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99-429: A replicant is a fictional bioengineered humanoid featured in the 1982 film Blade Runner and the 2017 sequel Blade Runner 2049 which is physically indistinguishable from an adult human and often possesses superhuman strength and intelligence. A replicant can be detected by means of the fictional Voight-Kampff test in which emotional responses are provoked; a replicant's nonverbal responses differ from those of

198-586: A Piper PA-22 Tri-Pacer , but at $ 15 an hour (equivalent to $ 151 in 2023), he could not afford to continue the training. In the mid-1990s, he bought a used Gulfstream II and asked one of his pilots, Terry Bender, to give him flying lessons. They started flying a Cessna 182 out of Jackson, Wyoming, later switching to Teterboro Airport in Teterboro, New Jersey , flying a Cessna 206 , the aircraft in which he made his first solo flight . Ford's aircraft are kept at Santa Monica Airport . The Bell 407 helicopter

297-680: A gastropub located at Terminal 5 in Los Angeles International Airport . The younger son is owner of the Ludwig Clothing company and previously owned Strong Sports Gym and the Kim Sing Theater. Ford's second marriage was to screenwriter Melissa Mathison from March 1983 until their separation in 2000; they divorced in 2004. They had a son, born in 1987, and a daughter, born in 1990. Mathison died in 2015. Ford began dating actress Calista Flockhart after they met at

396-546: A 2023 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , it was revealed that he accepted the roles in both 1923 and Shrinking despite there not being a script at the time. Ford reprised the role of Indiana Jones in Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny (2023), which he stated was his last appearance as the character. The film received generally positive reviews, with many critics highlighting Ford's performance. In October 2022, Ford

495-587: A Golden Globe for his work. Before that, Ford had passed on a role in another Stephen Gaghan -written film, that of Robert Wakefield in Traffic , which went to Michael Douglas . In 2008, Ford enjoyed success with the release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , the first Indiana Jones film in 19 years and another collaboration with Lucas and Spielberg. The film received generally positive reviews and

594-457: A bottom," but Lucas refused. Ford's status as a leading actor was solidified with Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), an action-adventure collaboration between Lucas and Steven Spielberg that gave Ford his second franchise role as the heroic, globe-trotting archaeologist Indiana Jones . Like Star Wars , the film was massively successful; it became the highest-grossing film of the year. Spielberg

693-478: A broad base which applies engineering principles to an enormous range of size and complexities of systems, ranging from the molecular level ( molecular biology , biochemistry , microbiology , pharmacology , protein chemistry , cytology , immunology , neurobiology and, neuroscience ) to cellular and tissue-based systems (including devices and sensors), to whole macroscopic organisms (plants, animals), and even to biomes and ecosystems. The average length of study

792-541: A broken pelvis and broken ankle during the accident, as well as other injuries. On February 13, 2017, Ford landed an Aviat Husky at John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California , on the taxiway left of runway 20L. A Boeing 737 was holding short of the runway on the taxiway when Ford overflew them. On April 24, 2020, at the Los Angeles Hawthorne Airport while piloting his Husky, Ford crossed

891-539: A disc in his back. The 40-year-old actor was forced to fly back to Los Angeles for surgery and returned six weeks later. Following his leading-man success as Indiana Jones, Ford played Rick Deckard in Ridley Scott 's dystopian science-fiction film Blade Runner (1982). Compared to his experiences on the Star Wars and Indiana Jones films, Ford had a difficult time with the production. He recalled to Vanity Fair , "It

990-637: A dog named Rooster in The Secret Life of Pets 2 . With filming of a fifth Indiana Jones film delayed by a year, Ford headlined a big-budget adaptation of Jack London 's The Call of the Wild , playing prospector John Thornton. The film was released in February 2020 to a mixed critical reception and its theatrical release was shortened due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the film industry . In 2022, Ford

1089-443: A film and made critical statements against Trump's presidential bid . For his first time ever endorsing a political candidate for office, Ford endorsed Joe Biden 's 2020 presidential campaign against Trump. He said that he wanted to "encourage people to support candidates that will support the environment" and felt that under Trump, the U.S. had "lost some of our credibility in the world". Along with Mark Hamill , Ford worked with

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1188-482: A human, though Rachael's near-passing the test casts doubt on its infallibility. He collects photographs, yet has no obvious family beyond a reference to his ex-wife (who called him a "cold fish"). The film's Supervising Editor Terry Rawlings remembers that Scott "purposefully put Harrison in the background of the shot, and slightly out of focus, so that you'd only notice his eyes were glowing if you were paying attention... Ridley himself may have definitely felt that Deckard

