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67-811: In South Korea, its main market, the first generation was marketed as the Renault Samsung QM5 and the second generation is marketed as the Renault Samsung QM6 . The latter uses the Renault–Nissan CMF-CD modular platform shared with the Nissan X-Trail / Rogue (T32) and Renault Kadjar . The third generation is marketed as the Renault Grand Koleos and moved to the Compact Modular Architecture platform developed by Geely . It

134-517: A 1.5-litre turbocharged petrol engine and a multi-mode gearbox, delivering a peak output of 245 PS (242 hp; 180 kW). It is able to operate electric-only driving in 75% of a trip in urban areas below 40 km/h (25 mph). Renault-Nissan Common Module Family#CMF-CD The Common Module Family ( CMF ) is a modular architecture concept jointly developed by car manufacturers Nissan and Renault through their Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance partnership. The concept covers

201-401: A 7-speed dual-clutch transmission (or a 8-speed automatic for the 4WD model), producing a maximum output of 211 PS (208 hp; 155 kW) and 325 N⋅m (33.1 kg⋅m; 240 lb⋅ft). The 4WD models are equipped with BorgWarner 's 6th generation four-wheel-drive system. The hybrid powertrain, marketed as E-Tech Hybrid is a Geely-developed system combining a 1.64 kWh battery with

268-549: A CNG tank varies greatly depending on the station. Home refuels typically fill at about 1 kg/h (0.4 GGE /h). At gas stations, where the pressure is greatly higher, it is possible to refill a 25 kg (10 GGE) tank in 5–10 minutes. Also, because of the lower energy density, the CNG range is lower compared to LNG. Gas composition and throughput allowing, it should be feasible to connect commercial CNG fueling stations to city gas networks or enable home fueling of CNG vehicles directly using

335-404: A certain fuel mix from crude oil. Aviation fuel is likely to remain the fuel of choice for aircraft due to its weight sensitivity for the foreseeable future NGV filling stations can be located anywhere natural gas lines exist. Compressors (CNG) or liquefaction plants (LNG) are usually built on a large scale, but small home CNG refueling stations are possible. A company called Fuel Maker pioneered

402-422: A conventional fuel tank. Commercial on-demand refueling stations are more expensive to operate than LNG stations because of the energy required for compression; the compressor requires 100 times more electrical power. However, slow-fill (many hours) can be cost-effective with LNG stations [missing citation - the initial liquefaction of natural gas by cooling requires more energy than gas compression]. The time to fill

469-416: A four-fuel car that can run on natural gas (CNG). CNG-powered vehicles are considered safer than gasoline-powered ones. Existing gasoline-powered vehicles may be converted to run on CNG or LNG, and can be dedicated (running only on natural gas) or bi-fuel (running on either gasoline or natural gas). However, an increasing number of vehicles worldwide are being manufactured to run on CNG. Until recently,

536-467: A fuel that can inherently be used to create an energy-dense dense air-fuel mixture is preferred because a smaller and simpler engine can produce the same power. With traditional gasoline and diesel engines, the energy density of the air-fuel mixture is limited because the liquid fuels do not mix well in the cylinder. Further, gasoline and diesel auto-ignite at temperatures and pressures relevant to engine design. An important part of traditional engine design

603-526: A gas compressor. Similar to a car battery, the CNG tank of a car could double as a home energy storage device, and the compressor could be powered at times when there is excess / free renewable electrical energy. LNG, or liquified natural gas, is natural gas that has been cooled to the point that it is a cryogenic liquid. Its liquid state is still more than twice as dense as CNG. LNG is either dispensed from bulk storage tanks or made locally from utility pipes at LNG fuel stations. Because of its cryogenic nature, it

670-461: A higher Octane rating than gasoline, with an octane rating of 112 RON/105 AKI for propane and 120 RON/120 AKI for methane, making it less likely to cause engine knocking . Autogas, also known as LPG or propane, has a different chemical composition. However, it is still a petroleum-based gas produced from refining petroleum oil and has several inherent advantages and disadvantages, as well as noninherent ones. The inherent advantage of autogas over CNG

