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66-731: Reland was the son of Johannes Reland, a Protestant minister, and Aagje Prins in the small North Holland village of De Rijp. Adriaan's brother, Peter (1678–1714), was an influential lawyer in Haarlem . Reland first studied Latin language in Amsterdam at age 11, and enrolled at University of Utrecht in 1693, at age 17, to study theology and philosophy. Initially interested in Hebrew and Syriac , he later began studying Arabic . In 1699, after obtaining his doctorate in Utrecht, Reland moved to Leiden and tutored

132-495: A lagoon . Only drastic administrative intervention saved the county from utter destruction. The counts and large monasteries took the lead in these efforts, building the first heavy emergency dikes to bolster critical points. Later special autonomous administrative bodies were formed, the waterschappen ("water control boards"), which had the legal power to enforce their regulations and decisions on water management . They eventually constructed an extensive dike system that covered

198-460: A sociolect . Some people, especially in the area north of Amsterdam, still speak the original dialect of the county, Hollandic. This dialect is present in the north: Volendam and Marken and the area around there, West Friesland and the Zaanstreek ; and in a southeastern fringe bordering the provinces of North Brabant and Utrecht . In the south on the island of Goeree-Overflakkee , Zeelandic

264-595: A direct relationship with the soil which is essential to geography ." [REDACTED] Media related to Adriaan Reland at Wikimedia Commons North Holland North Holland ( Dutch : Noord-Holland , pronounced [ˌnoːrt ˈɦɔlɑnt] ) is a province of the Netherlands in the northwestern part of the country. It is located on the North Sea , north of South Holland and Utrecht , and west of Friesland and Flevoland . As of January 2023, it had

330-762: A more uniform culture for the whole of the Republic. The dialect of urban Holland became the standard language . The formation of the Batavian Republic , inspired by the French Revolution , led to a more centralised government. Holland became a province of a unitary state . Its independence was further reduced by an administrative reform in 1798, in which its territory was divided into several departments called Amstel , Delf , Texel , and part of Schelde en Maas . From 1806 to 1810, Napoleon styled his vassal state, governed by his brother Louis Napoleon and shortly by

396-565: A population of about 2,952,000 and a total area of 4,092 km (1,580 sq mi), of which 1,429 km (552 sq mi) is water. From the 9th to the 16th century, the area was an integral part of the County of Holland . During this period West Friesland was incorporated. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the area was part of the province of Holland and commonly known as the Noorderkwartier (English: "Northern Quarter"). In 1840,

462-717: A unit. The Hook and Cod wars started around this time and ended when the countess of Holland, Jacoba or Jacqueline was forced to cede Holland to the Burgundian Philip III, known as Philip the Good , in 1432. In 1432, Holland became part of the Burgundian Netherlands and since 1477 of the Habsburg Seventeen Provinces . In the 16th century the county became the most densely urbanised region in Europe, with

528-522: Is Arthur van Dijk  [ nl ] , who has been serving since 2019. There are 45 municipalities and three (including parts of) water boards in the province. The busiest airport in the Netherlands and Europe's third-busiest airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol , is in North Holland. The province of North Holland as it is today has its origins in the period of French rule from 1795 to 1813. This

594-558: Is Dutch . Hollanders sometimes call the Dutch language " Hollands, " instead of the standard term Nederlands . Inhabitants of Belgium and other provinces of the Netherlands use "Hollands" to mean a Hollandic dialect or strong accent. Standard Dutch was historically largely based on the dialect of the County of Holland , incorporating many traits derived from the dialects of the previously more powerful Duchy of Brabant and County of Flanders . Strong dialectal variation still exists throughout

660-582: Is Zealand . The region is bordered on the east by the IJsselmeer and four Dutch provinces. Holland is protected from the sea by a long line of coastal dunes . The highest point in Holland, about 55 metres (180 ft) above sea level, is in the Schoorlse Duinen  [ nl ] (Schoorl Dunes). Most of the land area behind the dunes consists of polder landscape lying well below sea level . At present

