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121-617: The second generation had a different design from the third generation Clio and was built on the platform of the first generation car. A third generation was introduced in late 2012, as a derivative version of the second generation Dacia Logan . Its key markets are Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, the Maghreb and the Persian Gulf states , most notably countries like Turkey, Brazil, Romania, Russia, Algeria, Colombia and Tunisia. In late 1999,

242-568: A CNG version was introduced towards the end of the year. The interior of the pre-facelifted model was kept in the South American facelift version. In Colombia, automatic transmission was added in 2004 to the Symbol Expression , and the new interior of the facelift model was added in 2008, with some differences from the European version, including the location of the electric window controls,

363-429: A clutchless manual , is a type of multi-speed automobile transmission system that is closely based on the mechanical design of a conventional manual transmission , and automates either the clutch system, the gear shifting, or both simultaneously, requiring partial, or no driver input or involvement. Earlier versions of these transmissions that are semi-automatic in operation, such as Autostick , control only

484-419: A planetary (epicyclic) gearset , hydraulic controls , and a torque converter . Other types of automatic transmissions include continuously variable transmissions (CVT), automated manual transmissions (AMT), and dual-clutch transmissions (DCT). The 1904 Sturtevant "horseless carriage gearbox" is often considered to be the first true automatic transmission. The first mass-produced automatic transmission

605-569: A 1.9-litre diesel (65 hp; non-turbo), in Colombia with the 1.4-litre, 8-valve, and in Brazil either with the 1.6-litre, 16-valve or with a 1.0-L, 16-valve petrol (70 hp; 52 kW). Initial trim designations were RN ( RNA, RND ) and RT ( RTE, RTD ), but later they received designated names: Authentique , Expression , Dynamique , Alizé , Privilège etc. It was facelifted in March 2002, gaining

726-408: A 7-inch touchscreen display with multimedia functions and a navigation software included. Other new features are speed limiter , cruise control, rear parking sensors, and front and side airbags, as well as ABS and ESP, as standard. The interior has been significantly revised, with new chromed elements added, and the hood is now supported with a strut . A new Eco button, placed on the dashboard, limits

847-521: A French magazine, Dacia cars were voted one of the safest cars in France. Another reason is their low maintenance and repair costs. According to the survey, Dacia cars were the cheapest to maintain and repair. In Germany, Dacia was placed on the second position in the 2010 Vehicle Ownership Satisfaction Study released by J. D. Power and Associates in June 2010. The Logan MCV ( Multi Convivial Vehicle ), launched at

968-508: A constant angular velocity while the vehicle moves at varying speeds. CVTs are used in cars , tractors , UTVs , motor scooters , snowmobiles , and earthmoving equipment . The most common type of CVT uses two pulleys connected by a belt or chain , however, several other designs have also been used. A dual-clutch transmission (DCT, sometimes referred to as a twin-clutch transmission , or double-clutch transmission ) uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets . The design

1089-479: A form of manual transmission which removed the reliance on the driver's skill to achieve smooth gear shifts. The first automatic transmission using hydraulic fluid was developed in 1932 by two Brazilian engineers, José Braz Araripe and Fernando Lehly Lemos. The evolution towards mass-produced automatic transmissions continued with the 1933–1935 REO Motor Car Company Self-Shifter semi-automatic transmission, which automatically shifted between two forward gears in

1210-770: A fully electric version based on the Largus Furgon model, and AvtoVAZ's first production electric vehicle since the Ellada in the early 2010s. Logan production began with a 4-door sedan , followed by a wagon in September 2006. Four other models, a pick-up truck , a panel van , a related hatchback (the Sandero ) and a facelifted sedan followed in 2007 and 2008. Dacia sales for 2006 were over €1.5 billion, 19.6% more than in 2005. Annual production has reached almost 250,000 cars, half for exports. As of March 2009, more than 1.3 million vehicles on

1331-527: A gearbox, operated manually or automatically, to drive the wheels over a wide range of speeds. Globally, 43% of new cars produced in 2015 were manual transmissions, falling to 37% by 2020. Automatic transmissions have long been prevalent in the United States, but only started to become common in Europe much later. In Europe in 1997, only 10–12% of cars had automatic transmissions. In 1957 over 80% of new cars in

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1452-488: A jury made up of journalists from fifteen countries, mainly emerging markets in Eastern and Central Europe. The Turkish police forces use second generation Renault Symbol cars. According to Renault, the engines used on this model are of the latest generation at the date of release. The third generation was revealed at the 2012 Istanbul Motor Show, and it is a rebadged version of the second generation Dacia/Renault Logan . It

1573-413: A manual transmission. The 1904 Sturtevant "horseless carriage gearbox" is often considered to be the first automatic transmission for motor vehicles. At higher engine speeds, high gear was engaged. As the vehicle slowed down and engine speed decreased, the gearbox would shift back to low. However, the transmission was prone to sudden failure, due to the transmission being unable to withstand forces from

1694-487: A more expensive version of the car, starting at around €7,500. It was an unexpected success with people wanting an inexpensive, no-frills car they could repair themselves. On 1 July 2008, almost four years after the release of the first Logan, a facelifted version called the Dacia New Logan was announced. The new version features a more modern design and a more attractive and more comfortable interior. This facelift

1815-420: A passenger airbag, power steering, electric front windows, a radio, two rear seat head restraints and remote locking. The third trim level, Laureate, added front fog lights, air conditioning, a trip computer, electric mirrors, three rear seat head restraints and a multi-adjustable driver seat. The top trim level, Ambition also had ABS, electric rear windows, a CD player and alloy wheels. The 1.6-litre petrol engine

1936-400: A patent was approved in the United States describing the operation of a transmission where the manual shifting of gears and manual operation of a clutch was eliminated. This patent was submitted by Henry R. Hoffman from Chicago and was titled: Automatic Gear Shift and Speed Control . The patent described the workings of such a transmission as "...having a series of clutches disposed intermediate

