaritch's forces. Pilot Trudy Chacón, disgusted by Quaritch's brutality, airlifts Jake, Grace, and Norm to Grace's outpost, but during the escape Grace is shot and fatally wounded. Jake regains the Na'vi's trust by connecting his mind to that of the Toruk , a dragon-like creature feared and revered by
11165-412: The company will restore the use of his legs if he provides information about the Na'vi and their gathering place, the giant Hometree , under which is a rich deposit of unobtanium. Learning of this, Grace transfers herself, Jake, and Norm to an outpost. Jake and Neytiri fall in love as Jake is initiated into the tribe, and they choose each other as mates. When Jake attempts to disable a bulldozer threatening
11310-504: The competing communities." Cameron described Neytiri as his "Pocahontas", saying that his plotline followed the historical story of a "white outsider [who] falls in love with the chief's daughter, who becomes his guide to the tribe and to their special bond with nature." Cameron felt that whether or not the Jake and Neytiri love story would be perceived as believable partially hinged on the physical attractiveness of Neytiri's alien appearance, which
11455-879: The concept of a human operating a "synthetic avatar" inside another world from George Henry Smith 's short story " In the Imagicon " and Arthur C. Clarke 's novel The City and the Stars . He said he learned of the term "avatar" by reading the cyberpunk novels Neuromancer by William Gibson and Islands in the Net by Bruce Sterling . The idea of a "world mind" originated in the novel Solaris by Stanislaw Lem . Cameron mentioned several other films about people interacting with "indigenous cultures" as inspiring him, including Dances with Wolves , The Man Who Would Be King , The Mission , The Emerald Forest , Medicine Man , The Jungle Book and FernGully . He also cited as inspiration
11600-543: The cost at between $ 280 million and $ 310 million for production and at $ 150 million for promotion. The film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques and was released for traditional viewing, 3D viewing (using the RealD 3D , Dolby 3D , XpanD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats), and 4D experiences (in selected South Korean theaters). The series also featured Cameron reunite with his Titanic co-producer Jon Landau , who he would later credit for having
11745-430: The creation of the computer-generated characters Gollum , King Kong , and Davy Jones . Cameron had chosen Avatar over his project Battle Angel after completing a five-day camera test in the previous year. From January to April 2006, Cameron worked on the script and developed a culture for the Na'vi, the film's aliens. The Na'vi language was created by Paul Frommer , a linguist at USC . The Na'vi language has
11890-400: The creatures' nerve systems. To become a warrior, a Na'vi must tame and ride a flying creature known as Ikran." The Na'vi also use this neural bonding system, called "tsaheylu", to mate with a "life partner", a bond that, when made, cannot be broken in the Na'vi's lifetime. This is akin to human marriage. Human visitors see the Na'vi as possessing a religion, whose chief and possibly sole deity
12035-588: The designers returned the design to the fictional creatures. They found that the prime challenge in designing most creatures was to give them organic appearances, including skin texture. Some creatures were also designed to have special breathing holes located in the trachea , copying how cars have intakes . The Na'vi are humanoid creatures that inhabit Pandora along with other creatures. They use animals ranging from direhorses to even viperwolves. According to Entertainment Weekly , "The Na'vi can commune with animals on their planet by literally plugging their braid into
12180-430: The enjoying of it makes you think a little bit about the way you interact with nature and your fellow man". He added that "the Na'vi represent something that is our higher selves, or our aspirational selves, what we would like to think we are" and that even though there are good humans within the film, the humans "represent what we know to be the parts of ourselves that are trashing our world and maybe condemning ourselves to
12325-500: The fauna into a design that served three purposes: to appear expressive, to function with animation technology, and to seem realistic. He and creature designer Wayne Barlowe sought to base the design of Pandora's creatures on race cars, but they struggled to adapt the concept. Page drew on his education in automotive design, recognizing the irony that race cars were based on real-life animals in having "bone lines". Existing automotive designs drew from seashells, turtle shells, and insects, so
12470-563: The film "resembled the Manhattan Project ... making up new physics as we went along. Mastering a brand new methodology to tell stories." Cameron also acknowledged that it was actually film co-producer Jon Landau who was "the heart of the Avatar family." The first photo of the film was released on August 14, 2009, and Empire released exclusive images from the film in its October issue. Cameron, producer Jon Landau , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , and Sigourney Weaver appeared at