737-482: A manufacturing system which can be applied to different vehicles. The actual platforms are built combining a limited set of common modules: a single module can be used for different platforms, covering different classes of vehicles, and so allowing a greater standardisation of components between both Nissan, Renault and Mitsubishi. The Renault–Nissan Alliance announced various variants developed using CMF, which are CMF-C (D for large and mid-sized vehicles; examples are

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804-466: A public LNG fuel center. The same year Raven Transportation announced they were buying 36 LNG large trucks to be fueled by Clean Energy Fuels locations and Lowe's finished converting one of its dedicated fleets to LNG fueled trucks. UPS had over 1200 LNG fueled trucks on the roads in February 2015. UPS has 16,000 tractor trucks in its fleet, and 60 of the new 2014 large trucks will be placed in service in

871-400: A similar air-fuel mixture is used. If via a turbocharger as an example, the 1800cc engine were using an air-fuel mixture that was significantly more energy dense, then it might be able to produce more power than a 2000cc engine burning a less energy-dense air-fuel mixture. However, turbochargers are both complex and expensive. Thus, it becomes clear that for high-horsepower/high-torque engines,

938-401: A simple heat exchanger, a small amount of LNG can be converted to its gaseous form at extremely high pressure with little or no mechanical energy. A properly designed high-horsepower engine can leverage this high-pressure energy-dense gaseous fuel source to create a higher energy-density air-fuel mixture than can be efficiently created with a CNG-powered engine. Compared to CNG engines, the result

1005-486: A standard four-wheel drive. The updated Koleos has been awarded a five-star safety rating by Euro NCAP . As standard, the car has a seven-inch touchscreen, while higher trim levels have an infotainment system with an 8.7 inch touchscreen (called R Link 2). Gearboxes are manual and automatic. The new Koleos first went on sale in Australia on 1 August 2016 and has been rolled out in most of Asia, Europe, and South America by

1072-690: A system called Phil Home Refueling Appliance (known as "Phil"), which they developed in partnership with Honda for the American GX model. Phil is now manufactured and sold by BRC Fuel Maker, a division of Fuel Systems Solutions, Inc. The Asia-Pacific region leads the world with 6.8 million vehicles, followed by Latin America with 4.2 million. In Latin America, almost 90% of NGVs have bi-fuel engines , allowing these vehicles to run on either gasoline or CNG. In Pakistan, almost every vehicle converted to (or manufactured for) alternative fuel use typically retains

1139-412: A wide range of vehicle platforms . CMF is aimed at reducing manufacturing costs and competing with similar previous concepts as Volkswagen Group 's MQB . It consists of five groups of interchangeable, compatible modules: engine bay, cockpit, front underbody, rear underbody and electrical/electronic. According to the companies involved in the development, CMF is not a conventional platform but rather

1206-458: Is methane ( C H 4 ), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule. It may also contain heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane ( C 2 H 6 ), propane ( C 3 H 8 ) and butane ( C 4 H 10 ), as well as other gases, in varying amounts. Hydrogen sulfide ( H 2 S - acid gas ) is a common contaminant, which must be removed prior to most uses. Combustion of one cubic meter yields 38 MJ (10.6 kWh). Natural gas has

1273-605: Is a larger derivative of the CMF-A platform. The platform is mainly utilized for low-cost B-segment or subcompact vehicles for emerging markets. Vehicles using platform (calendar years): The CMF-B HS (high specifications) platform underpins higher end vehicles in the B-segment / supermini or subcompact segment. The platform replaces the B platform and V platform . Vehicles using platform (calendar years): The CMF-B LS (low specifications) platform underpins budget models in

1340-464: Is an example of a CNG capable engine designed to pull tractor/trailer loads up to 36 tonnes (80,000 lb) showing CNG can be used in most if not all on-road truck applications. The original ISX G engines incorporated a turbocharger to enhance the air-fuel energy density. LNG offers a unique advantage over CNG for more demanding high-horsepower applications by eliminating the need for a turbocharger. Because LNG boils at approximately -160 °C, using

1407-737: Is based on the Geely Xingyue L / Monjaro . The Koleos was an addition to the Renault compact SUV market, after selling the Scénic RX4 and the Kangoo , but it has never produced a true crossover SUV . A Koleos concept car was shown in the media as early as February 2000. The Koleos was unveiled in 2006 as the Renault Koleos Concept at the Paris Motor Show . The production model was launched at