2057-428: A range of 200 mi (320 km) per charge, giving a top highway speed as high as 75 mph (121 km/h). EMC planned to use regenerative braking and is coupled to an automatic shiftless button transmission. The battery can be charged through a J1772 plug or from wall outlets of either 120 or 240 volts. This venture has since collapsed into bankruptcy. The Lada e-Largus was announced on August 8, 2022, being

2178-445: A separate transmission control unit . This allows for more precise control of shift points, shift quality, lower shift times and manual control. The first five-speed automatic was the ZF 5HP18 transmission , debuting in 1991 on various BMW models. The first six-speed automatic was the ZF 6HP26 transmission , which debuted in the 2002 BMW 7 Series (E65) . The first seven-speed automatic was

2299-465: Is 25,000 units per year, which may eventually be increased to 75,000 vehicles per year. The model produced for South America (where it is marketed mainly as the Renault Logan) and Turkey and Algeria retains small design differences, both at the exterior and the interior. The interior differs mainly at the central part of the dashboard, whereas the exterior has a different front end design, incorporating

2420-502: Is a joint venture, 51 percent of which belongs to Renault of France. Forty-nine percent of Renault Pars' shares is jointly held by Iran's Industrial Development and Renovation Organization , IKCO and Saipa Group . The company was established in 2003. In 2010, IKCO and Pars Khodro started to produce CNG Tondar 90s which can run on both petrol and CNG. They stopped producing CNG models in 2012. In 2013, IKCO started to produce Tondar 90s with automatic gearbox and they also made it comply with

2541-577: Is attributed to the increasing number of electric and hybrid cars, and the ease of integrating it with safety systems such as Autonomous Emergency Braking . The efficiency, power output as a percentage of input, of conventional automatic transmissions ranges from 86 to 94%. Manual transmissions are more fuel efficient than all but the newest automatic transmissions due to their inherently low parasitic losses, typically of about 4%, in addition to being cheaper to make, lighter, better performing, and of simpler mechanical design. However, manual transmissions have

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2662-415: Is available in seven colours and two trim levels. In Chile, it is equipped with a 1.6-litre petrol engine, capable of developing 61 kW (83 PS) and 131 N⋅m (13.4 m⋅kgf). It comes in three trim levels: Expression, Dynamique and Privilege. In the first quarter of 2017, it was facelifted, receiving design modifications to the front with LED daytime running lights and more significantly to

2783-612: Is available in three equipment levels: Authentique , Expression and Privilège . Features included by Authentique are driver airbag , rev-counter or body-coloured front and rear bumpers. Expression adds hydraulic power steering, trip computer , electric front windows, height adjustable steering wheel and front seats, folding rear bench seat, rear headrests and body-coloured mirrors and electric central locking with remote control. Privilège adds electric mirrors, leather-trimmed steering wheel, foglamps , rear electric windows and radio- CD player with MP3 playback. In terms of safety,

2904-484: Is available only with the 1.2-litre engine. Ambiance has body-coloured bumpers, wheel covers, Eco mode function, power lock doors , front power windows or CD player , and as options there are metallic paint , fog lights and air conditioning. Laureate adds body-coloured door handles , fog lights as standard and trip computer, and additionally can be ordered with metallic paint , Media Nav system, leather upholstery, parking sensors, cruise control or alloy wheels. This

3025-521: Is connected to the engine via a torque converter (or a fluid coupling prior to the 1960s), instead of the friction clutch used by most manual transmissions . A hydraulic automatic transmission uses planetary gearsets instead of the manual transmission's design of gears lined up along input, output and intermediate shafts. To change gears, the hydraulic automatic uses a combination of internal clutches, friction bands or brake packs. These devices are used to lock certain gears, thus setting which gear ratio

3146-847: Is continued to be produced as the Lada Largus under the Lada brand at AvtoVAZ. The coupé utility version of the Logan, also based on the MCV, was introduced on 10 September 2007 (4 October 2007 at the Bucharest International Motor Show), and replaced the Dacia Pick-Up . Sales began in Romania in 2008, with the price ranging between €7,300 and €9,450. Logan Pick-Up was discontinued by Dacia in July 2012, and it

3267-404: Is in use at a given time. A sprag clutch (a ratchet-like device which can freewheel and transmits torque in only one direction) is often used for routine gear shifts. The advantage of a sprag clutch is that it eliminates the sensitivity of timing a simultaneous clutch release/apply on two planetary gearsets, simply "taking up" the drivetrain load when actuated, and releasing automatically when

3388-449: Is integrated into the engine control unit (ECU). Modern designs have replaced the centrifugal governor with an electronic speed sensor that is used as an input to the TCU or ECU. Modern transmissions also factor in the amount of load on an engine at any given time, which is determined from either the throttle position or the amount of intake manifold vacuum. The multitude of parts, along with

3509-707: Is manufactured in Bursa, Turkey, and went sale on the Turkish market at the beginning of 2013, also being released in Algeria and Tunisia. It is also manufactured and sold in Brazil since November 2013, as the Renault Logan. In Chile it is marketed as the Renault Symbol. In November 2014, the Renault Symbol began assembly from CKD kits in a new plant in Oran, Algeria. Its production capacity

3630-733: Is marketed as the Renault Logan , and furthermore Mexico, where the Logan was sold as the Nissan Aprio , given the better reputation of the Japanese brand and stronger brand recognition of Nissan itself in the Mexican market. The Nissan Aprio has the 1.6-litre 16 valve inline-four engine with a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission , and was assembled in Brazil. It was later discontinued from that market in August 2010, due to decreasing sales, and