1287-697: A human. Failing the test leads to execution, which is euphemistically referred to as "retiring". Several models of replicant were produced. The first seen model, the Nexus-6, has a four-year lifespan. The successor model, the Nexus-7, were limited experimental models with the ability to procreate. Nexus-8 and Nexus-9 replicants also have open-ended lifespans, but the Nexus-9 line was incapable of disobeying human orders. In his novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (the inspiration for Blade Runner ), Philip K. Dick used

1386-547: A new line of Nexus-9 replicants. They also have an open lifespan, but were designed to be unable to resist orders given by a human. The demonstrated effectiveness of Nexus-9 programming, combined with the solving of a global food crisis, allowed for a successful push for the ban on replicant production to be lifted. By 2049, Nexus-9 replicants are extensively used across Earth and the off-world colonies. Special police units are tasked with tracking down any that might go rogue, as well as any remaining Nexus-8s still in hiding (Nexus-7

1485-409: A nuclear weapon in orbit over the western United States to create an electromagnetic pulse . The pulse destroyed most records about replicants, making it difficult for humans to track them down on Earth, but the attack led to mass purges and complete shutdown of Nexus-8 production (though many existing units were able to go into hiding in the chaos). In 2036, genetic engineer Niander Wallace designed

1584-723: A replicant model capable of procreation. Niander Wallace, CEO of the company that produced replicants, captures Deckard and muses that his falling in love with Rachael seemed too perfect, suggesting that Deckard was designed to fall in love with Rachael as part of Tyrell's experiment to develop replicants that can procreate, but with Tyrell dead and the records destroyed, he will never know. Bioengineer Examples of bioengineering research include bacteria engineered to produce chemicals, new medical imaging technology, portable and rapid disease diagnostic devices, prosthetics , biopharmaceuticals , and tissue-engineered organs . Bioengineering overlaps substantially with biotechnology and

1683-533: A runway where another aircraft was landing. According to the FAA, the two planes were about 3,600 feet from each other and there was no danger of a crash. A representative of Ford later said that he "misheard" an instruction given to him by air traffic control. Ford is vice-chair of Conservation International , an American nonprofit environmental organization headquartered in Arlington, Virginia . The organization's intent

1782-538: A three-month affair in 1976 during the filming of Star Wars . Ford is a licensed pilot of both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. On several occasions, he has personally provided emergency helicopter services at the request of local authorities in Wyoming , in one instance rescuing a hiker overcome by dehydration. Ford began flight training in the 1960s at Wild Rose Idlewild Airport in Wild Rose, Wisconsin , flying in

1881-417: Is a human or a replicant. This ties into one of the central themes of the film: the nature of humanity. Ultimately, the important point is not whether Deckard is a replicant but that the ambiguity blurs the line between humans and replicants. Harrison Ford , who played Deckard in the film, has said that he did not think Deckard is a replicant, and that he and director Ridley Scott had discussions that ended in

1980-399: Is a replicant, but still, by the end of the picture, he intended to leave it up to the viewer." The sequel, Blade Runner 2049 , revisited the question while leaving the answer deliberately ambiguous. The film reveals that Deckard was able to conceive a child with Rachael, and this was possible because she was an experimental prototype (designated Nexus-7), the first and only attempt to design

2079-449: Is a replicant. The second film further develops Rachael's origin, and gives significantly more details about her radical design. It revealed that she was an experimental model of replicant with a high percentage of human organs, including human reproductive organs, and that Rachael conceived a child with Deckard. As Rachael died during childbirth, her possible survival beyond the four years was undetermined. The sequel, Blade Runner 2049 ,

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2178-427: Is a science-based discipline founded upon the biological sciences in the same way that chemical engineering , electrical engineering , and mechanical engineering can be based upon chemistry, electricity and magnetism, and classical mechanics , respectively. Before WWII, biological engineering had begun being recognized as a branch of engineering and was a new concept to people. Post-WWII, it grew more rapidly, and

2277-537: Is an American actor. Regarded as a cinematic cultural icon , he has been a leading man in films of several genres and starred in many major box-office successes, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s. His films have grossed more than $ 5.4   billion in North America and more than $ 9.3   billion worldwide. Ford is the recipient of various accolades , including the AFI Life Achievement Award ,

2376-700: Is often kept and flown in Jackson and has been used by Ford in two mountain rescues during his assigned duty time with Teton County Search and Rescue. During one of the rescues, Ford recovered a hiker who had become lost and disoriented. She boarded his helicopter and promptly vomited into one of the rescuers' caps, unaware of who the pilot was until much later; "I can't believe I barfed in Harrison Ford's helicopter!" she said later. Ford flies his de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver (N28S) more than any of his other aircraft, and has repeatedly said that he likes this aircraft and