726-720: Is also the largest municipality in the Netherlands), Haarlem , Zaanstad , Haarlemmermeer and Alkmaar . Another seven municipalities have a population between 50,000 and 100,000 inhabitants ( Hilversum , Amstelveen , Purmerend , Hoorn , Velsen , Den Helder and Dijk en Waard ). Municipalities are grouped for statistical purposes. North Holland has various regions that, for historical or other reasons, have their own identities. Some of these regions are unofficial, ill-defined and sometimes overlapping. Others are official and are part of regional groupings artificially created for various administrative purposes. These regions are not

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792-489: Is constantly under development on the edges of the built-up areas. Nevertheless, much of the province still has a rural character. The remaining agricultural land and natural areas are highly valued and protected. Most of the arable land is used for intensive agriculture , including horticulture and greenhouse agri-businesses. The land that is now Holland has not been geographically "stable" since prehistoric times. The western coastline shifted up to 30 kilometres (19 miles) to

858-445: Is even employed by many Dutch themselves. However, some in the Netherlands (particularly those from regions outside Holland or the west) find it undesirable or misrepresentative to use the term for the whole country. In January 2020, the Netherlands officially dropped its support of the word Holland for the whole country, which included a logo redesign that changed "Holland" to "NL". The name Holland first appeared in sources for

924-469: Is located in the city. Other companies based in the Netherlands' capital include Akzo Nobel , Heineken International , ING Group , ABN AMRO , TomTom , Delta Lloyd Group , Booking.com and Philips . Randstad Holding has its headquarters in Diemen while KPMG and KLM operate from Amstelveen . Several national nature friendly organisations like Milieudefensie , the national "Union of vegetarians",

990-529: Is no longer in common use. " Hollandic " is the name linguists give to the dialect spoken in Holland, and is occasionally also used by historians and when referring to pre-Napoleonic Holland. Initially, Holland was a remote corner of the Holy Roman Empire . Gradually, its regional importance increased until it began to have a decisive, and ultimately dominant, influence on the History of the Netherlands . Until

1056-430: Is now unusual. Today this refers specifically to people from the current provinces of North Holland and South Holland. Strictly speaking, the term "Hollanders" does not refer to people from the other provinces in the Netherlands, but colloquially "Hollanders" is sometimes used in this wider sense. In Dutch, the word Hollands is the adjectival form for Holland . Hollands is also colloquially used by some Dutch people in

1122-665: Is similar to the tendency to refer to the United Kingdom as "England", and developed due to Holland's becoming the dominant province and thus having the majority of political and economic interactions with other countries. Between 1806 and 1810 "Holland" was the official name for the country as a whole, after Napoleon made his brother Louis Bonaparte the monarch of the Kingdom of Holland . The people of Holland are referred to as "Hollanders" in both Dutch and English, though in English this

1188-408: Is situated at 52°40′N 4°50′E  /  52.667°N 4.833°E  / 52.667; 4.833 in the northwest of the Netherlands with to the northeast the province of Friesland , to the east the province of Flevoland , to the southeast the province of Utrecht , to the southwest the province of South Holland , and to the west the North Sea . North Holland is a broad peninsula for

1254-457: Is spoken. The province of Holland gave its name to a number of colonial settlements and regions that were called Nieuw Holland or New Holland . The largest was the island continent presently known as Australia : New Holland was first applied to Australia in 1644 by the Dutch seafarer Dirk Hartog as a Latin Nova Hollandia , and remained in international use for 190 years. New Zealand

1320-420: Is the seat of government of the Netherlands. These cities, combined with Utrecht and other smaller municipalities, effectively form a single metroplex —a conurbation called Randstad . The Randstad area is one of the most densely populated regions of Europe, but still relatively free of urban sprawl . There are strict zoning laws . Population pressures are enormous, property values are high, and new housing

1386-466: The Dutch Republic were in the province of Holland, such as Amsterdam , Rotterdam , Leiden , Alkmaar , The Hague , Delft , Dordrecht and Haarlem . From the great ports of Holland, Hollandic merchants sailed to and from destinations all over Europe , and merchants from all over Europe gathered to trade in the warehouses of Amsterdam and other trading cities of Holland. Many Europeans thought of