3751-874: Is named the International Logistics Network and is located near the Mioveni plant in Romania . It is the biggest logistic centre of its kind, not only within the Renault Group but in the entire global automotive industry. In markets where Renault has a presence, such as Europe (Russia excepted), Turkey, the Maghreb, and Chile, it is generally sold as the Dacia Logan. Exceptions are South Africa, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine, Colombia, Ecuador, Israel, Egypt, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Saudi Arabia, India, Nepal and Venezuela where it

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3872-454: Is not possible to push start a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission with no rear pump (aside from several automatics built prior to 1970, which also included a rear pump for towing and push-starting purposes). The pressure of the ATF is regulated by a governor connected to the output shaft, which varies the pressure depending on the vehicle speed. The valve body inside the transmission

3993-602: Is not sold in Mexico, leaving Renault without a saloon in the Mexican market. Also in the first quarter of 2017, the updated version was launched in several Persian Gulf states, such as Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar. Dacia Logan The Dacia Logan is a family of automobiles produced and marketed jointly by the French manufacturer Renault and its Romanian subsidiary Dacia since mid-2004, and

4114-505: Is often similar to two separate manual transmissions with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. In most car and truck applications, the DCT functions as an automatic transmission, requiring no driver input to change gears. The first DCT to reach production was the Easidrive automatic transmission introduced on the 1961 Hillman Minx mid-size car. This

4235-450: Is pressurized by a pump and then directed to the appropriate bands/clutches to obtain the required gear ratio. The ATF provides lubrication, corrosion prevention, and a hydraulic medium to transmit the power required to operate the transmission. Made from petroleum with various refinements and additives, ATF is one of the few parts of the automatic transmission that needs routine service as the vehicle ages. The main pump which pressurises

4356-403: Is responsible for directing hydraulic pressure to the appropriate bands and clutches. It receives pressurized fluid from the main pump and consists of several spring-loaded valves, check balls, and servo pistons. In older automatic transmissions, the valves use the pump pressure and the pressure from a centrifugal governor on the output side (as well as other inputs, such as throttle position or

4477-622: Is specially prepared to handle lower quality fuel, whereas the air conditioning is powerful enough to lower the temperature several degrees (temperatures above 40 °C are common in the Middle East and the Mediterranean Sea ). In Romania , it was initially available in four trim levels: Ambiance, Preference, Laureate and Ambition. The basic trim level, Ambiance, featured a driver airbag, optional body-coloured bumpers, wheel trims and electric door locks. The second trim level, Preference, added

4598-511: Is the General Motors Hydramatic four-speed hydraulic automatic, which was introduced in 1939. Automatic transmissions are also found in some heavy commercial vehicles, particularly those which are subject to intense stop/start operation such as buses and waste collection vehicles . Vehicles with internal combustion engines, unlike electric vehicles, require the engine to operate in a narrow range of rates of rotation, requiring

4719-458: Is the only equipment level available for the 90 hp (67 kW) version of the 1.5-litre diesel engine. In June 2014, a limited edition was made available in order to celebrate 10 years since the model's launch. There will be produced only 2,000 units of this version, which features new equipment such as automatic air conditioning, double optic fog lights, mirror-mounted repeaters, 16-inch wheels, along with several special design elements like

4840-412: The 2006 Paris Motor Show , is the station wagon version of the Logan. It has 5- or 7-seat versions, with a luggage space between 200 and 2,350 litres depending on how many seats are folded, and numerous storage spaces for smaller objects. It has a wheelbase longer by 275 mm (10.8 in) than the saloon , and larger rear doors for easy access to the third row of seats. It uses the same engines as

4961-732: The Clio Symbol began production in Turkey, as the sedan version of the Clio II . It was subsequently launched in other countries, under different names, depending on the market: Clio Symbol , Thalia , Clio Sedan , Clio 4 Puertas , Symbol , or Clio Classic . The car was intended for sale in developing countries, where saloons were traditionally preferred over hatchbacks, most notably in Eastern Europe. In some Latin American markets, like Chile and Mexico,

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5082-505: The Dynamique trim level. Throughout the following years, two other versions of the dCi engine were featured in the range: the 65 hp version was upgraded to 70 hp (following the introduction of the Euro IV emission standards from January 2005) and a more powerful version of 80 hp and 185 Nm (in the second half of 2004). A new 1.2-litre, 16-valve engine (75 hp, 105 Nm)

5203-615: The Mercedes-Benz 7G-Tronic transmission , which debuted a year later. In 2007, the first eight-speed transmission to reach production was the Toyota AA80E transmission . The first nine-speed and ten-speed transmissions were the 2013 ZF 9HP transmission and 2017 Toyota Direct Shift-10A (used in the Lexus LC ) respectively. The gear selector is the input by which the driver selects the operating mode of an automatic transmission. Traditionally

5324-555: The Renault Logan , Nissan Aprio , Mahindra Verito , Renault L90 , Lada Largus (the MCV ), Nissan NP200 (the pick-up ), Renault Symbol (Mk3), Renault Taliant , and as the Renault Tondar 90 depending on the existing presence or positioning of the Renault brand. Since its launch, the Dacia Logan is estimated to have reached over 4 million sales worldwide. The first-generation Logan

5445-671: The Versa replaced it for the 2012 model year. In Brazil, it was manufactured by Renault at the São José dos Pinhais factory since 2007, with the facelifted model being introduced in 2010. In South Africa , only the pick-up version was manufactured, at the Nissan factory in Rosslyn, starting from 2009. In India, the Logan was marketed as the Mahindra Renault Logan . In 2005, Renault partnered

5566-475: The clutch system automatically — and use different forms of actuation (usually via an actuator or servo ) to automate the clutch, but still require the driver's input and full control to manually actuate gear changes by hand. Modern versions of these systems that are fully automatic in operation, such as Selespeed and Easytronic , require no driver input over gear changes or clutch operation. Semi-automatic versions require only partial driver input (i.e.,