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1474-537: Is claimed to be supported by 200 local suppliers. It started in July 2024. The model is larger than its predecessor, with Renault claiming a "class-leading" legroom for rear-seat passengers, and up to 2,034 litres of boot space with the rear seats folded. It shares the same dashboard with the Geely Xingyue L, including a 12.3-inch digital instrument display, 12.3-inch infotainment screen, and another 12.3-inch touchscreen for

1541-423: Is designing the cylinders, compression ratios, and fuel injectors such that pre-ignition is avoided, but at the same time as much fuel as possible can be injected, become well mixed, and still have time to complete the combustion process during the power stroke. Natural gas does not auto-ignite at pressures and temperatures relevant to traditional gasoline and diesel engine design, thus providing more flexibility in

1608-402: Is its safety. The fuel is volatile and flammable, and the fumes are heavier than air, which causes them to collect in a low spot in the event of a leak, making it far more hazardous to use. More care is needed in handling this. Besides this, LPG (40% from Crude Oil refining) has historically been more expensive than Natural Gas, even though the energy density per weight is higher. In places like

1675-607: Is more overall efficiency in high-horsepower engine applications when high-pressure direct injection technology is used. The Westport HDMI2 fuel system is an example of a high-pressure direct injection technology that does not require a turbocharger if teamed with appropriate LNG heat exchanger technology. The Volvo Trucks 13-liter LNG engine is another example of an LNG engine leveraging advanced high-pressure technology. Westport recommends CNG for engines 7 litres or smaller and LNG with direct injection for engines between 20 and 150 litres. For engines between 7 and 20 litres, either option

1742-407: Is recommended. See slide 13 from their NGV BRUXELLES – INDUSTRY INNOVATION SESSION presentation High horsepower engines in the oil drilling, mining, locomotive, and marine fields have been or are being developed. Paul Blomerus has written a paper concluding as much as 40 million tonnes per annum of LNG could be required to meet the global needs of the high-horsepower engines by 2025 to 2030. As of

1809-726: Is replaced in 2023 by the sixth-generation Renault Espace . The production of the vehicle ceased in April 2023, except for the South Korean, Australian, African, South American to Mexican market where it was given a minor facelift. In 2024, Renault Korea rebranded itself, and replaced the Eye of the Typhoon emblem with the new losange logo on the QM6. The model is now known as the Renault QM6 and comes exclusively with

1876-494: Is stored in specially designed insulated tanks. Generally speaking, these tanks operate at fairly low pressures (about 5 to 10  bar (72.5 to 145.0  psi )) when compared to CNG. A vaporizer is mounted in the fuel system, turning the LNG into a gas (which may be considered low-pressure CNG). When comparing a commercial LNG station with a CNG station, utility infrastructure, capital cost, and electricity heavily favor LNG over CNG, but

1943-413: Is that due to engines made for gasoline, computer-controlled valves to control fuel mixtures are required for both of them, often being proprietary and specific to the manufacturer. The on-engine technology for fuel metering is the same for LNG and CNG. CNG, or compressed natural gas, is stored at high pressure, 210 to 250 bar (3,000 to 3,600 psi). The required tank is more massive and costly than

2010-527: Is that it requires far less compression (20% of CNG cost), is denser and easier to store as at this lower pressure it is a liquid at room temperature, and thus requires far cheaper tanks (consumer) and fuel compressors (provider) than CNG. As compared to LNG, it requires no chilling (and thus less energy) or problems associated with the extreme cold such as frostbite . Like NGVs, it also has advantages over gasoline and diesel in terms of cleaner emissions and less wear on engines than gasoline. A major drawback of LPG

2077-739: The A-segment or city car segment. The first CMF-A car, the Renault Kwid , was launched into the Indian market in September 2015. The platform currently also supports electric powertrain, for the Renault City K-ZE and its rebadged models. Vehicles using platform (calendar years): The CMFA-EV is the name used for the CMF-A platform that is adapted for battery electric vehicle application. Vehicles using platform (calendar years): The CMF-A+ platform

