94-492: Malacca Sarawak Negeri Sembilan Perak Pahang Sabah Kelantan Terengganu Rentap (born Libau anak Ningkan ; c. 1800 ( bruneian empire )–1870)( Raj of sarawak ), also known as Libau Rentap , was a warrior and a recognized Iban hero in Sarawak (now a state of Malaysia) during the reign of the first White Rajah , James Brooke . His praisename, Rentap Tanah, Runtuh Menua translates from
188-452: A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 7 July 2008. Malacca City along with George Town was confirmed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011. Malacca is one of four Malaysian states without hereditary monarchies, despite being the location of one of the earliest Malay sultanates, as the local monarchy was abolished when the Portuguese conquered it in 1511. The head of state of Malacca
282-639: A fight after which the Brooke force suffered casualties including 3 sons of their Iban chief, Jugah of Lundu. After this defeat, Brooke force returned to Kuching and sent a captive home to bring Brooke's message requesting the Iban to surrender at Kuching at once to avoid further attack. Meanwhile, the Skrang boats tried to escape by paddling to the Batang Lupar river mouth where they were unsuccessfully ambushed by Brooke's schooner,
376-562: A force of some 1,200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships. They conquered the city on 24 August 1511. After seizing the city Afonso de Albuquerque spared the Hindu , Chinese and Burmese inhabitants but had the Muslim inhabitants massacred or sold into slavery. It soon became clear that Portuguese control of Malacca did not also mean that they controlled the Asian trade centred there. The Malaccan rule
470-626: A public-private partnership installed 100,000 LED street lamps along the Alor Gajah–Melaka Tengah–Jasin (AMJ) highway, which will improve road safety and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Water supply-related matters in Malacca is administered by Syarikat Air Melaka Berhad (Malacca Water Company Limited) which is headquartered at Malacca City. It was established on 1 July 2006 after it was upgraded from its predecessor Malacca Water Corporation ( Malay : Perbadanan Air Melaka ). The company
564-421: A small stockade a few miles upriver and insisted on defending it. Brereton was lured out onto the open river, followed by Lee, but their boats were swamped by Rentap's heavy war boats. Brereton's boat capsized and he swam to the riverbank, while Lee fought on and was killed, beheaded by Rentap's son-in-law, Layang. Lee's head was nicknamed Pala Tuan Lee ti mati rugi (Lee's head who died lost). Heavy fire from
658-564: A stockade on a ridge below Rentap's fort on Sadok Hill. From there, the brothers and their followers together with Rentap's fighters supported Sharif Masahor's rebellion. Malacca Malacca ( Malay : Melaka ), officially the Historic State of Malacca ( Malay : Melaka Negeri Bersejarah ), is a state in Malaysia located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula , facing
752-657: A strong foundation to their kingdom against Siam and other potential enemies. Chinese involvement was crucial for Malacca to grow into a key alternative to other important and established ports. According to Malaccan folklore, to enhance relations, Hang Li Po , a daughter of the Ming Emperor of China, arrived in Malacca, accompanied by 500 attendants, to marry Sultan Mansur Shah who reigned from 1456 until 1477. Her attendants married Malaccans and settled mostly in Bukit Cina . Malacca again sent envoys to China in 1481 to inform
846-667: A total installed generation capacity of 1,490 MW. On 16 December 2013, the Malacca State Government unveiled the draft 8,000 hectares special area called the Melaka World Solar Valley in Rembia, Alor Gajah applying solar energy as the primary alternative in all municipal activity sectors. By 2020, the government-run 7,248ha Melaka World Solar Valley aims to power most of the daily activities of manufacturers, housing developers, farmers, and other stakeholders. Recently,
940-409: A war expedition consisting of 3,500 Dayaks and 500 Malays to crush Rentap at his stronghold on Sadok Hill. By 8 June, they were building a stockade at Rapu, located at the end of Sadok Hill facing the position occupied by Rentap. Rentap's fort was formidable as it was surrounded by a cliff, and the walls were made of vertical ironwood (Tebelian) planks that could not be penetrated by rifle shots. Within
1034-563: A water supply agreement in 1993 and additional water supply agreement in 2013. Another water supply agreement is planned to be signed with Negeri Sembilan in the future. Malacca International Airport (IATA: MKZ, ICAO: WMKM) (formerly known as Batu Berendam Airport) is an airport located in Batu Berendam, Malacca, Malaysia. The airport serves the state of Malacca, as well as northern Johor, with links to Singapore provided by Scoot since October 2024. Kuala Lumpur International Airport
SECTION 10
#17330855404661128-464: Is also divided into three administrative districts of Alor Gajah, Jasin and Melaka Tengah. Each district is headed by a district officer. The lands and district office in each district deals with land administration and revenue. Thus, it differs from the local governments that oversee the provision and maintenance of urban infrastructure. Malacca signed sister state relationship memorandums with China's Jiangsu Province and Guangdong Province . From