5687-571: The saloon , and an important improvement was the availability of side airbags . It has been considered a competitor for compact MPVs , for its dimensions and the 7-seat capacity. Sales on the Romanian market began in October 2006 with prices ranging between €8,200 and €12,550, while sales to other countries began in early 2007. A revised version, with the new lights and bumper from the New Logan saloon ,

5808-618: The "Forward" mode (or between two shorter gear ratios in the "Emergency low" mode). Driver involvement was still required during normal driving, since standing starts required the driver to use the clutch pedal. This was followed in 1937 by the Oldsmobile Automatic Safety Transmission . Similar in operation to the REO Self-Shifter , the Automatic Safety Transmission shifted automatically between

5929-522: The 1.5-litre diesel engine, available with two power outputs. Their performance figures are predominantly similar to the ones of the second generation Sandero . Later, the 1.2-litre LPG variant was discontinued, in favor of the 0.9 TCe, as the first did not meet the new Euro 6 emission standards. Another addition was the Media Nav system, already introduced earlier in the same year on the Lodgy , consisting of

6050-424: The 1980s, automatic transmissions with four gear ratios became increasingly common, and many were equipped with lock-up torque convertors in order to improve fuel economy. Electronics began to be more commonly used to control the transmission, replacing mechanical control methods such as spring-loaded valves in the valve body. Most systems use solenoids which are controlled by either the engine control unit , or

6171-406: The 1990s, systems to manually request a specific gear or an upshift/downshift have become more common. These manumatic transmissions offer the driver greater control over the gear selection that the traditional modes to restrict the transmission to the lower gears. Use of the manumatic functions are typically achieved either via paddles located beside the steering column, or "+" and "-" controls on

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6292-554: The ABS and passenger airbag were options that could be added to lower levels too. Automatic air conditioning was available as an extra feature. It scored 12 points out of 16 in a frontal crash test conducted by the Russian magazine Autoreview in 2002, which was considered equivalent to the result scored by the hatchback version in the Euro NCAP testing. Over 600,000 units were sold worldwide since

6413-425: The ATF is typically a gear pump mounted between the torque converter and the planetary gear set. The input for the main pump is connected to the torque converter housing, which in turn is bolted to the engine's flexplate, so the pump provides pressure whenever the engine is running. A disadvantage of this arrangement is that there is no oil pressure to operate the transmission when the engine is not running, therefore it

6534-597: The Ambition trim level. In September 2006, several improvements were introduced to the range, such as a new button for the trunk lid, a new knob for the gear lever, crystal rear lamps, as well as new designs for the wheel trims and the alloy wheels in addition to three new paint colours. Also, the new top of the range level Prestige was introduced, which featured larger door mirrors, body-coloured bumpers (entirely), side moldings and door handles, leather-trimmed gear lever and steering wheel, as well as other interior refinements. It

6655-529: The Corvair. Most cars use a "P–R–N–D–L" layout for the gear selector, which consists of the following positions: Some automatic transmissions, especially by General Motors from 1940 to 1964, used a layout with reverse as the bottom position (e.g. N–D–L–R or P–N–D–L–R). Many transmissions also include positions to restrict the gear selection to the lower gears and engages the engine brake . These positions are often labelled "L" (low gear), "S" (second gear) or

6776-678: The Eastern and Central Europe, Russia, Turkey, North Africa and as well the Persian Gulf States. Development of the project (codenamed L35 ) took 26 months. The main production site remains the Oyak-Renault plant in Bursa , Turkey , and from 2009 it was also manufactured in the Santa Isabel factory in Córdoba, Argentina , for the South American market and only with the 1.6-litre, 16-valve engine. It

6897-727: The Euro 4 standard, including the diesel engine, whose power has increased to 70 hp. The Logan, vital to increasing sales of the Renault group to the 4 million mark by 2010, is manufactured in nine production and operational assembly centres: Romania (Automobile Dacia), the pilot plant of the Logan Programme, Russia ( Avtoframos ), Morocco ( Somaca ), Colombia ( Sofasa ), Iran (two assembly plants ( Iran Khodro and Pars Khodro ) supervised by Renault-Pars ), India ( Mahindra ), Brazil (Renault), and South Africa ( Nissan South Africa ). The CKD centre

7018-563: The Euro IV standards. A facelifted version is sold as the Tondar 90+, along with the original one. There is also a pickup version called the Tondar Pick-Up. In 2014 Renault updated the transmission of Logan for Iranian market using JHQ gearbox instead of regular JH3 to make the car more reliable. By 2018, Renault had left the Iranian market but in 2023, Pars Khodro released a facelifted version of

7139-685: The European model and the Platina, the interior was upgraded to the one used in the facelifted Clio II, with very minor parts commonality with Mégane II , as well as new standard and optional equipment, such as automatic air conditioning and a CD player . This model was offered in three equipment levels: Authentique , Expression and Dynamique . Expression included driver airbag, air conditioning, trip computer, electric mirrors, electric front windows, CD-player and height-adjustable steering wheel. Dynamique added passenger airbag, ABS, electric rear windows, body-coloured door handles and alloy rims, although

7260-610: The Hydra-Matic included a wide spread of ratios (allowing both good acceleration in first gear and cruising at low engine speed in top gear) and the fluid coupling handling only a portion of the engine's torque in the top two gears (increasing fuel economy in those gears, similar to a lock-up torque converter). Use of the Hydra-Matic spread to other General Motors brands and then to other manufacturers starting 1948 including Hudson , Lincoln , Kaiser , Nash , Holden (Australia), as well as Rolls-Royce and Bentley licensing production in