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2144-735: The B-segment / supermini or subcompact segment. The platform replaces the B0 platform and M0 platform . RMP The RMP platform is presented as a new evolution of the CMF-B LS platform. It is aimed at emerging markets. The first vehicle using it is the Renault Kardian. CMF-B EV ( electric vehicle , also known as CMF-BEV, CMFB-EV or, since November 2023, as AmpR Small) is the CMF-B platform variant that has been adapted for low-cost B-segment battery electric vehicles . It shares approximately 1 ⁄ 2

2211-886: The C-segment and above. The platform replaces the C platform and D platform . Vehicles using platform (calendar years): The CMF-EV (or, since November 2023, AmpR Medium) platform underpins battery electric vehicles . It replaces the EV platform used by the Nissan Leaf . In November 2023, Renault subsidiary Ampere renamed this platform to AmpR Medium. Vehicles using platform (calendar years): Natural gas vehicle A natural gas vehicle (NGV) utilizes compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an alternative fuel source. Distinguished from autogas vehicles fueled by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), NGVs rely on methane combustion, resulting in cleaner emissions due to

2278-559: The 2.0L M5R engine in either gasoline or LNG forms. On 27 June 2024 at the Busan International Mobility Show , Renault Korea introduced the third-generation Koleos, marketed as the Renault Grand Koleos . The vehicle is heavily based on the Geely Xingyue L / Monjaro as part of Renault and Geely partnership in South Korea, and based on the Compact Modular Architecture vehicle platform. Exterior revisions compared to

2345-592: The 6.0L gasoline engine to IMPCO in Indiana to upfit the vehicle to run on CNG. Ram currently is the only pickup truck manufacturer with a truly CNG factory-installed bi-fuel system available in the U.S. market. Outside the U.S. GM do Brasil introduced the Multipower engine in 2004, which was capable of using CNG, alcohol, and gasoline ( E20-E25 blend ) as fuel. It was used in the Chevrolet Astra 2.0 model 2005, aimed at

2412-539: The Houston, USA area, where UPS is building its own private LNG fuel center to avoid the lines at retail fuel centers. In Amarillo, USA and Oklahoma City, USA, UPS is using public fuel centers. Clean Energy Fuels has opened several public LNG Fuel Lanes along I-10 and claims that as of June 2014, LNG fueled trucks can use the route from Los Angeles to Houston, USA by refueling exclusively at Clean Energy Fuels public facilities. In 2014 Shell and Travel Centers of America opened

2479-658: The Maxthon, the company has instead decided to reinstate the name Koleos. The larger second-generation Koleos uses the Common Module Family (CMF-CD) modular platform developed jointly by Renault and Nissan, and already used on similar vehicles as the third-generation Nissan X-Trail and the Renault Kadjar . In some versions, the car has three drivetrain options: two-wheel drive, four-wheel drive mode that adapts power, torque distribution between axles to improve traction, and

2546-583: The US, Thailand, and India, there are five to ten times more LPG stations, thus making the fuel more accessible than NGV stations. In some countries like Poland, South Korea, and Turkey, LPG stations and autos are widespread, while NGVs are not. In addition, retail LPG fuel is considerably cheaper in some countries, such as Thailand. Though ANG (adsorbed natural gas) has not yet been used in either providing stations nor consumer storage tanks, its low compression (34 bar (500 psi) vs 250 bar (3,600 psi)) has

2613-791: The Xingyue L include redesigned front and rear fascia, "borderless" front grille, and reshaped body panels. The Grand Koleos was codenamed Aurora 1 during its development. It is the first introduction of the Koleos nameplate in South Korea, as the previous generations were marketed as the QM5 and QM6. Its design work was shared between Renault's design team in France and in Seoul , South Korea. Production in Renault Korea's plant in Busan

2680-586: The alternative fuel fueling center tracking site, as of early 2015 there is a void of LNG fuel centers, public and private, from Illinois to the Rockies. A Noble Energy LNG production plant in northern Colorado was planned to go online in the first quarter of 2015 and to have a capacity of 100,000 gallons of LNG per day for on-road, off-road, and drilling operations. As of 2014, LNG fuel and NGVs had not achieved much usage in Europe. American Gas & Technology pioneered