2475-438: Is set thirty years after the original. In the intervening 30 years, several new replicant lines were introduced. The sequel retroactively establishes that Rachael was part of a short-lived prototype line of replicants designated Nexus-7, which was not only intended as a test to make replicants more mentally stable with implanted memories, but also to develop replicants capable of procreation. Rachael died in childbirth in 2021, and

2574-538: Is three to five years, and the completed degree is signified as a bachelor of engineering ( B.S. in engineering). Fundamental courses include thermodynamics, biomechanics, biology, genetic engineering, fluid and mechanical dynamics, chemical and enzyme kinetics, electronics, and materials properties. Depending on the institution and particular definitional boundaries employed, some major branches of bioengineering may be categorized as (note these may overlap): Harrison Ford Harrison Ford (born July 13, 1942)

2673-426: Is to protect nature . Since 1992, Ford has lent his voice to a series of public service messages promoting environmental involvement for EarthShare, an American federation of environmental and conservation charities. He has acted as a spokesperson for Restore Hetch Hetchy , a non-profit organization dedicated to restoring Yosemite National Park 's Hetch Hetchy Valley to its original condition. Ford also appears in

2772-524: The 2002 Golden Globe Awards . He proposed to Flockhart over Valentine's Day weekend in 2009. They married on June 15, 2010, in Santa Fe, New Mexico , where Ford was filming Cowboys & Aliens . They are the parents of a son, born in 2001, whom Flockhart had adopted before meeting Ford. Ford and Flockhart live on an 800-acre (320-hectare; 3.2-square-kilometre) ranch in Jackson, Wyoming , where he has lived since

2871-618: The Cecil B. DeMille Award , an Honorary César , and an Honorary Palme d'Or , in addition to an Academy Award nomination. Ford made his screen acting debut in an uncredited appearance in the film Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round (1966) and went on to play bit parts in both films and television throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. After breakthrough supporting roles in American Graffiti (1973) and The Conversation (1974), he gained worldwide fame for his starring role as Han Solo in

2970-526: The Dalai Lama , Dalai Lama Renaissance . Ford filmed the medical drama Extraordinary Measures in 2009 in Portland, Oregon . Released on January 22, 2010, the film also starred Brendan Fraser and Alan Ruck . Also in 2010, he co-starred in the film Morning Glory , along with Rachel McAdams , Diane Keaton and Patrick Wilson . Although the film was a disappointment at the box office, Ford's performance

3069-579: The Paramount+ western series 1923 (2022–present) and the Apple TV+ comedy series Shrinking (2023–present). Outside of acting, Ford is a licensed pilot; he has often assisted the emergency services in rescue missions near his home in Wyoming , and he chaired an aviation education program for youth from 2004 to 2009. Ford is also an environmental activist, having served as the inaugural vice chair of Conservation International since 1991. Harrison Ford

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3168-661: The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee in support of the Dalai Lama and an independent Tibet . In 2007, he narrated the documentary Dalai Lama Renaissance . In 2000, Ford donated $ 1000 to the presidential campaigns of Bill Bradley , Al Gore , and John McCain . In 2003, he publicly condemned the Iraq War and called for "regime change" in the United States. He also criticized Hollywood for making movies which were "more akin to video games than stories about human life and relationships", and he called for more gun control in

3267-633: The biomedical sciences in a way analogous to how various other forms of engineering and technology relate to various other sciences (such as aerospace engineering and other space technology to kinetics and astrophysics ). Generally, biological engineers attempt to mimic biological systems to create products or modify and control biological systems. Working with doctors, clinicians, and researchers, bioengineers use traditional engineering principles and techniques to address biological processes, including ways to replace, augment, sustain, or predict chemical and mechanical processes. Biological engineering

3366-530: The 1980s and approximately half of which he has donated as a nature reserve. They retain a base in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. Ford is one of Hollywood's most private actors, guarding much of his personal life. Ford commented on his parenting choices in 2023: "I can tell you this: If I’d been less successful, I’d probably be a better parent." In her 2016 autobiography The Princess Diarist , his co-star Carrie Fisher wrote that she and Ford had

3465-546: The Governing Board of the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA), North America's oldest and largest organization devoted to the world of archaeology. Ford assists them in their mission of increasing public awareness of archaeology and preventing looting and the illegal antiquities trade . Throughout his career, Ford has received significant recognition for his work in the entertainment industry. In 1986, he

3564-725: The Minister of Forestry was given no prior warning of questions nor the chance to explain the challenges of catching illegal loggers . Ford was provided an audience with the Indonesian President, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , during which he expressed concerns regarding Indonesia's environmental degradation and the government efforts to address climate change . In response, the President explained Indonesia's commitment to preserving its oceans and forests. In 2019, on behalf of Conservation International, Ford gave an impassioned speech during