12615-604: The film as a hybrid with a full live-action shoot in combination with computer-generated characters and live environments. "Ideally at the end of the day the audience has no idea which they're looking at," Cameron said. The director indicated that he had already worked four months on nonprincipal scenes for the film. The live action was shot with a modified version of the proprietary digital 3D Fusion Camera System , developed by Cameron and Vince Pace. In January 2007, Fox had announced that 3D filming for Avatar would be done at 24 frames per second, despite Cameron's strong opinion that
12760-453: The film had been delayed since the 1990s to allow the techniques to reach the necessary degree of advancement to adequately portray his vision of the film. The director planned to make use of photorealistic computer-generated characters, created using new motion capture animation technologies he had been developing in the 14 months leading up to December 2006. Innovations include a new system for lighting massive areas like Pandora's jungle,
12905-538: The film premiered live on November 1, 2009, during a Dallas Cowboys football game at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, on the Diamond Vision screen, one of the world's largest video displays, and to TV audiences viewing the game on Fox . It is said to be the largest live motion picture trailer viewing in history. The Coca-Cola Company collaborated with Fox to launch a worldwide marketing campaign to promote
13050-425: The film refers to a genetically engineered Na'vi body operated from the brain of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora. Development of Avatar began in 1994, when James Cameron wrote an 80-page treatment for the film. Filming was supposed to take place after the completion of Cameron's 1997 film Titanic , for a planned release in 1999; however, according to Cameron,
13195-556: The film were also unveiled on this day. The 129-second trailer was released online on August 20, 2009. The new 210-second trailer was premiered in theaters on October 23, 2009, then soon after premiered online on Yahoo! on October 29, 2009, to positive reviews. An extended version in IMAX 3D received overwhelmingly positive reviews. The Hollywood Reporter said that audience expectations were colored by "the [same] establishment skepticism that preceded Titanic " and suggested
13340-428: The film's designs. Production design for the film took several years. The film had two different production designers, and two separate art departments, one of which focused on the flora and fauna of Pandora, and another that created human machines and human factors. In September 2006, Cameron was announced to be using his own Reality Camera System to film in 3D. The system would use two high-definition cameras in
13485-402: The film's production process and contains over 500 color photographs and illustrations. In a 2009 interview, Cameron said that he planned to write a novel version of Avatar after the film was released. In February 2010, producer Jon Landau stated that Cameron plans a prequel novel for Avatar that will "lead up to telling the story of the movie, but it would go into much more depth about all
13630-482: The film, called " I See You ". An accompanying music video, directed by Jake Nava , premiered December 15, 2009, on MySpace. Avatar is primarily an action-adventure journey of self-discovery, in the context of imperialism , and deep ecology . Cameron said his inspiration was "every single science fiction book I read as a kid" and that he wanted to update the style of Edgar Rice Burroughs ' John Carter series. He acknowledged that Avatar shares themes with
13775-512: The film, reducing Fox's financial exposure to less than half of the film's official $ 237 million budget. After Fox accepted Avatar , one skeptical Fox executive told Cameron and Landau, "I don't know if we're crazier for letting you do this, or if you're crazier for thinking you can do this ..." In December 2006, Cameron described Avatar as "a futuristic tale set on a planet 200 years hence ... an old-fashioned jungle adventure with an environmental conscience [that] aspires to
13920-520: The film. Avatar: The Game was released on December 1, 2009, for most home video game consoles ( PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , Nintendo DS , iPhone ) and Microsoft Windows , and December 8 for PlayStation Portable . A second game, Avatar: Frontiers of Pandora , was released on December 7, 2023. Mattel Toys announced in December 2009 that it would be introducing a line of Avatar action figures. Each action figure will be made with
14065-472: The film. The highlight of the campaign was the website AVTR.com. Specially marked bottles and cans of Coca-Cola Zero , when held in front of a webcam, enabled users to interact with the website's 3-D features using augmented reality (AR) technology. The film was heavily promoted in an episode of the Fox series Bones in the episode "The Gamer In The Grease" (Season 5, Episode 9). Avatar star Joel David Moore has
14210-529: The films At Play in the Fields of the Lord , The Emerald Forest , and Princess Mononoke , which feature clashes between cultures and civilizations, and with Dances with Wolves , where a battered soldier finds himself drawn to the culture he was initially fighting against. He also cited Hayao Miyazaki 's anime films such as Princess Mononoke as an influence on the ecosystem of Pandora. In 2012, Cameron filed