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1452-564: The First Rutte cabinet , for the desire to create one Randstad province has already been mentioned in the coalition agreement . The province of South Holland, part of the Randstad urban area, visioned to be part of the Randstad province, and very much supportive of the idea of a merger into one province. With or without South Holland, if created, the new province would be the largest in the Netherlands in both area and population . North Holland

1518-718: The Low Countries . Today, Holland proper is the region where the original dialects are least spoken, in many areas having been completely replaced by standard Dutch, and the Randstad has the largest influence on the developments of the standard language—with the exception of the Dutch spoken in Belgium. Despite this correspondence between standard Dutch and the Dutch spoken in the Randstad, there are local variations within Holland itself that differ from standard Dutch. The main cities each have their own modern urban dialect, that can be considered

1584-606: The United Kingdom of the Netherlands . Holland was divided into the present provinces North Holland and South Holland in 1840, after the Belgian Revolution of 1830. This reflected a historical division of Holland along the IJ into a Southern Quarter ( Zuiderkwartier ) and a Northern Quarter ( Noorderkwartier ), but the present division is different from the old division. From 1850, a strong process of nation formation took place,

1650-408: The capital city ( Amsterdam ), the home of Europe's largest port ( Rotterdam ), and the seat of government ( The Hague ). Holland has a population of 6,583,534 as of November 2019, and a population density of 1203/km . The name Holland has frequently been used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. This casual usage is commonly accepted in other countries, and

1716-517: The "Vissenbescherming" (Fish protection foundation) and the Party for the Animals as well have their head office in North Holland. Holland Holland is a geographical region and former province on the western coast of the Netherlands . From the 10th to the 16th century, Holland proper was a unified political region within the Holy Roman Empire as a county ruled by the counts of Holland . By

1782-400: The 17th century, the province of Holland had risen to become a maritime and economic power, dominating the other provinces of the newly independent Dutch Republic . The area of the former County of Holland roughly coincides with the two current Dutch provinces of North Holland and South Holland into which it was divided, and which together include the Netherlands' three largest cities:

1848-545: The Hollanders, to whom certain qualities are ascribed within a mental geography , a conceptual mapping of spaces and their inhabitants. On the other hand, some Hollanders take Holland's cultural dominance for granted and treat the concepts of "Holland" and "the Netherlands" as coinciding. Consequently, they see themselves not primarily as Hollanders, but simply as Dutch ( Nederlanders ). This phenomenon has been called "hollandocentrism". The predominant language spoken in Holland

1914-603: The Netherlands a high peat plateau had grown, forming a natural protection against the sea. Much of the area was marsh and bog . By the tenth century the inhabitants set about cultivating this land by draining it. However, the drainage resulted in extreme soil shrinkage, lowering the surface of the land by up to 15 metres (49 feet). To the south of Holland, in Zeeland , and to the north, in Frisia , this development led to catastrophic storm floods literally washing away entire regions, as

1980-499: The Netherlands being culturally unified and economically integrated by a modernisation process, with the cities of Holland as its centre. Holland is located in the west of the Netherlands. A maritime region, Holland lies on the North Sea at the mouths of the Rhine and the Meuse (Maas). It contains numerous rivers and lakes, and has an extensive inland canal and waterway system. To the south

2046-580: The United Provinces first as Holland rather than as the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands . A strong impression of Holland was planted in the minds of other Europeans, which then was projected back onto the Republic as a whole. Within the provinces themselves, a gradual slow process of cultural expansion took place, leading to a "Hollandification" of the other provinces and

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2112-726: The University of Utrecht. Beginning in 1713, he also taught Hebrew Antiquities. This was extended with a chair in Jewish Antiquity. Reland gained renown for his research in Islamic studies and linguistics; his work being an early example of comparative linguistics . Additionally, he studied Persian and was interested in the relation of Eastern myths to the Old Testament . He published a work concerning East Asian myths, Dissertationum miscellanearum partes tres , in 1708. Moreover, he discovered