1222-643: Is also responsible for the maintenance and delivery infrastructure of clean water in the state. Currently, there are three dams located in Malacca supplying its residents with water, which are Durian Tunggal Dam in Alor Gajah , Jus Dam and Asahan Dam in Jasin . The fourth dam, Jernih Dam , will be constructed in Taboh Naning in Alor Gajah and expected to be completed by 2018. There are three major retention basins in
1316-655: Is among the largest designated Ship-to-ship cargo transfer areas in Malaysia . Sungai Udang houses the PETRONAS Malacca Refinery Complex consisting of two refining trains, established in 1994 and 1999 and owned by PETRONAS Penapisan (Melaka) Sdn. Bhd. and Malaysian Refining Company Sdn. Bhd. respectively. The total capacity of the refinery is 270,000 barrels of oil per day. The Melaka International Trade Centre (MITC) in Ayer Keroh which opened in June 2003
1410-482: Is an exclave of the state, situated on the coast of Negeri Sembilan which it borders to the north. The major rivers within Malacca include the Malacca, Linggi and Kesang Rivers. Malacca River (Sungai Melaka) runs roughly north to south down the middle of the state, Linggi River acts as the western border of Malacca with Negeri Sembilan , while Kesang River acts as the eastern border of Malacca with Johor . Malacca has 17 islands off its coast, with Besar Island being
1504-618: Is located at Seri Negeri complex in Ayer Keroh . It houses the chief minister's office, the State Legislative Assembly , the state secretariat office and the official residence of the governor. Malacca is further divided into four municipalities, one of which is a city-level municipality, each administered by a local government . The local governments exercise power in areas such as planning and development control, public housing, public spaces, waste disposal, business licensing, markets, local transport, and municipal roads. Malacca
1598-610: Is noted for its unique history and it is one of the major tourist destinations in Malaysia. With a highly strategic state position for international trade routes, Malacca was once a well-known international trade centre in the East. Many traders anchored in Malacca, especially traders from Arabia , China and India, traded at the port of Malacca and from there were born many of the descendants and tribes that exist in Malacca to this day. A great diversity of races and ethnicities have long existed among
1692-609: Is the governor ( Malay : Yang di-Pertua Negeri ), who is appointed by the King of Malaysia . Ali Rustam is the current Governor of Malacca, having assumed office on 4 June 2020. In practice, the Governor's role is largely symbolic and ceremonial. This includes the authority to appoint the head of government and approve legislation that has been passed by the state's legislature. The Malacca state government has its own executive council and legislature, but their powers are limited compared to
1786-485: Is the leading commercial centre and the centre for meetings, incentives, conferencing and exhibitions (MICE) which plays an important role in the development of trade in Malacca. On 20 October 2010 an event was held to announce that Malacca had met the benchmark of 'Developed State' as set out by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and a declaration of "Melaka Maju 2010" (Progressive Malacca 2010)
1880-551: Is the unicameral 28-seat State Legislative Assembly , the highest authority in the state which decides on policy matters. The State Executive Council is responsible to the assembly and comprises members who are appointed every five years by the political party or coalition in power. The state government is headed by the chief minister , appointed by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri from among the State Legislative Assembly members of
1974-530: The East India Company in a war from 1831 to 1832, which resulted in a decisive British victory. It formed part of the Straits Settlements , together with Singapore and Penang . Malacca went briefly under the rule of Empire of Japan between 1942 and 1945 during World War II . After the war, Malacca was placed under a military administration until 1946. Subsequently, the Straits Settlements
SECTION 20
#17330855404662068-531: The Iban language as 'Earth-tremor, World-shaker'. His famous and frequently quoted slogan was " Agi idup, Agi ngelaban " which translates into "Still alive, still fighting". Rentap was born in the Skrang area in the Second Division in Sarawak which then is ruled by the bruneian empire . He was named Libau anak Ningkan by his father and mother, Ningkan and Imbong. They had five children, including Rentap. Not much
2162-653: The Malaysian federal government . According to the Constitution of Malaysia , the state may legislate on matters pertaining to Malay customs, land, agriculture and forestry, local government, civil and water works, and state administration, whereas matters that fall under the joint purview of both state and federal authorities include social welfare, wildlife protection and national parks, scholarships, husbandry, town planning, drainage and irrigation, and public health and health regulations. Parliament Malacca's state legislature