7381-450: The Indian utility and commercial vehicles manufacturer Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M). The Logan was launched in India in April 2007, as a collaboration with Mahindra, who helped Renault cut costs by 15%. India was the first right-hand drive market for the Logan. Logan could not make it in the Indian market, selling just over 44,000 vehicles since then, with an additional 2,600 vehicles in Nepal and South Africa where M&M also held

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7502-445: The Laureate, Ambition and Prestige levels. In June 2009, the new 1.2-litre 16-valve petrol engine was added for both the Logan and the Sandero. The engine was capable of developing a maximum power of 75 hp (55 kW) and 107 N⋅m (79 lb⋅ft) of torque. In June 2005, the car achieved a three-star rating at the Euro NCAP crash tests. This result confirms initial expectations stated previously by Renault. Depending on

7623-406: The Logan platform have been sold worldwide. On 3 September 2009, it was announced that one million Dacia cars on the Logan platform X90 have been produced at the Mioveni plant: 576,887 Logans, 246,869 Logan MCVs, 144,931 Sanderos and Stepways, 19,897 Logan VANs and 11,416 Logan Pick-Ups. One of the reasons for the increase in sales is the dependability of Dacia cars. In a recent survey conducted by

7744-469: The Logan was launched on 23 January 2007 in Bucharest. It is a small business oriented vehicle, with 2,500 litre loading space and 800 kg payload. The Logan Van is more or less an MCV without the rear side windows and therefore has the same safety features and uses the same engines as the other models (except the 1.6 16v engine). Production of this model was stopped in August 2012. Since its launch, over 53,000 units were manufactured. The panel van version

7865-426: The NP200 is discontinued. It is also offered, as of 2016, in Iran, as the Renault Tondar Pick-Up. The second generation Logan was revealed by Dacia at the 2012 Paris Motor Show . Official photos with the new Logan were released on 17 September 2012. It shares the same front end design with the second generation Sandero , also revealed at the motor show, as well as other elements too. According to Dacia, 60% of

7986-410: The UK and providing the transmission to Jensen Motors , Armstrong Siddeley and other UK manufacturers. During World War II, the Hydra-Matic was used in some military vehicles. The first automatic transmission to use a torque converter (instead of a fluid coupling) was the Buick Dynaflow , which was introduced for the 1948 model year. In normal driving, the Dynaflow used only the top gear, relying on

8107-560: The United States had automatic transmissions. Automatic transmissions have been standard in large cars since at least 1974. By 2020 only 2.4% of new cars had manual transmissions. Historically, automatic transmissions were less efficient, but lower fuel prices in the US made this less of a problem than in Europe. In the United Kingdom, a majority of new cars have had automatic transmissions since 2020. Several manufacturers including Mercedes and Volvo no longer sell cars with manual transmissions. The growing prevalence of automatic transmissions

8228-418: The Verito sedan and its notchback version Verito Vibe was sold as the Mahindra eVerito from 2016. Production was shut down on 31 December 2019. In 2007, the Logan branded as Renault Tondar 90 (also called Renault L90), began to be marketed in Iran by Renault-Pars , manufactured by Pars Khodro and Iran Khodro . In the first month of production more than 100,000 Tondar 90 had been ordered. Renault Pars

8349-429: The abrupt gear changes. The adoption of planetary gearsets was a significant advance towards the modern automatic transmission. One of the first transmissions to use this design was the manual transmission fitted to the 1901–1904 Wilson-Pilcher automobile. This transmission was built in the United Kingdom and used two epicyclic gears to provide four gear ratios. A foot clutch was used for standing starts, gear selection

8470-485: The beginning of 2006, an improved version of the sedan was offered in Argentina and Brazil, and from Autumn in Europe. The exterior now had body-coloured bumpers, without mouldings, regardless of the trim level. The shape of the grille was revised and the boot got a new handle with the Renault logo integrated, similar to the one used on the Laguna , as well as the new styling of the Renault nameplate. Four new colours were made available and two distinctive new rim designs. For

8591-439: The car, the windshield is flatter than usual, and the dashboard is a single injection-molded piece. The developers have taken into account several differences between road and climate conditions in developed and developing countries. The Logan suspension is soft and strong, and the chassis sits visibly higher than most other compact cars to help it negotiate dirt roads and potholes on ill-maintained asphalt roads. The engine

8712-401: The complex design of the valve body, originally made hydraulic automatic transmissions much more expensive and time-consuming to build and repair than manual transmissions; however mass-production and developments over time have reduced this cost gap. To provide coupling and decoupling of the engine, a modern automatic transmission uses a torque converter instead of the friction clutch used in

8833-406: The design work was carried out in Romania, at Renault's engineering centre. Among the new features introduced with the new model there was a new three-cylinder turbocharged 0.9-litre petrol engine and capable of developing 90 hp (67 kW) and 135 N⋅m (100 lb⋅ft). The other two engine options are the 1.2-litre 16-valve petrol engine, initially available also as an LPG variant, and

8954-403: The different dashboard lighting (white instead of the then usual amber colour). This model was only available on the Romanian market and came equipped with 1.2 16v petrol and 1.5 dci diesel engines, both having 75 bhp. Automatic transmission An automatic transmission (sometimes abbreviated AT ) is a multi-speed transmission used in motor vehicles that does not require any input from

9075-403: The disadvantage of requiring the driver to operate the clutch and change the gear whenever required. Fuel economy of course worsens with lower efficiency. Real-world tests reported in 2022 found that in typical driving manual transmissions achieved 2 to 5% better fuel economy than automatics, increasing to 20% with an expert driver. Some laboratory tests show automatics in a better light due to

9196-446: The driver locking out the higher gears) to control which ratio is selected. As the vehicle and engine change speed, the difference between the pressures changes, causing different sets of valves to open and close. In more recent automatic transmissions, the valves are controlled by solenoids . These solenoids are computer-controlled, with the gear selection decided by a dedicated transmission control unit (TCU) or sometimes this function