3663-772: The Rockies (2009), Flying the Feathered Edge: The Bob Hoover Project (2014), and Living in the Age of Airplanes (2015). Ford is an honorary board member of the humanitarian aviation organization Wings of Hope , and is known for having made several trips to Washington, D.C., to fight for pilots' rights. He has also donated substantial funds to aerobatic champion Sean Tucker 's charitable program, The Bob Hoover Academy (named after legendary aviator Bob Hoover ), which educates at-risk teens in central California and teaches them how to fly. On August 22, 1987, Ford

3762-475: The Russian Empire. When asked in which religion he and his brother were raised, Ford jokingly responded " Democrat " and more seriously stated that they were raised to be "liberals of every stripe". When asked about what influence his Jewish and Irish Catholic ancestry may have had on him, he quipped, "As a man I've always felt Irish, as an actor I've always felt Jewish." Ford was a Boy Scout , achieving

3861-613: The United Nations' Climate Action Summit in New York on the destruction of the Amazon rainforest and its effect on climate change for the rest of the world. Ford urged his audience to listen to 'angry young people' trying to make a difference in the situation, emphasizing, "The most important thing we can do for them is to get the hell out of their way." Like his parents, Ford is a lifelong Democrat . On September 7, 1995, Ford testified before

3960-431: The United States and $ 291   million worldwide. Ford served as an executive producer on K-19: The Widowmaker and Extraordinary Measures , both of which were based on true events. In 2004, Ford declined a chance to star in the thriller Syriana , later commenting that "I didn't feel strongly enough about the truth of the material and I think I made a mistake." The role went to George Clooney , who won an Oscar and

4059-441: The United States was started at University of California, San Diego in 1966. More recent programs have been launched at MIT and Utah State University . Many old agricultural engineering departments in universities over the world have re-branded themselves as agricultural and biological engineering or agricultural and biosystems engineering . According to Professor Doug Lauffenburger of MIT, biological engineering has

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4158-460: The United States. In 2009, Ford signed a petition calling for the release of film director Roman Polanski , who had been arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl . After Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump said his favorite role of Ford's was Air Force One because he "stood up for America", Ford responded that it was just

4257-509: The agreement that the character was human. According to several interviews with director Ridley Scott, Deckard is a replicant. When asked in October 2012 about the possibility of a Blade Runner sequel, Scott said, "It's not a rumor—it's happening. With Harrison Ford? I don't know yet. Is he too old? Well, he was a Nexus-6, so we don't know how long he can live. And that's all I'm going to say at this stage." Author Will Brooker has written that

4356-417: The anti-Trump Republican group The Lincoln Project to produce and narrate a 2020 election ad attacking Trump's disparaging of Anthony Fauci . On November 2, 2024, he endorsed Kamala Harris 's 2024 presidential campaign . Following on his success portraying the archaeologist Indiana Jones , Ford also plays a part in supporting the work of professional archaeologists . He serves as a General Trustee on

4455-514: The buddy-comedy western The Frisco Kid (1979), playing a bank robber with a heart of gold. Ford returned to star in the successful Star Wars sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983), as well as the Star Wars Holiday Special (1978). Ford wanted Lucas to kill off Han Solo at the end of Return of the Jedi , saying, "That would have given the whole film

4554-618: The child was hidden by the replicant underground. Tyrell was killed during the events of the first movie in November 2019, and the secret of producing replicants capable of procreation died with him. In 2020, the Tyrell Corporation introduced the Nexus-8 replicant, whose lifespans were not limited to four years. The Nexus-8 went into mass production, but a new wave of replicant rebellions occurred, culminating in rogue Nexus-8 replicants detonating

4653-463: The crash of a Bell 206L4 LongRanger helicopter. The NTSB accident report states that Ford was piloting the aircraft over the Lake Piru riverbed near Santa Clarita, California , on a routine training flight. While making his second attempt at an autorotation with powered recovery, the aircraft was unable to recover power after the sudden drop in altitude. It landed hard and began skidding forward in

4752-536: The crew needing to shoot Ford from the waist up for a short time until he recovered. Ford made his return to filming in mid-August, after a two-month layoff as he recovered from his injury. Ford's character was killed off in The Force Awakens , but it was subsequently announced, via a casting call, that Ford would return in some capacity as Solo in Episode VIII . In February 2016, when the cast for Episode VIII

4851-576: The decade, such as The Fugitive (1993), The Devil's Own (1997), and Air Force One (1997). For his performance in The Fugitive , which co-starred Tommy Lee Jones , Ford received some of the best reviews of his career, including from Roger Ebert , who concluded that, "Ford is once again the great modern movie everyman. As an actor, nothing he does seems merely for show, and in the face of this melodramatic material he deliberately plays down, lays low, gets on with business instead of trying to exploit

