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38-603: In modern times, it is generally seen as involving a commitment to personal change and the resolve to live a more responsible and humane life. In other words, being sorry for one's misdeeds. It can also involve sorrow over a specific sin or series of sins that an individual feels guilt over, or conviction that they have committed. The practice of repentance plays an important role in the soteriological doctrines of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Analogous practices have been found in other world religions as well. In religious contexts, it often involves an act of confession to God or to

76-541: A multitude of wahi pana (sacred places), and at small kuahu (altars) in individual homes. Although it is unclear when settlers first came to the Hawaiian Islands , there is significant evidence that the islands were settled no later than 800 AD and immigration continued to about 1300 AD. Settlers came from the Marquesas and greater Polynesia . At some point, a significant influx of Tahitian settlers landed on

114-460: A person who was possessed ( noho ) would go into a trance -like state, it was not an ecstatic experience but simply a communion with the known spirits. Kapu refers to a system of taboos designed to separate the spiritually pure from the potentially unclean. Thought to have arrived with Pāʻao, a priest or chief from Tahiti who arrived in Hawaiʻi sometime around 1200 AD, the kapu imposed

152-589: A role in the politics of post-contact Hawaiʻi. In the 1970s the Hawaiian religion experienced a resurgence during the Hawaiian Renaissance . In 1976 members of a group "Protect Kahoʻolawe ʻOhana " filed suit in federal court over the use of Kahoʻolawe by the United States Navy for target practice . Charging that the practice disturbed important cultural and religious sites Aluli et al. v. Brown forced

190-474: A series of restrictions on daily life. Prohibitions included: Hawaiian tradition shows that ʻAikapu was an idea led by the kahuna in order for Wākea, the sky father, to get alone with his daughter, Hoʻohokukalani without his wahine, or wife, Papa, the earth mother, noticing. The spiritually pure or laʻa , meaning "sacred" and unclean or haumia were to be separated. ʻAikapu included: Other Kapus included Mālama ʻĀina , meaning "caring of

228-562: A spiritual elder (such as a monk or priest). This confession might include an admission of guilt , a promise or intent not to repeat the offense, an attempt to make restitution for the wrong, or in some way reverse the harmful effects of the wrong where possible. Repentance ( Hebrew : תשובה , literally, "return", pronounced tshuva or teshuva ) is one element of atoning for sin in Judaism . Judaism recognizes that everybody sins on occasion, but that people can stop or minimize those occasions in

266-441: A ‘Supreme Being’ or ‘Creator God’ who is by nature ‘other than’ his creation. They do, however, claim to experience a spirit world in which beings more powerful than they are concerned for them and can be called upon for help." "Along with ancestors and gods, spirits are part of the family of Hawaiians. "There are many kinds of spirits that help for good and many that aid in evil. Some lie and deceive, and some are truthful ... It

304-481: Is hozer beteshuva ( חוזר בתשובה ‎) ( lit. , "returning in repentance"). "In a place where baalei teshuva stand", according to halakha , "even the full-fledged righteous do not stand." Repentance is a stage in Christian salvation where the believer turns away from sin . As a distinct stage in the ordo salutis its position is disputed, with some theological traditions arguing it occurs prior to faith and

342-507: Is a wonderful thing how the spirits ( ʻuhane of the dead and the ‘angels’ ( anela ) of the ʻaumākua can possess living persons. Nothing is impossible to god-spirits, akua ." King Kamehameha the Great died in 1819. Subsequently, two of his wives, Kaʻahumanu and Keōpūolani , then the two most powerful people in the kingdom, conferred with the kahuna nui , Hewahewa . They convinced young Liholiho, Kamehameha II , to overthrow

380-526: Is an ancient practice in Hawaiian religion of reconciliation and forgiveness, combined with (repentance) prayers. Similar forgiveness practices were performed on islands throughout the South Pacific , including Samoa, Tahiti and New Zealand. Traditionally hoʻoponopono is practiced by healing priests or kahuna lapaʻau among family members of a person who is physically ill. Modern versions are performed within

418-425: Is unrelated to the modern New Age practice known as " Huna ". Hawaiian religion is polytheistic , with many deities, most prominently Kāne , Kū , Lono and Kanaloa . Other notable deities include Laka , Kihawahine , Haumea , Papahānaumoku , and, most famously, Pele . In addition, each family is considered to have one or more guardian spirits known as ʻaumakua that protected family. One breakdown of

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456-517: The kapu system. They ordered the people to burn the wooden statues and to tear down the rock temples. Without the hierarchical system of religion in place, some abandoned the old gods, and others continued with cultural traditions of worshipping them, especially their family ʻaumākua . Protestant Christian missionaries arrived from the United States from 1820 onwards, and eventually gained great political, moral and economic influence in