2747-585: The availability of piped gas is more common than LNG delivery by tanker. There are existing LCNG stations (CNG and LNG), where fuel is stored as LNG, then vaporized to CNG on demand. LCNG stations require less capital cost than fast-fill CNG stations alone but more than LNG stations. Aside from different fuel tanks, fuel metering, and computer modules, the engines in NG vehicles could be run by CNG or LNG without requiring any modification because both are forms of natural gas. LNG – and especially CNG – tends to corrode and wear

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2814-449: The boil-off of LNG from their storage tanks, although Diesel powered LNG carriers are also common to minimize loss of cargo and enable more versatile refueling. Some airplanes use LNG to power their turbofans. Aircraft are susceptible to weight; much of an aircraft's weight goes into fuel carriage. Liquified natural gas has a high specific energy (MJ/kg), a useful optimization for flight applications. The primary component of natural gas

2881-536: The capability of running on gasoline. As of 2016, the U.S. had a fleet of 160,000 NG vehicles, including 3,176 LNG vehicles. Other countries where natural gas-powered buses are popular include India, Australia, Argentina, Germany, and Greece. In OECD countries, there are around 500,000 CNG vehicles. Pakistan's market share of NGVs was 61.1% in 2010, followed by Armenia with more than 77% (2014), and Bolivia with 20%. The number of NGV refueling stations has also increased to 18,202 worldwide as of 2010, up 10.2% from

2948-508: The commercialization of natural-gas-powered vehicles to focus on the development of a new generation of electrified vehicles such as hybrids , plug-in electric cars and hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles . Since 2008, Honda sold about 16,000 natural gas vehicles, mainly to taxi and commercial fleets. Though LNG and CNG are both considered NGVs, the technologies are vastly different. Refueling equipment, fuel cost, pumps, tanks, hazards, and capital costs are different. One thing they share

3015-640: The components of the CMF-B platform. The CMF-B EV platform was designed to reduce production cost and increase vehicle efficiency compared to the B-segment Renault Zoe , which used a bespoke platform. Two types of traction batteries using NMC chemistry are expected: "high-performance" and "affordable" variants, with the goal of reducing battery cost below US$ 80/kW-hr by 2030. In November 2023, Renault subsidiary Ampere renamed this platform to AmpR Small. Vehicles using platform (calendar years): The CMF-C/D platform underpins various vehicles in

3082-428: The design of a natural gas engine. Methane, the main component of natural gas, has an autoignition temperature of 580 °C, whereas gasoline and diesel autoignite at approximately 250 °C and 210 °C respectively. With a compressed natural gas (CNG) engine, the mixing of the fuel and the air is more effective since gases typically mix well in a short period of time. Still, at typical CNG compression pressures,

3149-617: The end of 2007 in South Korea, and in 2008 in other markets. The Koleos' body design was based on the Renault Koleos and Renault Egeus concept cars. Some of the Koleos's competitors, such as the Citroën C-Crosser and the Peugeot 4007 , were also presented by the time it was launched. ADAC of Germany awarded five stars to the Koleos, in a crash test done in August 2008. A facelifted Koleos

3216-423: The end of the first quarter of 2015, Prometheus Energy Group Inc claims to have delivered over 100 million gallons (380 million litres) of LNG within the previous four years into the industrial market, and is continuing to add new customers. Scooters can also use CNG as a fuel source. The MV  Isla Bella was the world's first LNG powered container ship . LNG carriers are sometimes powered by

3283-799: The environmental benefits to society. Lower operating costs and government incentives to reduce pollution from heavy vehicles in urban areas have driven the adoption of NGV for commercial and public uses, i.e. trucks and buses. Despite its advantages, the use of natural gas vehicles faces several limitations, including fuel storage and infrastructure available for delivery and distribution at fueling stations. CNG must be stored in high-pressure cylinders (21,000 to 25,000 kPa (3,000 to 3,600 psi)), and LNG must be stored in cryogenic cylinders (−162 to −129 °C (−260 to −200 °F)). These cylinders take up more space than gasoline or diesel tanks that can be molded in intricate shapes to store more fuel and use less on-vehicle space. CNG tanks are sometimes located in