4950-485: The documentary series Years of Living Dangerously , which reports on people affected by and seeking solutions to climate change. In 1993, the arachnologist Norman Platnick named a new species of spider Calponia harrisonfordi , and in 2002 the entomologist Edward O. Wilson named a new ant species Pheidole harrisonfordi (in recognition of Harrison's work as Vice Chairman of Conservation International ). The Peruvian snake species Tachymenoides harrisonfordi

5049-590: The drama in meaningless acting flourishes." Ford played more straight dramatic roles in Presumed Innocent (1990) and Regarding Henry (1991), and another romantic lead role in Sabrina (1995), a remake of the classic 1954 film of the same name. Ford established working relationships with many well-regarded directors during this time, including Weir, Alan J. Pakula , Mike Nichols , Phillip Noyce , and Sydney Pollack , collaborating twice with each of them. This

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5148-421: The epic space opera film Star Wars (1977), a part he reprised in four sequels over the next four decades. Ford is also known for his portrayal of the titular character in the popular media franchise Indiana Jones , beginning with the action-adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981). He played the character in four additional sequels over the next four decades and also starred as Rick Deckard in

5247-531: The film 42 was praised by many critics and garnered Ford a nomination as best supporting actor for the Satellite Awards . In 2014, he appeared in The Expendables 3 , and the following year, co-starred with Blake Lively in the romantic drama The Age of Adaline to positive reviews. Ford reprised the role of Han Solo in the long-awaited Star Wars sequel Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015), which

5346-412: The film business and told Demy to hire a more experienced actor. The part eventually went to Gary Lockwood . Ford later commented that the experience had been nevertheless a positive one because Demy was the first to show such faith in him. Not happy with the roles offered to him, Ford became a self-taught professional carpenter to support his then-wife and two young sons. Clients at this time included

5445-529: The first student voice broadcast on his high school's new radio station, WMTH , and he was its first sportscaster during his senior year. He attended Ripon College in Ripon, Wisconsin , where he was a philosophy major and a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity. A self-described "late bloomer", Ford took a drama class in the final quarter of his senior year to get over his shyness and became fascinated with acting. Ford

5544-458: The illusion of humanity. Sammon also suggests that Nexus-7 replicants may not have a set lifespan (i.e., they could be immortal, ruling out the lifespan as a determining trait). He goes on to propose that Scott thought it would be more provocative to imply that Deckard is a replicant. In Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? , Deckard was subjected to the Voight-Kampff test and passed, marking as

5643-433: The late 1990s, Ford started appearing in several critically derided and commercially disappointing films that failed to match his earlier successes, including Six Days, Seven Nights (1998), Random Hearts (1999), K-19: The Widowmaker (2002), Hollywood Homicide (2003), Firewall (2006) and Extraordinary Measures (2010). One exception was What Lies Beneath (2000), which grossed over $ 155   million in

5742-546: The literary character created by Tom Clancy : Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994), both co-starring Anne Archer and James Earl Jones . Ford took over the role from Alec Baldwin , who had played Ryan in The Hunt for Red October (1990). This led to long-lasting resentment from Baldwin, who said that he had wanted to reprise the role but Ford had negotiated with Paramount behind his back. Ford played leading roles in other action-based thrillers throughout

5841-567: The loose gravel before flipping onto its side. Neither Ford nor the instructor pilot suffered any injuries, though the helicopter was seriously damaged. On March 5, 2015, Ford's plane, believed to be a Ryan PT-22 Recruit , made an emergency landing on the Penmar Golf Course in Venice, California after it lost engine power. He was taken to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center , where he was reported to be in fair to moderate condition. Ford suffered

5940-705: The position for another two years. He has flown over 280 children as part of the Young Eagles program, usually in his DHC-2 Beaver, which can seat the actor and five children. Ford stepped down as program chairman in 2009 and was replaced by Captain Chesley Sullenberger and First Officer Jeff Skiles . He is involved with the EAA chapter in Driggs, Idaho , just over the Teton Range from Jackson, Wyoming. On July 28, 2016, Ford flew

6039-427: The romantic male lead opposite Melanie Griffith and Sigourney Weaver in the comedy-drama Working Girl (1988). Witness and The Mosquito Coast allowed Ford to explore his potential as a dramatic actor, and both performances were widely acclaimed. Ford later recalled that working with director Peter Weir on Witness and The Mosquito Coast were two of the best experiences of his career. In late 1991, Ford

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6138-501: The science fiction film Blade Runner (1982) and its sequel Blade Runner 2049 (2017), and portrayed Jack Ryan in the spy thriller films Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994). Ford's on-screen career spans seven decades. He received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as a detective who envelops himself in the Amish community in