14355-438: The first film to gross more than $ 2 billion and the best-selling video title of 2010 in the United States . Avatar was nominated for nine awards at the 82nd Academy Awards , winning three, and received numerous other accolades . The success of the film also led to electronics manufacturers releasing 3D televisions and caused 3D films to increase in popularity. Its success led to the Avatar franchise , which includes
14500-482: The good scientist were all established and recurrent themes" from his earlier films including Aliens , The Abyss , Rambo: First Blood Part II , The Terminator and Terminator 2: Judgment Day . He specifically mentioned the "water tentacle" in The Abyss as an example of an "avatar" that "takes on the appearance of...an alien life form...in order to bridge the cultural gap and build trust." Cameron also cited
14645-462: The infection. Treatment in such situations usually includes antibiotics . A trachea may be narrowed or compressed , usually a result of enlarged nearby lymph nodes; cancers of the trachea or nearby structures; large thyroid goitres ; or rarely as a result of other processes such as unusually swollen blood vessels . Scarring from tracheobronchial injury or intubation; or inflammation associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis may also cause
14790-417: The insertion of a tube down the trachea. This procedure is commonly performed during surgery , in order to ensure a person receives enough oxygen when sedated. The catheter is connected to a machine that monitors the airflow, oxygenation and several other metrics. This is often one of the responsibilities of an anaesthetist during surgery. In an emergency, or when tracheal intubation is deemed impossible,
14935-410: The kitchen of Cameron's Malibu home. In July 2006, Cameron announced that he would film Avatar for a mid-2008 release and planned to begin principal photography with an established cast by February 2007. The following August, the visual effects studio Weta Digital signed on to help Cameron produce Avatar . Stan Winston , who had collaborated with Cameron in the past, joined Avatar to help with
15080-524: The laryngotracheal tube. By the start of the fifth week, the left and right main bronchi have begun to form, initially as buds at the terminal end of the trachea. The trachea is no more than 4 mm in diameter during the first year of life, expanding to its adult diameter of approximately 2 cm by late childhood. The trachea is more circular and more vertical in children compared to adults, varies more in size, and also varies more in its position in relation to its surrounding structures. The trachea
15225-514: The latter three of which are unbreathable for humans, who wear Exo-Packs when outside their buildings or vehicles. The atmosphere of Pandora does have enough oxygen for humans (21–22 %), but too much carbon dioxide (16–18 %). The Na'vi have special organs (similar to kidneys) called wichow that take advantage of this atmosphere to extract greater amounts of oxygen for their bloodstream. These organs use carbon dioxide and water in their bodies and convert them into methane and oxygen. The methane
15370-404: The love story between characters Jake and Neytiri, Cameron applied a star-crossed love theme, which he said was in the tradition of Romeo and Juliet . He acknowledged its similarity to the pairing of Jack and Rose from his film Titanic . An interviewer stated: "Both couples come from radically different cultures that are contemptuous of their relationship and are forced to choose sides between
15515-419: The lower trachea lies the manubrium of the sternum , the remnants of the thymus in adults. To the front left lie the large blood vessels the aortic arch and its branches the left common carotid artery and the brachiocephalic trunk ; and the left brachiocephalic vein . The deep cardiac plexus and lymph nodes are also positioned in front of the lower trachea. Behind the trachea, along its length, sits
15660-429: The many orders of insects , but in general each segment of the body can have only one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it. The tracheae are invaginations of the cuticular exoskeleton that branch ( anastomose ) throughout the body with diameters from only a few micrometres up to 0.8 mm. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place across
15805-447: The method allows the filmmakers to transfer 100% of the actors' physical performances to their digital counterparts. Besides the performance capture data which were transferred directly to the computers, numerous reference cameras gave the digital artists multiple angles of each performance. A technically challenging scene was near the end of the film when the computer-generated Neytiri held the live action Jake in human form, and attention
15950-493: The methods used by botanists to study and sample plants, and to discuss ways to explain the communication between Pandora's organisms depicted in the film. From 2005 to 2007, Cameron worked with a handful of designers, including famed fantasy illustrator Wayne Barlowe and renowned concept artist Jordu Schell , to shape the design of the Na'vi with paintings and physical sculptures when Cameron felt that 3D brush renderings were not capturing his vision, often working together in