3350-501: The first of a planned network of U.S. truck stop LNG stations in California, USA. Per the alternative fuel fuelling centre tracking site there are 10 LNG capable public fuel stations in the greater Los Angeles area, making it the single most penetrated metro market. As of February 2015, Blu LNG has at least 23 operational LNG capable fuel centers across 8 states, and Clean Energy had 39 operational public LNG facilities. As can be seen at

3417-507: The front passenger, all marketed as "openR" and powered by Qualcomm 's infotainment platform. Notable equipment include a 10-speaker Bose sound system, 25.6-inch augmented reality head-up display and 5G connectivity. For the South Korean market, three trims are available: Techno, Iconic, and the four-wheel drive (4WD) Esprit Alpine . The petrol-powered model of the Grand Koleos is a 2.0-litre turbocharged direct injection engine with

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3484-471: The fuel itself is less energy dense than gasoline or diesel thus the result is a lower energy dense air-fuel mixture. Thus for the same cylinder displacement engine, a non-turbocharged CNG-powered engine is typically less powerful than a similarly sized gasoline or diesel engine. For that reason, turbochargers are popular in European CNG cars. Despite that limitation, the 12 litre Cummins Westport ISX12G engine

3551-607: The infrastructure and supply chain, which is non-interchangeable with hydrogen. Methane today mostly comes from non-renewable sources but can be supplied or produced from renewable sources, offering net carbon-neutral mobility. In many markets, especially the Americas, natural gas may trade at a discount to other fossil fuel products such as petrol, diesel or coal, or indeed be a less valuable by-product associated with their production that has to be disposed of. Many countries also provide tax incentives for natural gas-powered vehicles due to

3618-472: The market in India, Renault introduced the Koleos in September 2011. It was available with a 2.0 dCi diesel engine, with a maximum power output of 150 PS at 4000 rpm, and peak torque of 320 Nm at 2000 rpm. The range of engines: A second generation of the Koleos was introduced at the 2016 Beijing Motor Show , by Renault's chief Carlos Ghosn . Despite a wide-ranging rumour that the latest Renault SUV would be called

3685-603: The middle of 2017. The facelift of 2020 arrived in Mexico in the end of October 2019. The SUV was scheduled to be shown at the 2020 Manila International Auto Show on April 2, 2020, by Renault Samsung Motors as the QM6. It was discontinued in the United Kingdom in July 2020 due to sluggish sales, three years after it was reintroduced to the British market and ten years after the original model ended UK sales. Outside of South Korea, it

3752-460: The now-discontinued Honda Civic GX was the only NGV commercially available in the US market. More recently, Ford, General Motors and Ram Trucks have bi-fuel offerings in their vehicle lineup. Ford's approach is to offer a bi-fuel prep kit as a factory option and then have the customer choose an authorized partner to install the natural gas equipment. Choosing GM's bi-fuel option sends the HD pickups with

3819-552: The parts of an engine less rapidly than gasoline. Thus, it is quite common to find diesel-engine NGVs with high mileages (over 800,000 km (500,000 miles)). CNG also emits 20-29% less CO 2 than diesel and gasoline. Emissions are cleaner, with lower emissions of carbon and lower particulate emissions per equivalent distance traveled. There is generally less wasted fuel. However, the cost (monetary, environmental, pre-existing infrastructure) of distribution, compression, and cooling must be taken into account. In addition, natural gas has

3886-849: The potential to drive down costs of NGV infrastructure and vehicle tanks. LNG is being evaluated and tested for over-the-road trucking, off-road, marine, and railroad applications. There are known problems with the fuel tanks and the delivery of gas to the engine. China has been a leader in the use of LNG vehicles with over 100,000 LNG powered vehicles on the road as of 2014. In the United States, there were 69 public truck LNG fuel centers as of February 2015. The 2013 National Trucker's Directory lists approximately 7,000 truck stops, thus approximately 1% of US truck stops have LNG available. In 2013, Dillon Transport announced they were putting 25 large LNG trucks into service in Dallas, USA. They are refueling at

3953-571: The previous year. An increasing number of vehicles worldwide are being manufactured to run on CNG by major carmakers. Until recently, the Honda Civic GX was the only NGV commercially available in the US market. More recently, Ford , General Motors and Ram Trucks have bi-fuel offerings in their vehicle lineup. In 2006, the Brazilian subsidiary of FIAT introduced the Fiat Siena Tetra fuel ,