494-422: The ʻaumākua bridged the gap between gods and man. The gods possessed great mana ; but man, too, has some mana . None of this may have been true in the time of Pāʻao , but otherwise, the Hawaiian did not seem prostrate before his gods. Heiau served as focal points for prayer in Hawaiʻi. Offerings, sacrifices , and prayers were offered at these temples, the thousands of koʻa ( shrines ),

532-631: The Reformed theological tradition arguing it occurs after faith. In Roman Catholic theology repentance is part of the larger theological concept of penance . Tawba is the Islamic concept of repenting to God due to performing any sins and misdeeds. It is a direct matter between a person and God, so there is no intercession. There is no original sin in Islam. It is the act of leaving what God has prohibited and returning to what he has commanded. The word denotes

570-551: The indigenous religious beliefs and practices of native Hawaiians , also known as the kapu system. Hawaiian religion is based largely on the tapu religion common in Polynesia and likely originated among the Tahitians and other Pacific islanders who landed in Hawaiʻi between 500 and 1300 AD. It is polytheistic and animistic , with a belief in many deities and spirits, including

608-407: The 1930s, American author Max Freedom Long originated a philosophy and practice which he called "Huna" . While Long and his successors represent this invention as a type of ancient Hawaiian occultism , scholars Rothstein and Chai consider it a New Age mix of cultural appropriation and fantasy, and not representative of traditional Hawaiian religion. Traditional beliefs have also played

646-522: The 19th century describe prayer throughout the day, with specific prayers associated with mundane activities such as sleeping, eating, drinking, and traveling. However, it has been suggested that the activity of prayer differed from the subservient styles of prayer often seen in the Western world: ...the usual posture for prayer – sitting upright, head high and eyes open – suggests a relationship marked by respect and self-respect. The gods might be awesome, but

684-499: The Hawaiian pantheon consists of the following groups: Another breakdown consists of three major groups: Not all ancient Hawaiian believed in deities. Some ancient Hawaiians were atheists , referred to as 'aia'. One Hawaiian creation myth is embodied in the Kumulipo , an epic chant linking the aliʻi , or Hawaiian royalty, to the gods. The Kumulipo is divided into two sections: night, or pō , and day, or ao , with

722-532: The Hawaiian islands, bringing with them their religious beliefs . Early Hawaiian religion resembled other Polynesian religions in that it was largely focused on natural forces such as the tides , the sky, and volcanic activity as well as man's dependence on nature for subsistence. The major early gods reflected these characteristics, as the early Hawaiians worshiped Kāne (the god of the sky and creation), Kū (the god of war and male pursuits), Lono (the god of peace, rain, and fertility) and Kanaloa (the god of

760-675: The Island of Hawaii regarding the choosing of Mauna Kea for the site location of the Thirty Meter Telescope . These protests have become known as the Thirty Meter Telescope Protests. Some Hawaiians regard Mauna Kea as the most sacred mountain of Native Hawaiian religion and culture. Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners have repeatedly failed in court to prove that these practices predate 1893 (the threshold for protection under Hawaii State law). Protests began locally within

798-495: The Kingdom of Hawaii. Most of the aliʻi converted to Christianity , including Kaʻahumanu and Keōpūolani, but it took 11 years for Kaʻahumanu to proclaim laws against ancient religious practices: Worshipping of idols such as sticks, stones, sharks, dead bones, ancient gods and all untrue gods is prohibited. There is one God alone, Jehovah. He is the God to worship. The hula is forbidden,

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836-541: The Navy to survey and protect important sites, perform conservation activities, and allow limited access to the island for religious purposes. Outrage over the unearthing of 1,000 graves (dating back to 850 AD) during the construction of a Ritz-Carlton hotel on Maui in 1988 resulted in the redesign and relocation of the hotel inland, as well as the appointment of the site as a state historic place. Since 2014 an ongoing series of protests and demonstrations have taken place on

874-434: The act of being repentant for one's misdeeds, atoning for those misdeeds, and having a strong determination to forsake those misdeeds (remorse, resolution, and repentance). If someone sins against another person, restitution is required. Dharma Shastras and Vedas advocate for self-reflection, repentance paschatapa and atonement prayaschitta. Stories such as that of Ajamila speak about forgiveness by grace of God even to

912-512: The belief that spirits are found in non-human beings and objects such as other animals, the waves, and the sky. It was only during the reign of Kamehameha I that a ruler from Hawaii island attempted to impose a singular "Hawaiian" religion on all the Hawaiian islands that was not Christianity . Today, Hawaiian religious practices are protected by the American Indian Religious Freedom Act . Traditional Hawaiian religion

950-509: The bigger picture. In Mahayana Buddhism, one of the most common repentance verses used for reflection is Samantabhadra 's Repentance Verse taken from Chapter 40 of the Flower Adornment Sutra :  For all the evil deeds I have done in the past  Created by my body, mouth, and mind,  From beginningless greed, anger, and delusion,  I now know shame and repent of them all. Hoʻoponopono (ho-o-pono-pono)