6237-562: The second-highest rank of Life Scout. He worked at Napowan Adventure Base Scout Camp as a counselor for the Reptile Study merit badge. Because of this, he and director Steven Spielberg later decided to depict the young Indiana Jones as a Life Scout in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989). Ford graduated in 1960 from Maine East High School in Park Ridge, Illinois . His voice was

6336-535: The sound of its Pratt & Whitney R-985 radial engine. According to Ford, it had been flown in the CIA's Air America operations and was riddled with bullet holes that had to be patched up. In March 2004, Ford officially became chairman of the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA)'s Young Eagles program, founded by then-EAA president Tom Poberezny and fellow actor-pilot Cliff Robertson . Ford

6435-403: The term android (or "andy"), but director Ridley Scott wanted a new term to avoid audience preconceptions. As David Peoples was re-writing the screenplay, he consulted his daughter, who was involved in microbiology and biochemistry, who suggested the term "replicating", the biological process of a cell making a copy of itself. From that, either Peoples or Scott came up with replicant , and it

6534-512: The term "bioengineering" was coined by British scientist and broadcaster Heinz Wolff in 1954 at the National Institute for Medical Research . Wolff graduated that year and became the Division of Biological Engineering director at Oxford . This was the first time Bioengineering was recognized as its own branch at a university. The early focus of this discipline was electrical engineering due to

6633-516: The term biological engineering has been applied to environmental modifications such as surface soil protection , slope stabilization , watercourse and shoreline protection, windbreaks , vegetation barriers including noise barriers and visual screens, and the ecological enhancement of an area. Because other engineering disciplines also address living organisms , the term biological engineering can be applied more broadly to include agricultural engineering . The first biological engineering program in

6732-474: The thriller Witness (1985). His other films include The Mosquito Coast (1986), Working Girl (1988), Presumed Innocent (1990), The Fugitive (1993), Sabrina (1995), The Devil's Own (1997), Air Force One (1997), Six Days, Seven Nights (1998), What Lies Beneath (2000), K-19: The Widowmaker (2002), Morning Glory (2010), Cowboys & Aliens (2011), 42 (2013), and The Age of Adaline (2015). Ford has since starred in

6831-514: The two millionth Young Eagle at the EAA AirVenture convention, making it the most successful aviation-youth introduction program in history. As of 2009, Ford appears in Internet advertisements for General Aviation Serves America, a campaign by the advocacy group Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA). He has also appeared in several independent aviation documentaries, including Wings Over

6930-470: The unicorn dream may not be unique to Deckard and that it may be a personal touch added to some or all of the Nexus-6 replicants' brains. From this, one might also infer that Gaff is a replicant and shares the same embedded memory. Paul Sammon, author of Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner , has suggested in interviews that Deckard may be a Nexus-7 model, which possesses no superhuman strength or intelligence but does have neurological features that complete

7029-603: The video game Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception for the PlayStation 3 . 2013 began a trend that saw Ford accepting more diverse supporting roles. That year, he co-starred in the corporate espionage thriller Paranoia with Liam Hemsworth and Gary Oldman , whom he had previously worked with in Air Force One , and also appeared in Ender's Game , 42 and Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues . His performance as Branch Rickey in

7128-542: The western Journey to Shiloh (1968) and had an uncredited, non-speaking role in Michelangelo Antonioni 's 1970 film Zabriskie Point as an arrested student protester. In 1968, he also worked as a camera operator for one of the Doors ' tours. French filmmaker Jacques Demy chose Ford for the lead role of his first American film, Model Shop (1969), but the head of Columbia Pictures thought Ford had "no future" in

7227-405: The work with medical devices and machinery during this time. When engineers and life scientists started working together, they recognized that the engineers did not know enough about the actual biology behind their work. To resolve this problem, engineers who wanted to get into biological engineering devoted more time to studying the processes of biology, psychology, and medicine. More recently,

7326-554: The writers Joan Didion and John Gregory Dunne , who lived on the beach at Malibu . Ford appears in the documentary Joan Didion: The Center Will Not Hold . He and his wife became friends of the writers. Casting director and fledgling producer Fred Roos championed the young Ford and secured him an audition with George Lucas for the role of Bob Falfa, which Ford went on to play in American Graffiti (1973). Ford's relationship with Lucas profoundly affected his career later. After director Francis Ford Coppola 's film The Godfather

7425-472: The years of experiences that humans take for granted, creating a "cushion or pillow for their emotions." Nexus-6 units were designed to have a four-year lifespan to avoid emotional development, and all attempts to increase a replicant's lifespan have resulted in death. According to Deckard, a normal replicant can usually be discovered using the Voight-Kampff test within 20–30 questions, though Rachael answers over one hundred questions before Deckard determines she