9317-402: The driver must change gears manually), while fully automatic versions require no manual driver input, whatsoever ( TCU or ECU operates both the clutch system and gear shifts automatically). Modern automated manual transmissions (AMT) have their roots and origins in older clutchless manual transmissions that began to appear on mass-production automobiles in the early 1930s and 1940s, prior to

9438-408: The driver to change forward gears under normal driving conditions. Vehicles with internal combustion engines , unlike electric vehicles , require the engine to operate in a narrow range of rates of rotation, requiring a gearbox , operated manually or automatically, to drive the wheels over a wide range of speeds. The most common type of automatic transmission is the hydraulic automatic , which uses

9559-637: The engine revs to 4,000 rpm. At the end of 2014, Dacia started to produce Euro 6 engines, with reduced exhaust emissions. From August 2015, the 0.9 TCe engine is equipped with the Start & Stop system. Starting from the end of 2016, the Dacia Logan range is offered with the Dacia Easy-R automated manual transmission (AMT). In the European market, the new Logan is available in different trim levels: Access, Ambiance, Laureate, Stepway, Prestige. The Access level comes with black bumpers and power steering, and

9680-411: The engine shaft and the differential shaft and in which the clutches are arranged to selectively engage and drive the differential shaft dependent upon the speed at which the differential shaft rotates". However, it would be over a decade later until automatic transmissions were produced in significant quantities. In the meantime, several European and British manufacturers would use preselector gearboxes ,

9801-444: The equipment level, standard on some variants and optional on others, the facelifted Logan comes with driver, passenger and side airbags. In terms of active safety, all versions feature the latest generation Bosch 8.1 ABS, which incorporates EBD (electronic brakeforce distribution) and EBA (emergency brake assist). When the Logan appeared, all engines complied to the Euro 3 standard and since January 2007, all engines have complied with

9922-518: The facelifted model was offered as Nissan Platina , with slight changes at the front of the car to make it resemble the Nissan Altima . It is longer by 38 cm (15.0 in) than the hatchback and has a larger boot of 510 litres (18 cu ft). The main production site of the model has been the Oyak-Renault plant in Bursa , Turkey, where manufacturing started in 1999 and sales in November of

10043-583: The first mass-produced automatic transmission following its introduction in 1939 (1940 model year). Available as an option in cars such as the Oldsmobile Series 60 and Cadillac Sixty Special , the Hydra-Matic combined a fluid coupling with three hydraulically controlled planetary gearsets to produce four forward speeds plus reverse. The transmission was sensitive to engine throttle position and road speed, producing fully automatic up- and down-shifting that varied according to operating conditions. Features of

10164-433: The gear selector is located between the two front seats or on the steering column, however electronic rotary dials and push-buttons have also been occasionally used since the 1980s, as well as push buttons having been used in the 1950s and 1960s by Rambler (automobile) , Edsel , and most famously, by Chrysler . A few automobiles employed a lever on the instrument panel, such as the 1955 Chrysler Corporation cars, and notably,

10285-401: The gear selector. Some cars offer drivers both methods to request a manual gear selection. A continuously variable transmission (CVT) can change seamlessly through a continuous (infinite) range of gear ratios, compared with other automatic transmissions that provide a limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at

10406-406: The introduction of hydraulic automatic transmissions. These systems were designed to reduce the amount of clutch or gear shifter usage required by the driver. These devices were intended to reduce the difficulty of operating conventional unsynchronised manual transmissions ("crash gearboxes") that were commonly used at the time, especially in stop-start driving. An early example of this transmission

10527-620: The licence to sell the Logan. In April 2010, it was announced that the M&;M had bought out Renault's 49% in the Mahindra-Renault joint venture. The new agreement gave M&M more flexibility in engineering the car to suit the needs of the Indian consumer. The Logan was marketed with the Mahindra-Renault logo until the end of March 2011. Following the dissolution of the Indian joint venture between Renault India and M&M in 2010, Mahindra retained

10648-419: The new Symbol offers driver airbag, passenger airbag, two lateral airbags (depending on version), anti-lock braking system (ABS) and electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD), anti-intrusion strengthening in front and rear doors, height-adjustable front seatbelts, power steering and rear parking sensors . In December 2008, the second generation of the Renault Symbol was awarded the "Autobest 2009" prize, by

10769-414: The new front end of the hatchback Clio, black moldings on the bumpers, slightly revised interior (electric window buttons moved from the central console onto the doors, the steering wheel got a new design) and improved safety levels. New engines were also added: a 1.5-litre diesel (65 hp, 160 Nm), and the 1.6-litre, 16-valve petrol (105 hp, 148 Nm) in Europe, which was only available with

10890-403: The new large Renault badge, a different headlamp configuration and mirror-mounted indicators. In Turkey, it is offered with a 1.2-litre 16-valve petrol engine, developing 55 kW (75 PS) and 107 N⋅m (10.9 m⋅kgf), or a 1.5-litre diesel engine, developing 66 kW (90 PS) and 220 N⋅m (22.4 m⋅kgf). In both cases, they are coupled to a 5-speed manual transmission. It

11011-443: The next gear's sprag clutch assumes the torque transfer. The friction bands are often used for manually selected gears (such as low range or reverse) and operate on the planetary drum's circumference. Bands are not applied when the drive/overdrive range is selected, the torque being transmitted by the sprag clutches instead. The aforementioned friction bands and clutches are controlled using automatic transmission fluid (ATF), which

11132-681: The number of the highest gear used in that position (eg 3, 2 or 1). If these positions are engaged at a time when it would result in excessive engine speed, many modern transmissions disregard the selector position and remain in the higher gear. In descending order of the highest gear available: Many modern transmissions include modes to adjust the shift logic to prefer either power or fuel economy . "Sport" (also called "Power" or "Performance") modes cause gear shifts to occur at higher engine speeds, allowing higher acceleration. "Economy" (also called "Eco" or "Comfort") modes cause gear shifts to occur at lower engine speeds to reduce fuel consumption. Since