988-428: The chant ( olioli ), the song of pleasure ( mele ), foul speech, and bathing by women in public places. The planting of ʻawa is prohibited. Neither chiefs nor commoners are to drink ʻawa. Despite the outlawing of traditional Hawaiian religious practices, a number of traditions survived by integration, through practice in hiding, or through practice in rural communities in the islands. Surviving traditions include

1026-504: The family by a family elder, or by the individual alone. Soteriology Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 827535728 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 08:39:57 GMT Hawaiian religion Hawaiian religion refers to

1064-520: The first Aliʻi Nui , or "Grand Chief". This came to be called Niʻaupiʻo , the chiefly incest to create the "godly child". Punishments for breaking the kapu could include death, although if one could escape to a puʻuhonua (for example Pu'uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park ), a city of refuge, one could be saved. Kāhuna nui mandated long periods when the entire village must have absolute silence. No baby could cry, dog howl , or rooster crow, on pain of death. Human sacrifice

1102-426: The former corresponding to divinity and the latter corresponding to humankind . After the birth of Laʻilaʻi , the woman, and Kiʻi , the man, the man succeeds at seducing and reproducing with the woman before the god Kāne has a chance, thereby making the divine lineage of the gods younger than and thus subservient to the lineage of man. This, in turn, illustrates the transition of mankind from being symbols for

1140-455: The future by repenting for past transgressions. Thus, the primary purpose of repentance in Judaism is ethical self transformation. A Jewish penitent is traditionally known as a baal teshuva ( lit. , "master of repentance" or "master of return") ( Hebrew : בעל תשובה ; for a woman: בעלת תשובה ‎, baalat teshuva ; plural: בעלי תשובה ‎, baalei teshuva ). An alternative modern term

1178-716: The gods (the literal meaning of kiʻi ) into the keeper of these symbols in the form of idols and the like. The Kumulipo was recited during the time of Makahiki, to honor the god of fertility, Lono. The kahuna were well respected, educated individuals that made up a social hierarchy class that served the King and the Courtiers and assisted the Maka'ainana (Common People). Selected to serve many practical and governmental purposes, Kahuna often were healers, navigators, builders, prophets/temple workers, and philosophers. They also talked with

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1216-436: The land" and Niʻaupiʻo . Tradition says that mālama ʻāina originated from the first child of Wākea and Hoʻohokukalani being deformed so they buried him in the ground and what sprouted became the first kalo , also known as taro. The Hawaiian islands are all children of Papa, Wākea and Hoʻohokukalani so basically meaning that they are older siblings of the Hawaiian chiefs. Second child of Wākea and Hoʻohokukalani became

1254-541: The ocean). As an Indigenous culture , spread among eight islands, with waves of immigration over hundreds of years from various parts of the South Pacific , religious practices evolved over time and from place to place in different ways. Hawaiian scholar Mary Kawena Pukui , who was raised in Kaʻū, Hawaii , maintained that the early Hawaiian gods were benign. One Molokai tradition follows this line of thought. Author and researcher Pali Jae Lee writes: "During these ancient times,

1292-474: The only 'religion' was one of family and oneness with all things. The people were in tune with nature, plants, trees, animals, the ʻāina , and each other. They respected all things and took care of all things. All was pono ." "In the dominant current of Western thought there is a fundamental separation between humanity and divinity. ... In many other cultures, however, such differences between human and divine do not exist. Some peoples have no concept of

1330-529: The spirits. Kahuna Kūpaʻiulu of Maui in 1867 described a counter- sorcery ritual to heal someone ill due to hoʻopiʻopiʻo , another’s evil thoughts. He said a kapa (cloth) was shaken. Prayers were said. Then, "If the evil spirit suddenly appears ( puoho ) and possesses the patient, then he or she can be immediately saved by the conversation between the practitioner and that spirit." Pukui and others believed kahuna did not have mystical transcendent experiences as described in other religions. Although

1368-416: The worship of family ancestral gods or ʻaumākua , veneration of iwi or bones, and preservation of sacred places or wahi pana . Hula , at one time outlawed as a religious practice, today is performed in both spiritual and secular contexts. Along with the surviving traditions, some Hawaiians practice Christianized versions of old traditions. Others practice the old faith as a co-religion . In

1406-419: The worst sinners. The Buddha considered shame over doing wrong ( Pali : hiri ) and fear of the consequences of wrongdoing (Pali: otappa ) as essential safeguards against falling into evil ways and further as extremely useful in the path of purification . Also recommended was the regular practice of self-assessment or wise reflection (Pali: yoniso manasikara ) on one's own actions in relation to others and

1444-519: Was not unknown. The kapu system remained in place until 1819 (see below). Prayer was an essential part of Hawaiian life, employed when building a house, making a canoe, and giving lomilomi massage . Hawaiians addressed prayers to various gods depending on the situation. When healers picked herbs for medicine, they usually prayed to Kū and Hina, male and female, right and left, upright and supine. The people worshiped Lono during Makahiki season and Kū during times of war. Histories from

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