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42-590: Japanese law passed in 1939 that gave authority over religious organizations The Religious Organizations Law ( 宗教団体法 , Shūkyō Dantai Hō ) was a Japanese law passed by the National Diet in 1939 and enacted in 1940. The law gave the state authority control over religious organizations. Following Japan's defeat in World War II , the Religious Organizations Law

84-448: A quorum and deliberations are in public unless at least two-thirds of those present agree otherwise. Each house elects its own presiding officer who casts the deciding vote in the event of a tie. The Diet has parliamentary immunity . Members of each house have certain protections against arrest while the Diet is in session and arrested members must be released during the term of the session if

126-622: A bill must be first passed by both houses of the Diet and then promulgated by the Emperor . This role of the Emperor is similar to the Royal Assent in some other nations; however, the Emperor cannot refuse to promulgate a law and therefore his legislative role is merely a formality. The House of Representatives is the more powerful chamber of the Diet. While the House of Representatives cannot usually overrule

168-406: A different method; the main difference between the houses is in the sizes of the two groups and how they are elected. Voters are also asked to cast two votes: one for an individual candidate in a constituency, and one for a party list. Any national of Japan at least 18 years of age may vote in these elections, reduced from age 20 in 2016. Japan's parallel voting system ( mixed-member majoritarian )

210-726: A donation of 2,000 ryo by Matsudaira Munehide , Guji of Ise Jingu , a preaching hall was established to serve as a model for shrines throughout Japan, and in August it was named Jiyoukan, which meant "Shrine within Meiji Jingu The church was meant to be a church, the notification was made in March, and the building opened on October 1. The local koshas called themselves patriotic koshas , etc., but in October of 1873 (1873) they were unified and became Kamikaze Koshas . From July to December of 1873,

252-548: A notification for the Jingu-kyoin ( 神宮教院 , Jingūkyō-in ) for teaching and learning, established a kosha for the followers, and established the existing Ise-kō (Taijōkō) as the foundation of the Jingu Church. The Jingu-kyoin was reorganized under the umbrella of the Jingu Church based on the existing Ise-ko (Taiji-ko). The Jingu-kyoin was established as the center of the Jingu Church. In 1873 (the 6th year of Meiji), based on

294-477: A result of these early conflicts, public opinion of politicians was not favorable. The Imperial Diet consisted of a House of Representatives and a House of Peers ( 貴族院 , Kizoku-in ) . The House of Representatives was directly elected, if on a limited franchise; universal adult male suffrage was introduced in 1925 when the Universal Manhood Suffrage Law was passed, but excluded women, and

336-405: A secret ballot. It also insists that the electoral law must not discriminate in terms of "race, creed, sex, social status, family origin, education, property or income". Generally, the election of Diet members is controlled by statutes passed by the Diet. This is a source of contention concerning re-apportionment of prefectures' seats in response to changes of population distribution. For example,

378-420: Is not to be confused with the mixed-member proportional systems used in many other nations. The Constitution of Japan does not specify the number of members of each house of the Diet, the voting system, or the necessary qualifications of those who may vote or be returned in parliamentary elections , thus allowing all of these things to be determined by law. However it does guarantee universal adult suffrage and

420-552: Is the national legislature of Japan . It is composed of a lower house, called the House of Representatives ( 衆議院 , Shūgiin ), and an upper house, the House of Councillors ( 参議院 , Sangiin ). Both houses are directly elected under a parallel voting system . In addition to passing laws, the Diet is formally responsible for nominating the Prime Minister . The Diet was first established as

462-665: The Cabinet Legislation Bureau of the government, as well as to the ruling party. Japan's first modern legislature was the Imperial Diet ( 帝国議会 , Teikoku-gikai ) established by the Meiji Constitution in force from 1889 to 1947. The Meiji Constitution was adopted on February 11, 1889, and the Imperial Diet first met on November 29, 1890, when the document entered into force. The first Imperial Diet of 1890

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504-580: The Constitution describes the National Diet as "the highest organ of State power" and "the sole law-making organ of the State". This statement is in forceful contrast to the Meiji Constitution , which described the Emperor as the one who exercised legislative power with the consent of the Diet. The Diet's responsibilities include not only the making of laws but also the approval of the annual national budget that