2256-626: The Nemesis , which was lying in wait for their return. In 1850, after Linggir's defeat at the Battle of Betting Maru, Brooke had a fort built at the junction of the Batang Skrang and the Batang Lupar rivers. The establishment of Fort James at Skrang prevented Rentap's warriors from joining those under Linggir and Aji (Dana Bayang's son) and blocked their passage to the South China Sea where they might raid
2350-562: The Portuguese colony during the first four decades of the seventeenth century. The first attack took place in 1606 under the command of Dutch Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge who laid siege to the town with the help of his ally, the Johor Sultanate . He engaged the Portuguese armada which had been sent from Goa to offer armed relief to the besieged port. On 14 January 1641, the Dutch defeated
2444-465: The Strait of Malacca . The state is bordered by Negeri Sembilan to the north and west and Johor to the south. The exclave of Tanjung Tuan also borders Negeri Sembilan to the north. Its capital is Malacca City , which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 7 July 2008 . Malacca has diverse tropical rainforest and experiences an equatorial climate . Situated immediately south of
2538-633: The Titiwangsa Mountains proper, which end near the border with Negeri Sembilan at the neighbouring towns of Pulau Sebang and Tampin , the hills are composed of Titiwangsa granite . The southernmost known Titiwangsa granite outcrop is known to be in Besar Island , off the coast of Jasin District . The 512-metre-tall Bukit Gapis, also known as Gunung Melaka, is the state's highest point. The peninsula of Tanjung Tuan (formerly known as Cape Rachado)
2632-506: The Titiwangsa Mountains , the state is mostly level and dotted with inselbergs , with Bukit Gapis as the highest point. Although it was the location of one of the earliest Malay sultanates , namely the Malacca Sultanate , the local monarchy was abolished when the Portuguese conquered it in 1511. The head of state is the Yang di-Pertua Negeri or Governor, rather than a sultan . Malacca
2726-694: The Arab sharifs in their strongholds on the Batang Lupar river and then the Dayaks on the Skrang River. According to the account of Captain Henry Keppel, on 4 June 1843, Brooke and Keppel organised a war expedition to attack the Iban Dayak of Saribas to take the land along the coast. OKP Dana Bayang's longhouse at Nanga Padeh was the strongest and most important, defended by two forts and a barrier of fallen trees that blocked
2820-555: The Arab sharifs, destroyed Sharif Sahib's stronghold at Patusin, forced out Sharif Muller at Nanga Skrang and Sharif Jaffar and Pengiran Indera Mahkota (deposed governor of Sarawak) at the upper Undop. Sharifs Sahib and Muller fled across the border to the middle Kapuas while Makhota was later captured in a mud at Lingga. The battle at upper Undop resulted in the First Lieutenant Charles Wade being killed in action and deposed Sherif Jaffer of Lingga, bringing relative peace to
2914-704: The Balau Iban from the lower Batang Lupar attacked Aji and OKP Nanang (sons of Dana Bayang) in the Padeh for supporting Rentap and attacking people along the coast who had submitted to the Sarawak government. After a very short fight, Aji and Nanang's longhouses were burnt by the Balau Dayaks. During this period, Charles Brooke continued the work of persuading chiefs to submit to the White Rajah's rule, rewarding them with open trade and
Rentap - Misplaced Pages Continue
3008-522: The Batang Lupar river and invited the Skrang Dayaks to meet him at the entrance of the Sadong River, gathering two hundred Dayak bangkongs and Malay war boats. They raided along the coast, though Brooke returned to surprise one expedition and capture several war boats. At length, the H.M.S. Dido arrived, accompanied by the company's steamer Phlegethon . It was decided to begin operations by attacking
3102-518: The Batang Saribas River from being easily entered by their enemies. Brooke's forces took and burnt this longhouse on 11 June 1843. Dana Bayang, who was already old, had delegated the fighting to his three sons: Nanang, Luyoh, and Aji. Brooke's forces proceeded up the Saribas to Karangan Pinggai and on 14 June attacked the fort of Linggir Mali Lebu, a chief mentored by Dana Bayang. They then attacked
3196-573: The Beting Maru sandbar, they were bombarded by cannon fires. Sensing danger, some of the Saribas boats stopped at the sandbar and disembarked to escape overland to Saribas with two main boats made daring attacks on the schooner but was deflected, thus escaping into the Saribas River. Brooke force chased after them upriver. At the Battle of Nanga Peka, the Paku Iban and Malay troops enticed Brooke force into
3290-602: The Betong fort. Luyoh and Nanang then joined Rentap at Sadok Hill. They brought with them a well-known cannon their father had obtained on a raid, called Bujang Timpang Berang (one-armed bachelor) as one of its handles had broken. (This gun is on display at Fort Lily, Betong, Saribas. It is marked with the year "1515", and had belonged to the Dutch East India Company in Kalimantan, West Borneo.) Luyoh and Nanang built