11253-715: The original Dacia Logan called Pars Khodro Cadilla with over 85 percent local parts content. The Cadila uses the 1.6-litre Saipa ME16 engine, which is actually an updated version of the PSA TU5 engine. In the United States, an attempt at marketing electric versions of the wagon, the van and the pick-up as the EMC E36 was launched by the EnVision Motor Company, based in Des Moines , Iowa. The automobiles were assembled by Dacia in Romania and powered by an asynchronous motor with

11374-538: The rear design with a new trunk and new taillights, but also to the interior including a new 3-spoke steering wheel with the horn, in Turkey (and nearby export markets) and, as well, in Chile. An important addition is the Dacia Easy-R automated manual transmission. The facelifted model is slightly different in terms of design and even equipment from the Renault Logan offered in the rest of Latin America. The facelifted Symbol

11495-531: The release of this model. Renault quietly stopped sales of Thalia in Croatia during 2005 in favour of the Dacia Logan and from early 2006, it has no longer been present on their websites. The second generation uses the running gear of the previous generation car and has a different design than the third generation Clio. The name Clio was dropped in favour to just Symbol , or Thalia in those markets where this name

11616-586: The rights to produce and sell the Logan under its own name of Mahindra Verito , with minor alterations to the front, but retaining Renault diesel engines. On 26 July 2012, a facelifted version of the car was revealed by Mahindra in New Delhi , and on 5 June 2013, a notchback version was launched in Mumbai , called the Mahindra Verito Vibe . Production was shut down on 31 December 2019. An electric version of

11737-454: The same as the top cards in a playing deck . From the 2008 model year, they changed to Custom , Emotion , Premium and Premium A . It was sold either with a manual gearbox or with an automatic one with an overdrive system. In the first half of 2005, minor changes were made to the models. These included clear tail light lenses and side repeaters, a slightly modified grille and some of the display units changing from analogue to digital. In

11858-777: The same year. Worldwide, it was also built in Brazil at the Ayrton Senna complex in Sao José dos Pinhais , near Curitiba , since 2000, and since 2001 in Colombia by Sofasa . In 2002, it began assembly in Mexico , rebadged as Nissan Platina, at the Nissan Mexicana plant in Aguascalientes . For a short time, between the end of 2002 and 2004, it was also assembled in Russia by Avtoframos . The Platina

11979-566: The seats and the radio, and it kept the exterior of the phase II Symbol. The Alizé model electric front windows and a driver's airbag; the Expression included electric mirrors, a digital clock, a passenger airbag, ABS and foglights. The 2008 model also included a 1.6-litre petrol engine, replacing the 1.4-litre one. The Nissan Platina was available only with the 1.6-litre 16-valve petrol engine (110 hp; 82 kW). It had four trim levels, named Grado Q , Grado K , Grado K plus and Grado A ,

12100-406: The showroom. "Seeing those antiquated cars, I found it unacceptable that technical progress should stop you making a good car for €6,000." The cheapest version of the car is €5,900, and the price can reach €11,200, depending on equipment and customs duty. (The base model for Western Europe, where it is badged as a Dacia but generally sold in Renault dealerships, is somewhat more expensive). The Logan

12221-424: The tests using a prescribed shifting pattern for manuals not always optimized for economy. However, on long highway journeys manual transmissions require maintaining a very specific cruising speed to optimise economy, making automatics preferable. The most common design of automatic transmissions is the hydraulic automatic, which typically uses planetary gearsets that are operated using hydraulics. The transmission

12342-605: The torque multiplication of the torque convertor at lower speeds. The Dynaflow was followed by the Packard Ultramatic in mid-1949 and the Chevrolet Powerglide for the 1950 model year. Each of these transmissions had only two forward speeds, relying on the converter for additional torque multiplication. In the early 1950s, BorgWarner developed a series of three-speed torque converter automatics for car manufacturers such as American Motors, Ford and Studebaker. Chrysler

12463-441: The two gear ratios available in the "Low" and "High" ranges and the clutch pedal was required for standing starts. It used a planetary gearset. The Chrysler Fluid Drive , introduced in 1939, was an optional addition to manual transmissions where a fluid coupling (similar to a torque-convertor, but without the torque multiplication) was added, to avoid the need to operate a manual clutch. The General Motors Hydra-Matic became

12584-535: Was adopted on the station wagon in October the same year. The Logan is based on the Dacia B0 platform , also used for other Renault and Nissan models. It has 50% fewer parts than a high-end Renault vehicle and has a limited number of electronic devices. This makes the car cheaper to produce and easier and cheaper to repair. Some parts are also much simpler than those of its competitors. For example, rear-view mirrors are symmetrical and can be used on either side of

12705-418: Was among the first to have the basic gear selections ( park , reverse , neutral , drive , low ) which became the standard gear selection used for several decades. By the late 1960s, most of the fluid-coupling two-speed and four-speed transmissions had disappeared in favor of three-speed units with torque converters. Also around this time, whale oil was removed from the automatic transmission fluid. During

12826-613: Was called the Controlled Coupling Hydra-Matic , or "Jetaway" transmission. The original Hydra-Matic remained in production until the mid-1960s at GM, with the licensed Rolls-Royce Automatic transmission soldiering on until 1978 on the Rolls-Royce Phantom VI . In 1964, General Motors released a new transmission, the Turbo Hydramatic , a three-speed transmission which used a torque convertor. The Turbo Hydramatic