7524-607: Was expelled from college for plagiarism four days before graduation . In 1964, after a season of summer stock with the Belfry Players in Wisconsin, Ford traveled to Los Angeles and eventually signed a contract with Columbia Pictures ' new talent program. His first known role was an uncredited one as a bellhop in Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round (1966). There is little record of his non-speaking (or " extra ") roles in film. Ford

7623-501: Was a long slog. I didn't really find it that physically difficult—I thought it was mentally difficult." Ford and Scott also had differing views on the nature of his character, Deckard, that persist decades later. While not initially a success, Blade Runner became a cult classic and one of Ford's most highly regarded films. Ford proved his versatility throughout the 1980s with dramatic parts in films such as Witness (1985), The Mosquito Coast (1986), and Frantic (1988), as well as

7722-556: Was a success, he hired Ford to expand his office and gave him small roles in his next two films, The Conversation (1974) and Apocalypse Now (1979); in the latter film, Ford played an army colonel named "G. Lucas". Ford's work in American Graffiti eventually landed him his first starring film role, when Lucas hired him to read lines for actors auditioning for roles in Lucas's upcoming epic space-opera film Star Wars (1977). Lucas

7821-553: Was asked to take the position by Greg Anderson, Senior Vice President of the EAA at the time, to replace General Chuck Yeager , who was vacating the post that he had held for many years. Ford at first was hesitant, but later accepted the offer and has made appearances with the Young Eagles at the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh gathering at Oshkosh , Wisconsin, for two years. In July 2005, at the gathering in Oshkosh, Ford agreed to accept

7920-470: Was at the bottom of the hiring list, having offended producer Jerry Tokofsky . According to one anecdote, Tokofsky told Ford that when actor Tony Curtis delivered a bag of groceries, he could tell that Curtis was a movie star whereas Ford wasn't; Ford immediately retorted that if Curtis was truly a talented actor, he would've delivered them like a bellhop. Ford was apparently fired soon after. His speaking roles continued next with Luv (1967), though he

8019-530: Was born at the Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago, Illinois , on July 13, 1942, to former radio actress Dorothy (née Nidelman) and advertising executive and former actor John William "Christopher" Ford. His younger brother, Terence, was born in 1945. Their father was a Catholic of Irish descent , while their mother was an Ashkenazi Jew whose parents were emigrants from Minsk , Belarus, then in

8118-670: Was cast as Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross in the 2025 superhero films Captain America: Brave New World and Thunderbolts* , set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , replacing William Hurt , who played the character in previous MCU films from 2008 to 2021 before his death. Ford has been married three times and has four biological children and one adopted child. He was first married to Mary Marquardt from 1964 until their divorce in 1979. They had two sons, born in 1966 and 1969. The older son co-owns Ford's Filling Station,

8217-665: Was cast to star alongside Helen Mirren in the Paramount+ western drama series 1923 . The two had previously starred together 36 years earlier in The Mosquito Coast . The series premiered in December 2022 to positive reviews, and it is set to run for a total of two seasons. That same year, it was announced that Ford would star in the Apple TV+ comedy drama series Shrinking . The series premiered in January 2023 to positive reviews, with Ford receiving praise for his performance. In

8316-637: Was confirmed, it was indicated that Ford would not reprise his role in the film after all. When Ford was asked whether Solo could come back in "some form", he replied, "Anything is possible in space." He eventually made an uncredited appearance as a vision in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019). On February 26, 2015, Alcon Entertainment announced Ford would reprise his role as Rick Deckard in Denis Villeneuve 's science fiction sequel film Blade Runner 2049 . The film, and Ford's performance,

8415-490: Was eventually won over by Ford's performance during these line reads and cast him as Han Solo . Star Wars became one of the most successful and groundbreaking films of all time, and brought Ford, and his co-stars Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher , widespread recognition. Ford began to be cast in bigger roles in films throughout the late 1970s, including Heroes (1977), Force 10 from Navarone (1978) and Hanover Street (1979). He also co-starred alongside Gene Wilder in

8514-464: Was highly successful, like its predecessors. During filming on June 11, 2014, Ford suffered what was said to be a fractured ankle when a hydraulic door fell on him. He was airlifted to John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford , England, for treatment. Ford's son Ben released details on his father's injury, saying that his ankle would likely need a plate and screws, and that filming could be altered slightly, with