3384-854: The Chinese emperor in person. In 1431, when a Malaccan representative complained that Siam was obstructing tribute missions to the Ming court, the Xuande Emperor dispatched Zheng He carrying a threatening message for the Siamese king saying "You, king should respect my orders, develop good relations with your neighbours, examine and instruct your subordinates and not act recklessly or aggressively." The early kings of Malacca—Parameswara, Megat Iskandar Shah , and Sri Maharaja —understood that they could gain Ming China's protection through skilful diplomacy and thereby could establish
3478-546: The Chinese that, while Malaccan envoys were returning to Malacca from China in 1469, the Vietnamese attacked the Malaccans, killing some of them while castrating the young and enslaving them. The Malaccans reported that Vietnam was in control of Champa and also sought to conquer Malacca, but the Malaccans did not fight back, because they did not want to fight against another state that was a tributary to China without permission from
3572-658: The Chinese. They requested to confront the Vietnamese delegation to China which was in China at the time, but the Chinese informed them since the incident was years old, they could do nothing about it, and the Emperor sent a letter to the Vietnamese ruler reproaching him for the incident. The Chinese Emperor also ordered the Malaccans to raise soldiers and fight back with violent force if the Vietnamese attacked them again. In April 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque set sail from Goa to Malacca with
3666-511: The Iban Dayaks from along the Skrang River who were faithful to him, and those in the upper Saribas River who offered him aid so long as he occupied Sadok Hill. Rentap was given the title "Raja Ulu" (King of Upriver), and Sadok Hill became the centre of all opposition to the rule of the White Rajah. The fort stood as an unapproachable centre far removed from danger and a sanctuary to which they could all retire in case of need. The fort at Sadok Hill
3760-472: The MV West Scent became the first container vessel to dock at the port. The Port of Kuala Sungai Linggi , commercially known as Linggi International Floating Transshipment & Trading HUB (LIFT-HUB), is a transshipment area for liquid bulk transshipments and break-bulking located offshore of Linggi River in the Strait of Malacca . It was gazetted in 2006, covers an area of 154 km (45 sq mi) and
3854-459: The Portuguese in an effort to capture Malacca, with the help of the Sultan of Johor . The Dutch ruled Malacca from 1641 to 1798 but they were not interested in developing it as a trading centre, placing greater importance on Batavia ( Jakarta ) and Java as their administrative centre. However they still built an administrative building called, Stadthuys , which is now a landmark. In the Dutch era
Rentap - Misplaced Pages Continue
3948-559: The Sultan gave Brooke the governorship of Sarawak and the following year ceded complete sovereignty of Sarawak to Brooke, the first White Rajah . Brooke reinstalled the Malay chiefs into their former positions to help him administer their people in the state, and was highly successful in suppressing the widespread piracy of the region. While Brooke was fighting pirates in Sumatra, his enemies were emboldened. Sharif Sahib gathered Arab adventurers along
4042-531: The Sungai Lang River. In 1853, Rentap gathered his men intending to attack the fort at Nanga Skrang and push his way to the South China Sea. In command of the fort, William Brereton learned of Rentap's approach and sent word to Alan Lee, who quickly arrived with a scratch party from a nearby fort. Lee urged Brereton to defend the fort rather than facing the Iban-Dayak warriors in the open, but Brereton had built
4136-466: The Sungai Rimbas river forts at Sungai Tawai belonging to chiefs Rekaya Antau "Linggang Neneri" and Rekaya Gun "Mangku Bumi". The defeated chiefs in Saribas and Linggi from Skrang went onboard Brooke's ship to sign the peace treaty of Saribas. However, the treaty forced them to stop headhunting ( ngayau in the Iban language), and they refused to sign it. In August 1844, Brooke and Keppel forced out
4230-432: The advance trackers of Brooke's reconnoitring troop with a formidable array of war boats and thousands of men on either bank of the river, placed to effectively use spears and blowpipes. With boats and bamboo rafts blocking their retreat, the troop's white leader Mr Stewart, a Malay chief Datuk Patinggi Ali and 30 of his men were killed, and 56 others were wounded. This was the first time the Brooke officers saw how devastating
4324-461: The agricultural sectors. Malacca has successfully opened itself up to foreign investors since the early 1970s. By 1997, the state has registered a total investment of over MYR16 billion. In 2014, the state achieved a total MYR4.4 billion worth of investment, in which MYR1.8 billion came from foreign investors. In 2013, Malacca had a GDP of MYR22,646 million with a GDP per capita of MYR34,109. It had 3.2% GDP growth in 2013. The inflation rate in 2012
4418-657: The arrival of the first sultan , the area that's now Malacca was a fishing village. Malacca was founded by Parameswara , also known as Iskandar Shah. He found his way to Malacca around 1402 where he found a good port—it was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of the Strait of Malacca . In collaboration with his Proto-Malay privateers allies, called the Orang Laut ("sea-people"), he established Malacca as an international port by compelling passing ships to call there, and establishing fair and reliable facilities for warehousing and trade. In 1403,