4020-708: The removal of contaminants from the natural gas source. Conversion of existing gasoline or diesel vehicles to NGVs is feasible, offering both dedicated and bi-fuel options. Heavy-duty vehicles such as trucks and buses can also undergo conversion, utilizing spark ignition systems or hybrid electric motor configurations. Challenges in NGV adoption include the storage and refueling of natural gas, given its pressurized or liquefied state. While advancements in compression and liquefaction mitigate energy density differences, trade-offs regarding storage container size, complexity, and weight impact vehicle range. Despite these challenges,

4087-673: The safety and cost advantages of methane over hydrogen fuel contribute to its viability. Obstacles to widespread NGV adoption for private vehicles include concerns over additional weight, technological unfamiliarity, and limited refueling infrastructure in some regions. Nevertheless, global NGV numbers reached nearly 28 million by 2019, with significant market presence in countries such as China, Iran, India, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, and Italy. CNG may be generated and used for bulk storage and pipeline transport of renewable energy and also be mixed with biomethane , itself derived from biogas from landfills or anaerobic digestion . This allows for

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4154-509: The taxi market. In 2006, the Brazilian subsidiary of FIAT introduced the Fiat Siena Tetra fuel , a four-fuel car developed under Magneti Marelli of Fiat Brazil. This automobile can run on natural gas (CNG); 100% ethanol ( E100 ); E20 to E25 gasoline blend, Brazil's mandatory gasoline; and pure gasoline. However, it is no longer available in Brazil but is used in other neighboring countries. In 2015, Honda announced its decision to phase out

4221-448: The third-generation Nissan X-Trail and the second-generation Nissan Qashqai ), CMF-B for subcompacts/supermini, CMF-A for smaller vehicles, and CMF-EV for alliance wide BEV. The CMF will initially be used in approximately 14 vehicle models worldwide with an estimated production of 1.6 million units annually. The first CMF vehicles were introduced through 2013 with Nissan's CMF-C/D models. The CMF-A platform underpins various vehicles in

4288-432: The use of CNG in mobility with significantly lower carbon emissions compared to regular diesel-powered vehicles. It would also allow the continued use of CNG vehicles currently powered by non-renewable fossil fuels so that those vehicles do not become obsolete if stricter CO 2 emissions regulations are mandated to combat climate change . A key advantage of using natural gas is the existence, in principle, of most of

4355-426: The use of onsite liquefaction using van sized station to access Natural Gas from utility pipe and clean, liquefy, store, and dispense it. Their stations make 1,100–18,900 litres (300–5,000 US gal) of LNG per day. In internal combustion engines, the volume of the cylinders is a common measure of the power of an engine. Thus, a 2000cc engine would typically be more powerful than a 1800cc engine, but that assumes

4422-1088: The vehicle's trunk or pickup bed, reducing the space for other cargo. This problem is sometimes mitigated by installing the tanks under the vehicle's body or on the roof (typical for buses), leaving cargo areas free. As with alternative fuels, other barriers to the widespread use of NGVs are natural gas distribution and the lower number of CNG and LNG stations then liquid fuels. Other challenges include relatively expensive and environmentally insensitive but convenience-seeking private individuals; good profits and taxes extractable from small-batch sales of value-added, branded petrol and diesel fuels via established trade channels and oil refiners; resistance and safety concerns to increasing gas inventories in urban areas; dual-use of utility distribution networks originally built for home gas supply and allocation of network expansion costs; reluctance, effort and costs associated with switching; prestige and nostalgia associated with petroleum vehicles; fear of redundancy and disruption. A particular challenge may be that refiners are currently set up to produce

4489-654: Was unveiled in July 2011, and shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2011. In August 2010, the Koleos was withdrawn from the United Kingdom , due to poor sales of under 2,600 units. Production ended in March 2015. For the market in South Korea, the Koleos was manufactured by Renault Samsung Motors (a subsidiary of Renault ) at its Busan plant in South Korea , and was sold as the Renault Samsung QM5 (H45). In

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