8613-635: Was inserted into Hampton Fancher 's screenplay. Prior to the events of the film, replicants became illegal on Earth after a bloody off-world mutiny. Six replicants escaped the off-world colonies, killing 23 people and taking a shuttle to Earth; the film focuses on the pursuit of the replicants by Rick Deckard, a type of fictional police officer called a "Blade Runner", who investigates, tests, and executes replicants. Escaped replicants (all Nexus-6 models): Other replicants: While Deckard discusses Rachael with Tyrell, Tyrell states that to better control replicants he started to implant false memories to give them

8712-611: Was interested in casting Ford from the beginning, but Lucas was not, having already worked with him in American Graffiti and Star Wars . Lucas relented after Tom Selleck was unable to accept. Ford went on to reprise the role throughout the rest of the decade in the prequel Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), and the sequel Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989). During the June 1983 filming of Temple of Doom in London, Ford herniated

8811-597: Was named for Ford in 2023. In September 2013, Ford, while filming an environmental documentary in Indonesia , interviewed the Indonesian Forestry Minister, Zulkifli Hasan . After the interview, Ford and his crew were accused of "harassing state institutions" and publicly threatened with deportation . Questions within the interview concerned the Tesso Nilo National Park , Sumatra . It was alleged

8910-460: Was never mass-produced, and all the Nexus-6 models died of old age decades before). These police units are once again called Blade Runners, but are now composed of self-aware replicants with implanted memories, though they are fully aware that they are replicants and that their memories are artificial. A primary element of the Blade Runner film is the ambiguity over whether the protagonist, Deckard,

9009-469: Was nominated for Best Actor at the 58th Academy Awards for his performance in Witness , a role for which he also received BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations in the same category. Three additional Golden Globe nominations went to Ford in 1987 , 1994 and 1996 for his performances in The Mosquito Coast , The Fugitive and Sabrina . In 2000, he was the recipient of the AFI Life Achievement Award from

9108-412: Was slated to portray company lawyer A. Philip Randolph in an action-historical film entitled Night Ride Down , which would have been set around a labor union strike in the 1930s. Paramount Pictures shelved the project, after Ford quit the film over script changes he disagreed with. In the years that followed, Ford became the second actor to portray Jack Ryan in two films of the film series based on

9207-427: Was still uncredited. He was finally credited as "Harrison J. Ford" in the 1967 Western film A Time for Killing , starring Glenn Ford , George Hamilton and Inger Stevens , but the "J" did not stand for anything since he has no middle name. It was added to avoid confusion with a silent film actor named Harrison Ford , who appeared in more than 80 films between 1915 and 1932 and died in 1957. Ford later said that he

9306-428: Was the most lucrative period of Ford's career. From 1977 to 1997, he appeared in 14 films that reached the top 15 in the yearly domestic box-office rankings, 12 of which reached the top ten. Six of the films he appeared in during this time were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture , among other awards: Star Wars , Apocalypse Now , Raiders of the Lost Ark , Witness , Working Girl , and The Fugitive . In

9405-414: Was the second-highest-grossing film worldwide in 2008. Ford later said he would like to star in another sequel "if it didn't take another 20 years to digest." Other 2008 work included Crossing Over , directed by Wayne Kramer. In the film, Ford plays an ICE/ Homeland Security Investigations Special Agent, working alongside Ashley Judd and Ray Liotta . He also narrated a feature documentary film about

9504-499: Was traveling as a passenger with Clint Eastwood and Sondra Locke aboard a Gulfstream III when the jet developed an engine fire and stuck landing gear during a Paris-to-L.A. flight and was forced to land in Bangor, Maine . The charter company owning the G-3 sent another jet and mechanics to Bangor, and the group flew out on that plane the next day. On October 23, 1999, Ford was involved in

9603-463: Was unaware of the existence of the earlier actor until he came upon a star with his own name on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Ford soon dropped the "J" and worked for Universal Studios , playing minor roles in many television series throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, including Gunsmoke , Ironside , The Virginian , The F.B.I. , Love, American Style and Kung Fu . He appeared in

9702-511: Was very well received by critics upon its release in October 2017. Scott Collura of IGN called it a "deep, rich, smart film that's visually awesome and full of great sci-fi concepts" and Ford's role "a quiet, sort of gut-wrenching interpretation to Deckard and what he must've gone through in the past three decades." The film grossed $ 259.3   million worldwide, short of the estimated $ 400   million that it needed to break even . In 2019, Ford had his first voice role in an animated film, as

9801-533: Was well received by critics, some of whom thought it was his best role in years. In July 2011, Ford starred alongside Daniel Craig and Olivia Wilde in the science-fiction/western hybrid film Cowboys & Aliens . To promote the film, he appeared at San Diego Comic-Con and, apparently surprised by the warm welcome, told the audience, "I just wanted to make a living as an actor. I didn't know about this." Also in 2011, Ford starred in Japanese commercials advertising

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