4512-564: The building was white, the current red paint was from a later date. Malacca was ceded to the British in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 in exchange for Bencoolen on Sumatra. From 1824 to 1942, Malacca was under the rule of the British, first by the East India Company and then as a crown colony . Due to dissatisfaction with British jurisdiction over Naning , Dol Said , a local chief, fought
4606-522: The centre of the spice trade , Malacca attracted many colonial powers that engaged in wars to control it. The Port of Tanjung Bruas, located in Tanjung Kling , was constructed in the late 1970s and commenced operations in the early 1980s to provide port facilities and services to the local business communities and to handle the exportation of hinterland goods as well as the importation of raw materials. Container ship handling services began in 2019, with
4700-485: The coast. This made Wade the first white man to be a slain victim by the natives of Sarawak. The person who shot Wade with a rifle was later wounded by Mr Simpson, an officer of the Phlegethon. With this settled, Brooke was then determined to pacify the Iban Dayaks of Skrang and led a strong troop to attack Rentap. On 19 August 1844 at Karangan Peris in the Skrang area, Rentap first fought against Brooke's forces. He ambushed
4794-515: The commanding officer and led several similar sea war expeditions to raid Sambas and Pontianak, Indonesia. During one of these raiding voyages, Rentap attacked and killed a boatful of Sambas people including the nephew of Sultan Sambas. Rentap took the nephew's keris (dagger) which was distinguishable by its golden handle and gained fame from the incident, recognized by the Iban-Dayak Skrangs as their great war chief. James Brooke (1803–1868)
SECTION 50
#17330855404664888-428: The construction of forts to defend their people while preventing Rentap's followers and allies river access to the South China Sea. Aji was likewise busy visiting warriors and war leaders, inciting them to support a fight against the Sarawak government which continued to extend its power. A sore point was the submission of Linggir, a disciple of Dana Bayang, without consulting his former allies. Charles Brooke organised
4982-406: The earth forming a thick stockade. In August 1854, Rajah James Brooke proceeded up the Skrang River with a large group of warriors, about 7,000 from the Dayak and the Malay community from Kuching. Due to poor health, Brooke stayed with a strong force to protect their war boats and baggage at Enteban, the navigable extent of the Skrang. Captain John Johnson-Brooke (Rajah James Brooke's eldest nephew),
5076-407: The edges of the city proper in suburbs which include Ayer Keroh, Batu Berendam, Cheng, Taman Tasik Utama and Tanjung Kling. While outside Malacca City, industrial areas include Alor Gajah and Sungai Udang. There are around 500 factories in the state which come from Germany, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, United States etc. For small and medium-sized enterprises , a number of estates have been established by
5170-400: The fighting and war by the Iban were. On 26 August, a Skrang chief arrived, deputed by the other chiefs of Skrang to assure Captain Keppel of their submission and desire for peace. In 1849, the Iban of Saribas and Skrang combined forces to attack those living near the Batang Rajang river mouth. Brooke quickly employed his warship to surprise them upon their return. When the Iban troop reached
5264-415: The first official Chinese trade envoy led by Admiral Yin Qing arrived in Malacca. Later, Parameswara was escorted by Zheng He and other envoys in his successful visits. Malacca's relationships with Ming China granted it protection from attacks by Siam and Majapahit . Malacca officially submitted to Ming China as a protectorate . This encouraged the development of Malacca into a major trade settlement on
5358-478: The following day, driving them back and burning their longhouses. Brooke then tried to get his men to storm the Sadok Hill fort at night but they refused the risk. At midday on 15 June, Brooke's warriors began to attack the fort under the cover of their pilan screen. At 4 p.m., the attacking party reached within a few yards of the fort, whose defenders started throwing spears and stones in addition to using their muskets and small swivel cannons. At 5:30 p.m.,
5452-516: The force divided into two columns: one sent to the adjacent Julau area to punish Mujah Buah Raya (Rentap's ally); the other, led by Brooke, would attack Sadok Hill. In 1858, the Second Sadok Expedition, led by Charles Brooke, proceeded from the mouth of the Sungai Langit to the Nanga Tiga (three river mouths) at the Upper Layar River. Brooke's forces erected a stockade to leave their war boats and baggage, and advanced up-country. At Ulu Julau they defeated Mujah Buah Raya, burnt his longhouses and destroyed
5546-409: The fort at Betong. When the fort was completed in 1858, Aji made a show of defiance by having his warriors make a few exchanges of gunfire with the fort's defenders. In response, Charles Brooke led a force from the Skrang fort to punish Aji and his supporters. When they reached the mouth of the Sungai Langit, Aji suddenly appeared charging across the shallow rapids and was mortally shot. The next day,