2178-406: The area of the Netherlands. Looking at land alone, it is 5,488 square kilometres (2,119 square miles) in area. The combined population was 6.5 million in 2018. The main cities in Holland are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. Amsterdam is formally the capital of the Netherlands and its largest city. The Port of Rotterdam is Europe's largest and most important harbour and port. The Hague

2244-417: The biblical peoples , and ancient geography of Palestine. Reland retained his professorship for his entire life, and additionally became a noted poet. In 1718, at age 41, he died of smallpox in Utrecht. "Obviously, knowledge of Biblical, Talmudic, and secular sources forms the basis of Palestinian topography, but it is not enough. However valuable the work of Reland may be, it is incomplete because it lacks

2310-421: The borders of the old Holland; the latter two were made up of parts of different provinces. In 1801 the old borders were restored when the department of Holland was created. This reorganisation had been short-lived, but it gave birth to the concept of breaking up Holland and making it a less powerful province. In 1807, Holland was reorganised. This time the two departments were called "Amstelland" (corresponding to

2376-490: The coastline and the polders, thus protecting the land from further incursions by the sea. However, the Hollanders did not stop there. Starting around the 16th century, they took the offensive and began land reclamation projects, converting lakes, marshy areas and adjoining mudflats into polders . This continued well into the 20th century. As a result, historical maps of medieval and early modern Holland bear little resemblance to present maps. This ongoing struggle to master

2442-603: The code ISO 3166-2:NL -NH. As of 24 March 2022, North Holland is divided into 44 municipalities ( local government ). After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles , three islands in the Caribbean : Bonaire , Saba , and Sint Eustatius , were offered to join the province. However, the offer has been neither accepted nor rejected. North Holland has five municipalities with 100,000 or more inhabitants. They are, in order of size, Amsterdam (in terms of population this

2508-568: The county was inherited by Count John II of Hainaut . By the time of William V ( House of Wittelsbach ; 1354–1388) the count of Holland was also the count of Hainaut and Zealand . After the St. Lucia's flood in 1287 the part of Frisia west of the later Zuiderzee , West Friesland , was conquered. As a result, most provincial institutions, including the States of Holland and West Frisia , would for more than five centuries refer to "Holland and West Frisia" as

2574-635: The cultural, political and economic centre of the United Provinces ( Dutch : Verenigde Provinciën ), in the 17th century, the Dutch Golden Age , the wealthiest nation in the world. After the King of Spain was deposed as the count of Holland, the executive and legislative power rested with the States of Holland, which was led by a political figure who held the office of Grand Pensionary . The largest cities in

2640-478: The defeat of the French in 1813, this organisation remained unchanged for a year or so. When the 1814 Constitution was introduced, the country was reorganised as provinces and regions ( landschappen ). Zuiderzee and Monden van de Maas were reunited as the province of "Holland". One of the ministers on the constitutional committee (van Maanen) suggested that the old name "Holland and West Friesland" be reintroduced to respect

2706-407: The east and storm surges regularly broke through the row of coastal dunes. The Frisian Isles , originally joined to the mainland, became detached islands in the north. The main rivers, the Rhine and the Meuse (Maas) , flooded regularly and changed course repeatedly and dramatically. The people of Holland found themselves living in an unstable, watery environment. Behind the dunes on the coast of

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2772-461: The feelings of the people of that region. This proposal was rejected. However, the division was not totally reversed. When the province of Holland was re-established in 1814, it was given two governors, one for the former department of Amstelland (area that is now North Holland) and one for the former department of Maasland (now South Holland). Even though the province had been reunited, the two areas were still being treated differently in some ways and

2838-497: The idea of dividing Holland remained alive. During this reorganisation the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling were returned to Holland and parts of "Hollands Brabant" (including "Land of Altena") went to North Brabant . The borders with Utrecht and Gelderland were definitively set in 1820. When the constitutional amendments were introduced in 1840, it was decided to split Holland once again, this time into two provinces called "North Holland" and "South Holland". The need for this