16095-565: The most common abnormalities is a separation of the upper and lower ends of the oesophagus, with the upper end finishing in a closed pouch. Other abnormalities may be associated with this, including cardiac abnormalities, or VACTERL syndrome . Such fistulas may be detected before a baby is born because of excess amniotic fluid ; after birth, they are often associated with pneumonitis and pneumonia because of aspiration of food contents. Congenital fistulas are often treated by surgical repair. In adults, fistulas may occur because of erosion into
16240-418: The necessary technology was not yet available to achieve his vision of the film. Work on the language of the Na'vi began in 2005, and Cameron began developing the screenplay and fictional universe in early 2006. Avatar was officially budgeted at $ 237 million, due to the groundbreaking array of new visual effects Cameron achieved in cooperation with Weta Digital in Wellington . Other estimates put
16385-497: The normal C-shaped rings and can cause narrowing ( stenosis ) of the trachea, resulting in breathing difficulties. An operation called a slide tracheoplasty can open up the rings and rejoin them as wider rings, shortening the length of the trachea. Slide tracheoplasty is said to be the best option in treating tracheal stenosis. Mounier-Kuhn syndrome is a rare congenital disorder of an abnormally enlarged trachea, characterised by absent elastic fibres, smooth muscle thinning, and
16530-501: The novel for the film why in the fictional universe the Na'vi look like humans. In the film, Pandora is depicted as being located in the Alpha Centauri A system, 4.37 ly from Earth. It is one of the many natural satellites orbiting the gas giant Polyphemus, named for the Polyphemus of Greek mythology . Pandora's atmosphere is a mix of nitrogen , oxygen , carbon dioxide , xenon , methane , ammonia and hydrogen sulfide ,
16675-658: The obstruction. Benign lesions, such as narrowing resulting from scarring, are likely to be surgically excised. One cause of narrowing is tracheomalacia , which is the tendency for the trachea to collapse when there is increased external pressure, such as when airflow is increased during breathing in or out, due to decreased compliance . It can be due to congenital causes, or due to things that develop after birth, such as compression from nearby masses or swelling, or trauma. Congenital tracheomalacia can occur by itself or in association with other abnormalities such as bronchomalacia or laryngomalacia , and abnormal connections between
16820-410: The organ. Allowing for variations in the length of the neck, the trachea in other mammals is, in general, similar to that in humans. Generally, it is also similar to the reptilian trachea. In birds , the trachea runs from the pharynx to the syrinx , from which the primary bronchi diverge. Swans have an unusually elongated trachea, part of which is coiled beneath the sternum; this may act as
16965-465: The other moons in future sequels, books, and spin-offs. James Cameron's core idea for the Avatar ' s fictional creatures was for them to be "superslick and aerodynamic, and be like a race car with racing stripes". Neville Page worked on Avatar as the lead creature designer. He, Wayne Barlowe (author, artist, and initial lead creature designer), and Yuri Bartoli (concept designer and supervising virtual art director) adapted Cameron's conceptions of
17110-464: The pharynx where it can be either swallowed into the stomach or expelled as phlegm . This self-clearing mechanism is termed mucociliary clearance . Directly beneath this mucus layer lies the submucosa layer which is composed primarily of fibrous connective tissue and connects the mucosa to the rings of hyaline cartilage beneath. The trachea is surrounded by 16 to 20 rings of hyaline cartilage; these 'rings' are incomplete and C-shaped. Two or more of
17255-406: The physical world". Visual effects house Digital Domain , with whom Cameron has a partnership, joined the project, which was supposed to begin production in mid-1997 for a 1999 release. However, Cameron felt that the technology had not caught up with the story and vision that he intended to tell. He decided to concentrate on making documentaries and refining the technology for the next few years. It
17400-498: The placement of stem cells taken from bone marrow on the trachea as a way of stimulating tissue regeneration, and such a method remains hypothetical. In January 2021, surgeons at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York performed the first complete trachea transplantation. The 18-hour procedure included harvesting a trachea from a donor and implanting it in the patient, connecting numerous veins and arteries to provide sufficient blood flow to
17545-414: The process. He stated in an interview, " Avatar has been the most difficult film I have worked on and the biggest job I have undertaken." Horner composed the score as two different scores merged into one. He first created a score that reflected the Na'vi way of sound and then combined it with a separate "traditional" score to drive the film. British singer Leona Lewis was chosen to sing the theme song for