5640-431: The fort, Rentap's warriors had built a platform from which they could shoot at a narrow backbone of rock which was the only approach to the fort. Rentap also had muskets, small cannons and a swivel-gun (captured when Alan Lee was killed at the Battle of Lintang Batang in 1853). On 9 June, a group of Iban-Dayak warriors came to assist Rentap and attempted to attack Brooke's camp. Brooke sent a division to counter-attack them
5734-409: The governing party or coalition. The chief Minister presides over a meeting of State Executive Council ministers weekly at the chief minister's office. The Chief Minister's Department is responsible for the overall administration of the state, as well as its political interest. The current chief minister is Sulaiman Md Ali of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). The administrative complex
SECTION 60
#17330855404665828-407: The hill outside their stockade. Luyoh, in anger over his brother Aji's death, went to Mukah and negotiated with Sharif Masahor . The Sharif was planning to rebel against the White Rajah, and promised to supply gunpowder to other rebels. Luyoh and his brother Nanang attempted to establish a stockade at the mouth of the Spak tributary, but it was attacked and demolished twice in a month by parties from
5922-460: The independence of Malaya on 31 August 1957. On 16 September 1963, Malaysia was formed with the merger of Malaya with Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and Malacca became part of it. The state capital, Malacca City , with a variety of architectures inherited from its colonial days, was declared a historical city on 15 April 1989 and granted city status on 15 April 2003 by the Federal Government of Malaysia . The city's historical core has been listed as
6016-431: The largest. The climate of Malacca is hot and humid throughout the year with abundant rainfall, highest between September and November. Daytime high temperatures range between 31 and 33 °C (88 and 91 °F) and nighttime lows around 23 °C (73 °F). Despite being in a location without any significant natural resources, the economy of Malacca dates back more than 500 years, due to its strategic location. As
6110-479: The late 2000s to late 2010s, two bungalows in the town of Peringgit housed galleries which display and promote foreign artwork and culture. Among these were Casa Cuba , which was established by the embassy of Cuba and the Macau Gallery , which was established by the Government of Macau . A gallery promoting the state was also established in Jakarta , Indonesia . The state of Malacca covers an area of 1,775 km (685 sq mi). It located on
6204-422: The leader of the attacking party, a Malay named Abang Aing, was struck by a musket ball while trying to set fire to the wall. Rentap's Warriors beat gongs and cheered in triumph, and the attacking party withdrew with their wounded leader that evening. Rentap victory Aji, the third son of Dana Bayang, continued to fight those who had submitted to Brooke's rule in the lower Layar river, travelling by land to bypass
6298-437: The local community reflecting its history. Malays , Chinese , Indians , Baba Nyonya , Kristang , Chitty , Temuan and Eurasians are significant ethnic groups living in the State of Malacca in the present day. The state's name dates to a popular legend surrounding the founding of the Malacca Sultanate by Parameswara , who sought a new location to establish a kingdom after fleeing a Majapahit invasion of Singapura . As
6392-417: The national-level figure of RM42,228. The State Socioeconomic Report 2017 published on 26 July 2018 reported that Malacca was the state that recorded the lowest unemployment rate in 2017 with only 1.0 percent. Malacca houses three power stations, namely the 330 MW Tanjung Kling Power Station in Tanjung Kling and 440 MW Telok Gong Power Station 1 and 720 MW Telok Gong Power Station 2 in Telok Gong , with
6486-410: The origin of the naming of Malacca claims that during the reign of Muhammad Shah (1424–1444), Arab merchants called the kingdom 'Malakat' (Arabic for 'congregation of merchants') because it was home to many trading communities. One theory suggests, as mentioned in the Suma Oriental by Tomé Pires , that it is derived from the Javanese terms melayu or mlayu (to steadily accelerate or to run), to describe
6580-404: The people living along the coast. While primarily a defensive measure to keep the peace, this was effectively an embargo against those who had not submitted to Rajah Brooke's rule, preventing them from collecting sea salt and other essentials. Rentap and his followers responded by moving farther up to the headwaters of the Saribas and Skrang, where they established a stockade on a mountain ridge at
6674-424: The planks with our own hands, we cannot climb over them and our small gun and musket shots make no effect on them." Thus they decided to abandon the attack. The retreat began at once. Rentap mocked them by saying "Bring all your fire guns from England and we are not afraid of you." Some shouted " Agi idup, agi ngelaban !" (Still alive, still fighting!). However, he and his men did not pursue the retreating party down