546-598: The Kurokawa decision of 1976, invalidating an election in which one district in Hyōgo Prefecture received five times the representation of another district in Osaka Prefecture . In recent elections the malapportionment ratio amounted to 4.8 in the House of Councillors (census 2005: Ōsaka/Tottori; election 2007: Kanagawa/Tottori ) and 2.3 in the House of Representatives (election 2009: Chiba 4/Kōchi 3). Candidates for

588-519: The Kyodo Shoku was abolished, which led to the Jingūkyo Institute declaring itself independent from the official Grand Shrine Administration Office and renaming itself Jingūkyō. Tanaka Yoritsune became the first superintendent after Urata resigned. Membership increased until the late 1880s, but there was little growth afterward. In 1898, Japan's Civil Law was passed, and there was a movement to make

630-592: The Liberal Democratic Party had controlled Japan for most of its post-war history, and it gained much of its support from rural areas. During the post-war era, large numbers of people were relocating to the urban centers in the seeking of wealth; though some re-apportionments have been made to the number of each prefecture's assigned seats in the Diet, rural areas generally have more representation than do urban areas. The Supreme Court of Japan began exercising judicial review of apportionment laws following

672-505: The Ministry of Religion was created. He opened teaching centers and religious groups to organize his disciples, then combined them under the name Divine Wind Religious Association in 1873. Popular pilgrimage groups that were already established were also included. The Jingūkyo Institute started spreading its teachings throughout the country after the dissolution of the Daikyōin in 1875. In 1882,

714-648: The Office of Japanese Classics Research , and Jingūkyō took the lead to establish the Association of Shinto Shrines . There is currently a religious organization of the same name in Hyōgo Prefecture Tamba Sasayama City . It is not a direct successor to the prewar Jingu-kyo, but has the Ise Grand Shrine branch as its deities and the Association of Shinto Shrines and is headed by Harufumi Hioki,

756-522: The advice of the Cabinet . In an emergency the Cabinet can convoke the Diet for an extraordinary session, and an extraordinary session may be requested by one-quarter of the members of either house. At the beginning of each parliamentary session, the Emperor reads a special speech from his throne in the chamber of the House of Councillors. The presence of one-third of the membership of either house constitutes

798-517: The Diet and the Emperor. This meant that while the Emperor could no longer legislate by decree he still had a veto over the Diet. The Emperor also had complete freedom in choosing the Prime Minister and the Cabinet, and so, under the Meiji Constitution, Prime Ministers often were not chosen from and did not enjoy the confidence of the Diet. The Imperial Diet was also limited in its control over

840-429: The Diet if the House of Representatives passes a motion of no confidence introduced by fifty members of the House of Representatives. Government officials, including the Prime Minister and Cabinet members , are required to appear before Diet investigative committees and answer inquiries. The Diet also has the power to impeach judges convicted of criminal or irregular conduct. In most circumstances, in order to become law

882-418: The House demands. They are immune outside the house for words spoken and votes cast in the House. Each house of the Diet determines its own standing orders and has responsibility for disciplining its own members. A member may be expelled, but only by a two-thirds majority vote. Every member of the Cabinet has the right to appear in either house of the Diet for the purpose of speaking on bills, and each house has

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924-492: The House of Councillors on a bill, the House of Councillors can only delay the adoption of a budget or a treaty that has been approved by the House of Representatives, and the House of Councillors has almost no power at all to prevent the lower house from selecting any Prime Minister it wishes. Furthermore, once appointed it is the confidence of the House of Representatives alone that the Prime Minister must enjoy in order to continue in office. The House of Representatives can overrule

966-562: The Imperial Diet in 1890 under the Meiji Constitution , and took its current form in 1947 upon the adoption of the post-war constitution . Both houses meet in the National Diet Building ( 国会議事堂 , Kokkai-gijidō ) in Nagatachō , Chiyoda , Tokyo . The houses of the National Diet are both elected under parallel voting systems. This means that the seats to be filled in any given election are divided into two groups, each elected by

1008-592: The Jingu Church's pilgrimage was planned by Urata and preached by Honjo and other ministers, and attracted an audience of 9,000 or more people on most days, and several hundred to 2,000 on others. After the dissolution of the Great Teaching Institute , in accordance with Urada's teaching policy, a branch office was established in Tokyo, and each diocese in Japan had one headquarters church and branch churches. In 1882,