12947-455: Was designed at Renault 's Technocentre near Paris, being the result of four years of development of the X90 project, announced by Renault in 1999, after the purchase of Dacia in the same year. During a visit to Russia by French President Jacques Chirac , Louis Schweitzer noted that at Lada and Renault dealerships the €6,000 Ladas were selling very well while the €12,000 Renaults stayed in

13068-523: Was designed from the outset as an affordable car, and has many simplified features to keep costs down. It replaces many older cars in production, including the Romanian Dacia 1310 series of Renault 12 -based cars. It was officially launched in June 2004, and began marketing in September 2004. Renault originally had no plans to sell the Logan in Western Europe , but in June 2005, they began importing

13189-550: Was dropped following the 2010 model year, and was replaced by the March in its Mexican assembly plant and the line-up. At the beginning it was available with only two engine options in Europe: a 1.4-litre, 8-valve (75  hp , 114  Nm ) and a 1.4-litre, 16-valve (98 hp, 127 Nm), both of them with multi-point fuel injection . In Argentina it was manufactured with a 1.6-litre, 16-valve petrol (100 hp; 74 kW) engine and

13310-501: Was followed by various eastern European tractors through the 1970s (using manual operation via a single clutch pedal), then the Porsche 962 C racing car in 1985. The first DCT of the modern era was used in the 2003 Volkswagen Golf R32 . Since the late 2000s, DCTs have become increasingly widespread, and have supplanted hydraulic automatic transmissions in various models of cars. Automated manual transmission (AMT) , sometimes referred to as

13431-541: Was introduced in the 1955 Citroën DS , which used a 4-speed BVH transmission. This semi-automatic transmission used an automated clutch, which was actuated using hydraulics . Gear selection also used hydraulics , however, the gear ratio needs to be manually selected by the driver. This system was nicknamed Citro-Matic in the U.S. The first modern AMTs were introduced by BMW and Ferrari in 1997, with their SMG and F1 transmissions, respectively. Both systems used hydraulic actuators and electrical solenoids , and

13552-532: Was introduced the first half of 2006. An automatic transmission version was available, but only with the 1.4 16-valve petrol engine. The new front end was adopted in South America from 2003. In Brazil two engines were adapted to run with flexible-fuel : the 1.0-litre, 16-valve (76 hp on petrol, 77 hp on alcohol) and the 1.6-litre 16-valve (110 hp on petrol, 115 hp on alcohol); while in Argentina

13673-631: Was introduced with the Hudson Commodore in 1942, called Drive-Master . This unit was an early semi-automatic transmission , based on the design of a conventional manual transmission, which used a servo -controlled vacuum -operated clutch system, with three different gear shifting modes, at the touch of a button; manual shifting and manual clutch operation (fully manual), manual shifting with automated clutch operation (semi-automatic), and automatic shifting with automatic clutch operation (fully automatic). Another early example of this transmission system

13794-532: Was late in developing its own true automatic, introducing the two-speed torque converter PowerFlite in 1953, and the three-speed TorqueFlite in 1956. The latter was the first to utilize the Simpson compound planetary gearset. In 1956, the General Motors Hydra-Matic (which still used a fluid coupling) was redesigned based around the use of two fluid couplings to provide smoother shifts. This transmission

13915-764: Was not until October 2020 that the company introduced a new pickup model, Dacia Duster Pick-Up . Starting October 2008, the Logan Pick-Up is sold in South Africa as the Nissan NP200 . Visually similar to the original model at launch, it received a light facelift in early 2009. It is being built at the Nissan plant outside Pretoria, alongside the Renault Sandero , and is also exported to several Southern Africa countries such as Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Kenya, Uganda, Seychelles and Botswana. In March 2024,

14036-508: Was only available starting with the Preference trim level. In September 2005, the 1.5-litre diesel engine was introduced, initially not being available on the Ambition trim level. In January 2006, a new intermediate trim level called Laureate Plus was added, which in addition to the Laureate trim level featured ABS, electric rear windows and a CD player. Also, the diesel engine became available for

14157-400: Was only available with a new 1.6-litre 16-valve petrol engine, which developed 105 hp (77 kW). In July 2007, a more powerful version of the 1.5-litre diesel engine was added, developing 85 hp (63 kW). It was initially made available only for the station wagon , on the Preference and Laureate levels, and in September 2007, it also became available for the sedan version, on

14278-611: Was released in late 2008. As of June 2010, Dacia produced 300,000 Logan MCVs. 2012–2022, it was also produced in Russia , by the AvtoVAZ company, under the Lada Largus brand name, after it was previously exhibited at the 2010 Moscow International Motor Show as the Lada Project R90. It is also offered with crossover-style body elements as the Largus Cross. The panel van variant of

14399-601: Was the successor to the Dacia 1310 and Dacia Solenza . It has been produced as a sedan , station wagon , and as a pick-up . It has been manufactured at Dacia's automobile plant in Mioveni , Romania , and at Renault (or its partners') plants in Morocco , Brazil , Argentina , Turkey , Russia , Colombia , Iran and India . The pick-up has also been produced at Nissan 's plant in Rosslyn , South Africa . It has also been marketed as

14520-549: Was used on the previous generation. It was revealed for the first time in August 2008 at the Moscow International Motor Show, production started the same month, and it went on sale between September and November. The second generation car is longer than the previous by 7 cm (2.8 in) and has a boot capacity of 506 litres (17.9 cu ft). The new Symbol was designed jointly by Renault's engineering teams in France, Turkey and Romania, for countries in

14641-551: Was using a hand lever, helical gears were used (to reduce noise) and the gears used a constant-mesh design. A planetary gearset was also used in the 1908 Ford Model T , which was fitted with a two-speed manual transmission (without helical gears). An early patent for the automatic transmission was granted to Canadian inventor Alfred Horner Munro of Regina in 1923. Being a steam engineer, Munro designed his device to use compressed air rather than hydraulic fluid , and so it lacked power and never found commercial application. In 1923,

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