6768-511: The southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula opposite Sumatra , with the state of Negeri Sembilan to the north and west and Johor to the east. Malacca is situated roughly two-thirds of the way down the west coast, 149 km (93 mi) south of Kuala Lumpur and has a central position on the Strait of Malacca . With the exception of some of its small hills , Malacca is generally a lowland area with average elevation of less than 50 metres above sea level. While being relatively isolated from
6862-495: The species have since been planted as ornamentals in various state attractions. However, some researchers like those of the Forestry Research Institute of Malaysia speculate that the legendary name-giving tree may have been the species Phyllanthus pectinatus more endemic to Malay Archipelago forests which superficially resemble P. emblica . There is no geographical overlap between the species. Another account on
6956-473: The state government. In 2016, Malacca became the safest place to live in Malaysia. The state crime rates dropped by 15.5 per cent in 2017 with 3,096 cases recorded compared to 3,663 in 2016. Malacca recorded a gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 8.1% in 2017, the second highest in the country after Sabah. Services sector remained the main contributor to the state’s economy at 44.8% of GDP. The GDP per capita also expanded 11.2% to RM46,015 in 2017, surpassing
7050-458: The state, which are Kesang Satu Lake, Kesang Dua Lake and Ayer Keroh Lake . Raw water is supplied from the Malacca River , Kesang River and Gerisik River. Daily water consumption for Malacca is 500 million litres and each resident consumes 220 litres per day, higher than the national average of 180 litres per day. The Malacca State Government signed an agreement with Johor State Government on
7144-427: The stockade then forced Rentap's warriors to retreat upriver, where they came under attack from a rival chief who had sided with the White Rajah. Twenty longhouses belonging to Rentap and his followers were burned. Brooke managed to entice Orang Kaya Gasing and the lower Skrang Iban to support him. In December 1853, Rentap and Bulan Apai Jelani agreed to meet with Brooke for a peace talk on the Skrang River. While Rentap
7238-416: The story goes, Parameswara was resting under a Malacca tree ( Malay : pokok melaka ) near a river during a hunt, when one of his dogs cornered a mouse deer . In self-defence, the mouse deer pushed the dog into the river. Impressed by the courage of the deer, and taking it as a good omen of the weak overcoming the powerful, Parameswara decided then to found an empire at that spot. He named this empire after
7332-562: The strong current of a river in Sumatra that today bears the name Sungai Melayu ('Melayu river') which was later possibly adopted to be Melaka as denoting a place for the fleeing prince. [REDACTED] Portuguese Malacca 1511–1641 [REDACTED] Dutch East India Company 1641–1795 [REDACTED] Dutch East Indies 1818–1825 [REDACTED] British Straits Settlements 1825–1946 [REDACTED] Crown Colony of Malacca 1946–1957 [REDACTED] Federation of Malaya 1957–1963 [REDACTED] Malaysia 1963–present Before
7426-475: The surrounding paddy fields . The expedition reached the summit of Sadok Hill and erected a stockade within firing distance of a small mortar they had brought with them. They fired 50 rounds of shell to little effect. Rentap did not return fire and the place seemed to be deserted. Some of Brooke's men approached the fort and when they were very close, Rentap's warriors opened fire. Some of Brooke's war chiefs begged him to stop attacking, saying "We cannot pull up
7520-515: The trade route between China and India, the Middle East , Africa and Europe. During the early 15th century, Ming China actively sought to build in Malacca a commercial hub and a base of operation for their treasure voyages into the Indian Ocean . Malacca had been a relatively insignificant region, not even qualifying as a polity prior to the voyages according to both Ma Huan and Fei Xin , and
7614-433: The tree where he had just taken shelter. This story shows remarkable similarities with and was probably adapted (as some historians argued) from folk-tales from Kandy , Sri Lanka, and Pasai , Sumatra (both of which pre-date Malacca). The "Malacca tree" was taken as a basis for the species Phyllanthus emblica named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 through Latinising its original Sanskrit name आमलक ( āmalaka ), to which
7708-466: The two parties, they did not reach any satisfactory results, and Rentap, the chief of the upper Skrang Iban swore that he would never again meet the white men to talk about peace or anything else. Rentap and his followers continued strengthening his fort in Sungai Lang. This fort at the headwaters of the Skrang River, on a hill cleared of jungle, was surrounded by steep slopes with high stakes driven into
7802-482: Was 1.6%. As of 2015 , the Malacca State Government has an outstanding MYR861.7 million of loan to the federal government . In 2014, the state government's reserve amounted to MYR206.61 million. The unemployment rate in 2014 was 0.9% or around 3,500 people. The state has a relatively well-educated population, with a youth literacy rate of 99.5% as reported by Malaysia Millennium Development Goals Report 2015. Currently there are 23 industrial areas which are centred along