1050-724: The Jingu Office was responsible for production and the Jingūkyō administration was responsible for distribution. In 1882 (Meiji 15), in Hibiya , Tokyo , the Jingūkyō administration built the Tokyo Daijingu , then called Hibiya Daijingu . After the Kanto Earthquake , the shrine was moved to Iidabashi in 1928 and renamed to Iidabashi Daijingu . After World War II , the place changed its name to Tokyo Daijingu. On September 24, 1899,

1092-627: The Jingūkyō a service organization for the Grand Shrines of Ise. As a result, the Jingūkyō was reorganized into the Jingū Hōsaikai in September 1899. On July 20, 1872 (Meiji 5), he was appointed Chotami Urada, a minor chief priest of Ise Grand Shrine and also a member of Ministry of Education requested the establishment of the Jingu Church ( 神宮教会 , Jingū kyōkai ) , and in October, he submitted

1134-630: The LDP and the Japan Socialist Party (now Social Democratic Party ), which in fact had sponsored the reform. There are three types of sessions of the National Diet: Any session of the National Diet may be cut short by a dissolution of the House of Representatives (衆議院解散, shūgiin kaisan ). In the table, this is listed simply as "(dissolution)"; the House of Councillors or the National Diet as such cannot be dissolved. Jingu-kyo Jingukyo

1176-667: The Ministry of Home Affairs issued the "Ministry of Home Affairs Announcement No. B No. 7 of January 24, 1882," abolishing the dual role of the priest who presided over rituals and the Kyodo Shoku who conducted proselytizing. Shortly after this, the Ise Grand Shrine and the Jingu-kyoin were separated, and the Jingu-kyoin became a branch of the Sect Shinto called the Shinto Jingu-ha. After Urata retired in 1877 (10th year of Meiji), Yoritsune Tanaka  [ ja ] , who had worked on

1218-451: The budget. However, the Diet could veto the annual budget. If no budget was approved, the budget of the previous year continued in force. This changed with the new constitution after World War II. The proportional representation system for the House of Councillors, introduced in 1982, was the first major electoral reform under the post-war constitution. Instead of choosing national constituency candidates as individuals, as had previously been

1260-407: The case, voters cast ballots for parties. Individual councillors, listed officially by the parties before the election, are selected on the basis of the parties' proportions of the total national constituency vote. The system was introduced to reduce the excessive money spent by candidates for the national constituencies. Critics charged, however, that this new system benefited the two largest parties,

1302-460: The government submits and the ratification of treaties. It can also initiate draft constitutional amendments, which, if approved, must be presented to the people in a referendum. The Diet may conduct "investigations in relation to government" (Article 62). The Prime Minister must be designated by Diet resolution, establishing the principle of legislative supremacy over executive government agencies (Article 67). The government can also be dissolved by

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1344-467: The lower house must be 25 years old or older and 30 years or older for the upper house. All candidates must be Japanese nationals. Under Article 49 of Japan's Constitution, Diet members are paid about ¥1.3 million a month in salary. Each lawmaker is entitled to employ three secretaries with taxpayer funds, free Shinkansen tickets, and four round-trip airplane tickets a month to enable them to travel back and forth to their home districts. Article 41 of

1386-593: The organization was reorganized as the Jingu-hosai-kai Foundation, an organization of reverends, due to the narrowing of the scope of its activities with the establishment of national Shinto and criticism of leaving the distribution of Jingu Taima , a national project, to one religious sect In accordance with the Shinto Directive of January 23, 1946, the National Association of Shinto Priests ,

1428-522: The right to compel the appearance of Cabinet members. The vast majority of bills are submitted to the Diet by the Cabinet. Bills are usually drafted by the relevant ministry, sometimes with the advice of an external committee if the issue is sufficiently important or neutrality is necessary. Such advisory committees may include university professors, trade union representatives, industry representatives, and local governors and mayors, and invariably include retired officials. Such draft bills would be sent to

1470-522: The teaching, became the first head minister. On October 5, the various schools of the Sect Shinto were independent under the name of the school, but were not branches each with the name of the denomination as not being. In 1882 (Meiji 15), it was agreed that the production and distribution of the Jingu Taima would be entrusted to the Jingūkyō administration, but the following year it was changed so that

1512-470: The upper house in the following circumstances: Under the Constitution, at least one session of the Diet must be convened each year. Technically, only the House of Representatives is dissolved before an election. But, while the lower house is in dissolution, the House of Councillors is usually "closed". The Emperor both convokes the Diet and dissolves the House of Representatives but in doing so must act on