2904-863: The link for the Malay language to the Western Pacific dictionaries of Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire . Reland, through compiling Arabic texts, completed De religione Mohammedica libri duo in 1705. This work, extended in 1717, was considered the first objective survey of Islamic beliefs and practices. It quickly became a reference work throughout Europe and was translated into Dutch, English, German, French and Spanish. Reland also extensively researched Middle Eastern locations and biblical geography, taking interest in Palestine. He published Antiquitates Sacrae veterum Hebraeorum (1708) and Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata (1714), in which he described and mapped

2970-452: The lowest point in Holland is a polder near Rotterdam , which is about 7 metres (23  ft ) below sea level. Continuous drainage is necessary to keep Holland from flooding. In earlier centuries, windmills were used for this task. The landscape was (and in places still is) dotted with windmills, which have become a symbol of Holland. Holland is 7,494 square kilometres (2,893 square miles ), land and water included, making it roughly 13% of

3036-527: The majority of the population living in cities. Within the Burgundian Netherlands, Holland was the dominant province in the north; the political influence of Holland largely determined the extent of Burgundian dominion in that area. The last count of Holland was Philip III, better known as Philip II , king of Spain. He was deposed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration , although the kings of Spain continued to carry

3102-504: The modern province of North Holland) and "Maasland" (corresponding to the modern province of South Holland ). This also did not last long. In 1810, all the Dutch provinces were integrated into the French Empire. Amstelland and Utrecht were amalgamated as the department of "Zuiderzee" ( Zuyderzée in French) and Maasland was renamed "Monden van de Maas" ( Bouches-de-la-Meuse in French). After

3168-586: The most part, located between the North Sea , the Wadden Sea , the IJsselmeer , and the Markermeer . More than half of the province consists of reclaimed polder land situated below sea level. The West Frisian islands of Noorderhaaks and Texel are also part of the province. North Holland makes up a single region of the International Organization for Standardization world region code system, having

3234-428: The municipality of Leimuiden in 1864. In 1942, the islands Vlieland and Terschelling went back to the province of Friesland . In 1950, the former island Urk was ceded to the province of Overijssel . In February 2011, North Holland, together with the provinces of Utrecht and Flevoland , showed a desire to investigate the feasibility of a merger between the three provinces. This has been positively received by

3300-514: The peat layer disintegrated or became detached and was carried away by the flood water. From the Frisian side the sea even flooded the area to the east, gradually hollowing Holland out from behind and forming the Zuiderzee (the present IJsselmeer). This inland sea threatened to link up with the "drowned lands" of Zealand in the south, reducing Holland to a series of narrow dune barrier islands in front of

3366-467: The province of Holland was split into the two provinces of North Holland and South Holland. In 1855, the Haarlemmermeer was drained and turned into land. The provincial capital is Haarlem (pop. 161,265). The province's largest city and also the largest city in the Netherlands is the Dutch capital Amsterdam , with a population of 862,965 as of November 2019. The King's Commissioner of North Holland

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3432-437: The reality of everyday Holland. These stereotypes were deliberately created in the late 19th century by official "Holland Promotion" to attract tourists. The predominance of Holland in the Netherlands has resulted in regionalism on the part of the other provinces, a reaction to the perceived threat that Holland poses to their local culture and identity. The other provinces have a strong, and often negative, image of Holland and

3498-458: The region around Haarlem , and by 1064 was being used as the name of the entire county. By the early twelfth century, the inhabitants of Holland were called Hollandi in a Latin text. Holland is derived from the Old Dutch term holtlant ('wood-land'). This spelling variation remained in use until around the 14th century, at which time the name stabilised as Holland (alternative spellings at

3564-399: The relevant site pages of national nature conservation organisations Natuurmonumenten and Staatsbosbeheer , as well as provincial organisation "Landschap Noord-Holland". Several international organisations such as Amnesty International have settled the head office of their Netherlands branch in the province and particularly in Amsterdam ; the international head office of Greenpeace

3630-562: The same as the municipalities. List of some of these unofficial and official regions in North Holland: About one in six Dutch people live in North Holland, which resulted in a population density over eight times the European average as of 2004. Some of the best known nature reserves in this province are: More information about nature reserves in North Holland is available (in Dutch) on