7896-453: Was a commotion inside the fort and the women and children were seen fleeing from the opposite side. The Malay Chief Panglima Seman, a Kalaka Malay of the White Rajah's forces, advanced on the fort as the sunset. His warriors opened the stakes with their hands and jumped inside the fort, drawing swords to attack. 50 to 60 of Libau Rentap's warriors were seen racing away over the open ground, covering their bodies with shields as they fled. Rentap
7990-530: Was a vassal region of Siam . In 1405, the Ming court dispatched Admiral Zheng He with a stone tablet enfeoffing the Western Mountain of Malacca as well as an imperial order elevating the status of the port to a country. The Chinese also established a government depot (官廠) as a fortified cantonment for their soldiers. Ma Huan reported that Siam did not dare to invade Malacca thereafter. The rulers of Malacca, such as Parameswara in 1411, would pay tribute to
8084-692: Was abolished, as the British sought to consolidate the various political entities in British Malaya under a single polity named the Malayan Union . The now separate Crown Colony of Malacca was consequently merged into the Malayan Union, which was then replaced by the Federation of Malaya in 1948. The declaration of independence was made by the first Prime Minister of Malaya, Tunku Abdul Rahman , at Padang Pahlawan on 20 February 1956, which eventually led to
8178-430: Was about 2,725 feet above sea level and almost inaccessible on every side because of the cliff. Rentap was satisfied that his fort was very strong and could not be conquered by his enemies. The Iban Dayak thus boasted to themselves that: "The White Man are powerful, having arms and ships at sea but it is only we who are the Iban Dayak, who can walk and fight on land and clamber mountains." In April 1857, Charles Brooke with
8272-738: Was born in India and served as a cavalry lieutenant in the Bengal Army during the First Anglo-Burmese War , before retiring to England to recover from a serious wound. In 1833, he used an inheritance to purchase the schooner Royalist and began trading in the Far East. In August 1839, Brooke arrived in Kuching , Sarawak and gave his assistance in crushing a Malay rebellion against the Sultan of Brunei . In 1841,
8366-505: Was known about Rentap until he was appointed as a manok sabong (English: lead warrior, literally 'fighting cock') by Chief Orang Kaya Pemancha Dana "Bayang" (commonly OKP Dana Bayang or Dana Bayang). Rentap was mentored by Dana Bayang and accompanied him on major ngayau ( headhunting ) expeditions from south of Sarawak to the Kapuas River in what is now West Kalimantan, Indonesia. When Dana Bayang grew old, Libau Rentap took over as
8460-425: Was made. As of 2012 , service sector had the largest share of Malacca's economy at 46.9%, followed by manufacturing at 43.5%, agriculture at 6.5%, construction at 2.9% and mining at 0.1%. In terms workforce numbers, as of 2013 , there were 275,000 people working in the industrial sectors, 225,000 people working in the service sectors, 35,000 people working in the entrepreneurship sectors and 12,300 people working in
8554-580: Was placed in command of the war expedition, accompanied by his younger brother Charles Brooke, Brereton, and five other English officers. They marched for four days to reach Rentap's fort and began their attack. A four-pounder gun and rockets were fired at one end of the fort while three-pounder guns were fired at the other. Rentap's forces returned fire with a small cannon and shouted their war-cries: Agi bedarah, agi ngelaban and Agi idup, agi ngelaban (English: 'Still bleeding, still fighting' and 'Still living, still fighting). Early that afternoon, there
8648-606: Was said to have been wounded and carried away by his warriors to a second and much stronger fort located on the summit of Sadok Hill (a.k.a. Bukin Sadok or Mount Sadok). Rentap's fort at Sadok Hill was regarded by the Iban Dayaks as impregnable. In the Iban-Dayak legends and chants, the Iban-Dayak community describe Sadok Hill (Bukit Sadok) as an inaccessible mountain, protected by the legendary characters of Panggau Libau – namely, Keling Bunga Nuing, Laja Bunga Jawa and many others – that no enemy would dare to attack it. Rentap had gathered all
8742-585: Was severely hampered by administrative and economic difficulties. Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating Asian trade, the Portuguese had disrupted the organised network that had existed. The centralised port of exchange of Asian wealth was now gone, as was a Malay state to police the Strait of Malacca which had made it safe for commercial traffic. Trade was now scattered over a number of ports that fought amongst each other. The Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier spent several months in Malacca in 1545, 1546, and 1549. The Dutch launched several attacks on
8836-466: Was strongly opposed to the presence of white men, Jelani was the figurehead of a party that did not support either side of the conflict but watched to see which would win. Brooke was accompanied by his nephew, Charles Brooke , the Tuan Muda (heir presumptive to the White Rajah, literally 'young lord'), who would become Rentap's opponent in upcoming battles. Despite several meetings to discuss matters between
#465534