1554-532: Was a common name for an assembly in medieval European polities like the Holy Roman Empire . The Meiji Constitution was largely based on the form of constitutional monarchy found in nineteenth century Prussia that placed the king not as a servant of the state but rather the sole holder of power and sovereignty over his kingdom, which the Japanese view of their emperor and his role at the time favoured. The new Diet

1596-446: Was established during the Meiji era in Japan. While it was not included as one of the thirteen sects of prewar Shinto, it possessed characteristics of sect Shinto until the mid-Meiji period. It was organized by Urata Nagatami and others, with Tanaka Yoritsune as its first Superintendent. In 1872, Urata Nagatami asked for permission to start a Shinto church called Jingū Kyōkai, shortly after

1638-487: Was limited to men 25 years or older. The House of Peers, much like the British House of Lords , consisted of high-ranking nobles chosen by the Emperor. The first election by universal suffrage without distinction of sex was held in 1946, but it was not until 1947, when the constitution for post-war Japan came into effect, that universal suffrage was established In Japan. The word diet derives from Latin and

1680-577: Was modeled partly on the German Reichstag and partly on the British Westminster system . Unlike the post-war constitution, the Meiji constitution granted a real political role to the Emperor, although in practice the Emperor's powers were largely directed by a group of oligarchs called the genrō or elder statesmen. To become law or bill, a constitutional amendment had to have the assent of both

1722-560: Was plagued by controversy and political tensions. The Prime Minister of Japan at that time was General Count Yamagata Aritomo , who entered into a confrontation with the legislative body over military funding. During this time, there were many critics of the army who derided the Meiji slogan of "rich country, strong military" as in effect producing a poor country (albeit with a strong military). They advocated for infrastructure projects and lower taxes instead and felt their interests were not being served by high levels of military spending. As

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1764-3361: Was repealed on December 28, 1945, and replaced by the "Religious Corporations Ordinance". See also [ edit ] Peace Preservation Law Secular Shrine Theory Institute of Divinities Bureau of Religions References [ edit ] ^ Ives, Christopher (2009). Imperial-Way Zen: Ichikawa Hakugen's Critique and Lingering Questions for Buddhist Ethics . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p.  39 . ISBN   978-0-8248-3331-2 . ^ "Religious Organizations Law | 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム" . ^ Borup, Jørn (2008). Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism . Leiden: Brill . p.  29 . ISBN   978-90-04-16557-1 . ^ Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo (1966). Religion in Japanese History . New York: Columbia University Press. p.  271 . ISBN   978-0-231-02834-9 . Authority control databases : National [REDACTED] Japan v t e State Shinto Organizations Department of Divinities Ministry of Divinities Missionary Office Ministry of Religion Kyodo Shoku Taikyo Institute Bureau of Shinto Affairs Bureau of Shrines and Temples Home Ministry Institute of Japanese Classics Research National Association of Shinto Priests Bureau of Shrines Bureau of Religions Institute of Divinities Jingu-kyo Kokugakuin University Concepts Unity of religion and rule Haibutsu kishaku Secular Shrine Theory Yasukuni Shrine Shōkonsha Imperial cult Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines Events Taikyo Proclamation Shinbutsu bunri Shrine Consolidation Policy Religious Organizations Law Shrine Parishioner Registration Humanity Declaration Shinto Directive Successor organizations Association of Shinto Shrines Kokugakuin University Shinto Taikyo Yasukuni Shrine Gokoku Shrines Shrine Shinto Predecessors Kokugaku Fukko Shinto Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_Organizations_Law&oldid=1241143559 " Categories : Legal history of Japan 1939 in Japan 1939 in law 1939 in religion Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles containing Japanese-language text National Diet Opposition (92) Unaffiliated (9) Vacant (8) Opposition (242) Unaffiliated (2) Naruhito [REDACTED] Fumihito [REDACTED] Shigeru Ishiba ( LDP ) Second Ishiba Cabinet ( LDP – Komeito coalition ) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Fukushiro Nukaga Kōichirō Genba [REDACTED] Masakazu Sekiguchi Hiroyuki Nagahama Saburo Tokura Kazuo Ueda The National Diet ( Japanese : 国会 , Hepburn : Kokkai )

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