3696-493: The sense of Nederlands (the Dutch language), occasionally with the intention of contrasting with other types of Dutch people or forms of the language—for example Limburgish , the Belgian varieties of the Dutch language (" Flemish "), or even any southern variety of Dutch within the Netherlands itself. In English, Dutch refers to the Netherlands as a whole, but there is no commonly used adjective for "Holland". The word "Hollandish"

3762-495: The son of Hans Willem Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland . The latter invited him to move to England, but Reland declined because of his father's deteriorating health. In 1699, Reland was appointed Professor of Physics and Metaphysics at the University of Harderwijk . By this point, he had achieved a good knowledge of Arabic , Hebrew , and other Semitic languages . In 1701, at age 25, he was appointed Professor of Oriental Languages at

3828-528: The son of Louis, Napoleon Louis Bonaparte , as the " Kingdom of Holland ". This kingdom encompassed much of what would become the modern Netherlands. The name reflects how natural at the time it had become to equate Holland with the non-Belgian Netherlands as a whole. During the period when the Low Countries were annexed by the French Empire and actually incorporated into France (from 1810 to 1813), Holland

3894-540: The start of the 12th century, the inhabitants of the area that became Holland were known as Frisians . The area was initially part of Frisia . At the end of the 9th century, West-Frisia became a separate county in the Holy Roman Empire . The first count known about with certainty was Dirk I , who ruled from 896 to 931. He was succeeded by a long line of counts in the House of Holland (who were in fact known as counts of Frisia until 1101). When John I died childless in 1299,

3960-543: The time were Hollant and Hollandt ). A popular but erroneous folk etymology holds that Holland is derived from hol land ('hollow land' in Dutch), purportedly inspired by the low-lying geography of the land. "Holland" is informally used in English and other languages, including sometimes the Dutch language itself, to mean the whole of the modern country of the Netherlands . This example of pars pro toto or synecdoche

4026-676: The titular appellation of Count of Holland until the Peace of Münster signed in 1648. In the Dutch Rebellion against the Habsburgs during the Eighty Years' War , the naval forces of the rebels, the Watergeuzen , established their first permanent base in 1572 in the town of Brill . In this way, Holland, now a sovereign state in a larger Dutch confederation, became the centre of the rebellion. It became

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4092-425: The water played an important role in the development of Holland as a maritime and economic power, and has traditionally been seen as developing the presumed collective character of its inhabitants: stubborn, egalitarian and frugal. The stereotypical image of Holland is a contrived amalgam of tulips , windmills , clogs , Edam cheese and the traditional dress ( klederdracht ) of the village of Volendam , far from

4158-546: Was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces. In 1795, the old order was swept away and the Batavian Republic was established. In the Constitution enacted on 23 April 1798, the old borders were radically changed. The republic was reorganised into eight departments ( département ) with roughly equal populations. Holland was split up into five departments named " Texel ", " Amstel ", " Delf ", " Schelde en Maas ", and " Rijn ". The first three of these lay within

4224-531: Was divided into départements Zuyderzée , and Bouches-de-la-Meuse . From 1811 to 1813, Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance served as governor-general . He was assisted by Antoine de Celles, Goswin de Stassart and François Jean-Baptiste d'Alphonse. In 1813, Dutch dignitaries proclaimed the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands . In 1815, Holland was restored as a province of

4290-469: Was likewise named after the Dutch province of Zealand , after an exploratory voyage lead by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman landed there. In the Netherlands Nieuw Holland would remain the usual name of the continent until the end of the 19th century; it is now no longer in use there, the Dutch name today being Australië . While "Holland" has been replaced in English as the official name for

4356-515: Was not felt in South Holland or in West Friesland (which feared the dominance of Amsterdam ). The impetus came largely from Amsterdam, which still resented the 1838 relocation of the court of appeal to The Hague in South Holland. After the Haarlemmermeer was drained in 1855 and turned into arable land, it was made part of North Holland. In exchange, South Holland received the greater part of

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