17690-566: The respiratory tract, such as the larynx and bronchi, known as croup , however bacterial infections may also affect the trachea alone, although they are often associated with a recent viral infection. Viruses that cause croup are generally the parainfluenza viruses 1–3, with influenza viruses A and B also causing croup, but usually causing more serious infections; bacteria may also cause croup and include Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis . Causes of bacterial infection of
17835-533: The rings found in amniotes . The only vertebrates to have lungs, but no trachea, are the lungfish and the Polypterus , in which the lungs arise directly from the pharynx. The word trachea is used to define a very different organ in invertebrates than in vertebrates. Insects have an open respiratory system made up of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles to transport metabolic gases to and from tissues. The distribution of spiracles can vary greatly among
17980-414: The sequels Avatar: The Way of Water (2022), Avatar: Fire and Ash (2025), Avatar 4 (2029), and Avatar 5 (2031). In 2154, Earth suffers from resource exhaustion and ecological collapse. The Resources Development Administration (RDA) mines the valuable mineral unobtanium on Pandora , a lush habitable moon orbiting a gas giant in the Alpha Centauri star system. Pandora, whose atmosphere
18125-443: The showing reflected the desire for original storytelling. The teaser has been among the most viewed trailers in the history of film marketing, reaching the first place of all trailers viewed on Apple.com with 4 million views. On October 30, to celebrate the opening of the first 3-D cinema in Vietnam, Fox allowed Megastar Cinema to screen exclusive 16 minutes of Avatar to a number of press. The three-and-a-half-minute trailer of
18270-503: The stories that we didn't have time to deal with", saying that "Jim wants to write a novel that is a big, epic story that fills in a lot of things". In August 2013, it was announced that Cameron hired Steven Gould to pen four standalone novels to expand the Avatar universe. Cameron chose Ubisoft Montreal to create an Avatar game for the film in 2007. The filmmakers and game developers collaborated heavily, and Cameron decided to include some of Ubisoft's vehicle and creature designs in
18415-437: The story. Many were patterned after historical or contemporary technologies to give the film a sense of futuristic realism. Concept artist Ryan Church based many drawings on aerodynamic research from previously classified NASA and DARPA technical papers. Unlike the movie Aliens which employed one drop ship from de-orbit to ground combat, several vehicles cover specific roles of utility transport, gunship, and base resupply. This
18560-404: The trachea and the oesophagus , amongst others. Congenital tracheomalacia often improves without specific intervention; when required, interventions may include beta agonists and muscarinic agonists , which enhance the tone of the smooth muscle surrounding the trachea; positive pressure ventilation , or surgery, which may include the placement of a stent , or the removal of the affected part of
18705-433: The trachea are most commonly Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae . In patients who are in hospital, additional bacteria that may cause tracheitis include Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . A person affected with tracheitis may start with symptoms that suggest an upper respiratory tract infection such as a cough, sore throat , or coryzal symptoms such as
18850-410: The trachea fails to develop. The defect is usually fatal though sometimes surgical intervention has been successful. A tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital defect in which the trachea and esophagus are abnormally connected (a fistula ). This is because of abnormalities in the separation between the trachea and oesophagus during development. This occurs in approximately 1 in 3,000 births, and
18995-400: The trachea from nearby malignant tumours, which erode into both the trachea and the oesophagus. Initially, these often result in coughing from swallowed contents of the oesophagus that are aspirated through the trachea, often progressing to fatal pneumonia; there is rarely a curative treatment. A tracheo-oesophageal puncture is a surgically created hole between the trachea and the esophagus in
19140-504: The trachea is lined with a mucous membrane, which produces mucus to help trap dirt and dust particles. The cilia, which are tiny hairs that line the mucous membrane, help to move the mucus and trapped particles up and out of the trachea. Inflammation of the trachea is known as tracheitis , usually due to an infection. It is usually caused by viral infections , with bacterial infections occurring almost entirely in children. Most commonly, infections occur with inflammation of other parts of
19285-558: The trachea is obstructed. Additionally, during surgery if mechanical ventilation is required when a person is sedated, a tube is inserted into the trachea, called intubation . The word trachea is used to define a very different organ in invertebrates than in vertebrates . Insects have an open respiratory system made up of spiracles , tracheae, and tracheoles to transport metabolic gases to and from tissues. An adult's trachea has an inner diameter of about 1.5 to 2 centimetres ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 3 ⁄ 4 in) and
19430-406: The trachea, and paratracheal lymph nodes that lie beside it. In the fourth week of development of the human embryo as the respiratory bud grows, the trachea separates from the foregut through the formation of ridges which eventually separate the trachea from the oesophagus, the tracheoesophageal septum . This separates the future trachea from the oesophagus and divides the foregut tube into
19575-407: The trachea. In dogs, particularly miniature dogs and toy dogs , tracheomalacia, as well as bronchomalacia , can lead to tracheal collapse , which often presents with a honking goose-like cough. The trachea may be injured by trauma such as in a vehicle accident, or intentionally by another wilfully inflicting damage for example as practiced in some martial arts . Tracheal intubation refers to
19720-442: The trachea. In the head, thorax, or abdomen , tracheae may also be connected to air sacs. Many insects, such as grasshoppers and bees , which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body. In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a gill , or function essentially as normal, via a plastron . Note that despite being internal,
19865-448: The trachea. The sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles stretch along its length. The thyroid gland also stretches across the upper trachea, with the isthmus overlying the second to fourth rings, and the lobes stretching to the level of the fifth or sixth cartilage. The blood vessels of the thyroid rest on the trachea next to the isthmus; superior thyroid arteries join just above it, and the inferior thyroid veins below it. In front of
20010-526: The walls of the smallest tubes, called tracheoles, which penetrate tissues and even indent individual cells. Gas may be conducted through the respiratory system by means of active ventilation or passive diffusion. Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their hemolymph . This is one of the factors that may limit their size. A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of taenidia in various geometries such as loops or helices . Taenidia provide strength and flexibility to
20155-437: Was created by Microsoft especially for Avatar , which allowed the crews to keep track of and coordinate all stages in the digital processing. To render Avatar , Weta used a 930 m (10,000 sq ft) server farm making use of 4,000 Hewlett-Packard servers with 35,000 processor cores with 104 terabytes of RAM and three petabytes of network area storage running Ubuntu Linux , Grid Engine cluster manager, and 2 of
20300-418: Was developed by considering her appeal to the all-male crew of artists. Although Cameron felt Jake and Neytiri do not fall in love right away, their portrayers ( Worthington and Saldana ) felt the characters did. Cameron said the two actors "had a great chemistry" during filming. For the film's floating "Hallelujah Mountains", the designers drew inspiration from "many different types of mountains, but mainly
20445-426: Was given to the details of the shadows and reflected light between them. The lead visual effects company was Weta Digital in Wellington , at one point employing 900 people to work on the film. Because of the huge amount of data which needed to be stored, cataloged and available for everybody involved, even on the other side of the world, a new cloud computing and Digital Asset Management (DAM) system named Gaia
20590-606: Was posted for more room). Philippe Baghdassarian, the site administrator, commented "I wasn't depressed myself. In fact, the movie made me happy, but I can understand why it made people depressed. The movie was so beautiful and it showed something we don't have here on Earth. I think people saw we could be living in a completely different world and that caused them to be depressed." Many have confessed to falling to depression and harboring suicidal thoughts, while others have expressed disgust towards humanity and "disengagement with reality." Psychiatrist Stephan Quentzel added that "Virtual life
20735-419: Was released on November 30, 2009, by Abrams Books . The book features detailed production artwork from the film, including production sketches, illustrations by Lisa Fitzpatrick, and film stills. Producer Jon Landau wrote the foreword, Cameron wrote the epilogue, and director Peter Jackson wrote the preface. In October 2010, Abrams Books also released The Making of Avatar , a 272-page book that detailed
20880-405: Was revealed in a Bloomberg BusinessWeek cover story that 20th Century Fox had fronted $ 10 million to Cameron to film a proof-of-concept clip for Avatar , which he showed to Fox executives in October 2005. In February 2006, Cameron revealed that his film Project 880 was "a retooled version of Avatar ", a film that he had tried to make years earlier, citing the technological advances in
21025-412: Was scheduled to last 31 days. More than a thousand people worked on the production. In preparation of the filming sequences, all of the actors underwent professional training specific to their characters such as archery, horseback riding, firearm use, and hand-to-hand combat. They received language and dialect training in the Na'vi language created for the film. Before shooting the film, Cameron also sent
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