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85-530: The Reich Flight Tax ( German : Reichsfluchtsteuer ) was a German capital control law implemented in 1931 to stem capital flight from the German Reich . After seizing power, the Nazis used the law to prevent emigrants from moving money out of the country. The law was created through decree on 8 December 1931 by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg . The Reich Flight Tax was assessed upon departure from

170-653: A German "ethnical state", especially after the Napoleonic wars . Ideal for this state was the Holy Roman Empire; the legend arose that Germany were "un-defeated when unified", especially after the Franco-Prussian War ( Deutsch-Französischer Krieg , lit. "German-French war"). Before that, the German question ruptured this "German unity" after the 1848 Revolution before it was achieved, however; Austria-Hungary as

255-570: A historical aberration, contemptuously referring to it as " the System ". In the summer of 1939, the Nazis themselves actually banned the continued use of the term in the press, ordering it to use expressions such as Nationalsozialistisches Deutschland ("National Socialist Germany"), Großdeutsches Reich (" Greater German Reich "), or simply Deutsches Reich ( German Reich ) to refer to the German state instead. It

340-415: A kingdom), but in a modern sense, the term is used in a much more figurative sense (e.g. Die Hemelse Ryk (the heavenly kingdom, China)), as the sphere under one's control or influencas: As in German, the adjective rijk / ryk also means "rich". Sunset provision In public policy , a sunset provision or sunset clause is a measure within a statute , regulation or other law that provides for

425-614: A longer Term than two Years ; To provide and maintain a Navy ; […] Article V contains a provision “that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article ,” which, by its words, had sunsetted by 1808. Part of the Alien and Sedition Acts , the Sedition Act

510-657: A much larger group of people were targeted by the tax. The tax, which was originally aimed at those who voluntarily sought to reduce their tax burden by moving overseas, instead affected primarily the Jews who wished to leave their homeland due to well-justified fears of violence, incarceration, and occupational limitations. Prior to the Machtergreifung in 1933, the funds raised through the Reich Flight Tax were comparably small, amounting to just under 1 million ℛℳ in 1932. After

595-579: A multinational state could not become part of the new "German empire", and nationality conflicts in Prussia with the Prussian Poles arose ("We can never be Germans – Prussians, every time!"). The advent of national feeling and the movement to create an ethnically German Empire did lead directly to nationalism in 1871. Ethnic minorities declined since the beginning of the modern age; the Polabs , Sorbs and even

680-550: A phaseout of the federal estate tax over the following 10 years, so that the tax would be completely repealed in 2010. However, while a majority of the Senate favored the repeal, there was not a three-fifths supermajority in favor. Therefore, a sunset provision in the Act reinstates the tax to its original levels (and indeed, all tax cuts contained in the Act) on January 1, 2011, in order to comply with

765-702: A sunset clause. In 2005, the Australian Government decided to legislate new Anti-Terrorism laws. These laws have a sunset clause of ten years. In 2007, the Liberal Democratic Party proposed a constitutional amendment to make sunset clauses compulsory in all legislation that lacks the support of a 75% parliamentary supermajority. The Legislative Instruments Act 2003 legislates the automatic expiry of most legislative instruments ( delegated legislation ). Starting in 2015 these legislative instruments must be renewed or they expire automatically. In

850-569: A term for this period of German history. The common contemporary Latin legal term used in documents of the Holy Roman Empire was for a long time regnum ("rule, domain, empire", such as in Regnum Francorum for the Frankish Kingdom ) before imperium was in fact adopted, the latter first attested in 1157, whereas the parallel use of regnum never fell out of use during the Middle Ages. At

935-671: Is indenrigs / inrikes / innenriks , meaning domestic. The adjective form of the word, rig in Danish and rik in Swedish/Norwegian, means "rich" like in other Germanic languages. Rijk is the Dutch and ryk the Afrikaans and Frisian equivalent of the German word Reich . In a political sense in the Netherlands and Belgium, the word rijk often connotes a connection with

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1020-572: Is a reauthorization act or extension act . Extensive political wrangling often precedes reauthorizations of controversial laws or agencies. High-profile examples in American law include: Article I, Section 8 , which enumerates the powers of Congress, includes a sunset provision for expenditures on “Armies,” but not the Navy: The Congress shall have Power […] To raise and support Armies , but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for

1105-533: Is no increase in the deficit after the budget resolution period (though there is an exception that, if the total effect on the deficit in a particular title is to not increase the deficit, the point of order is not triggered). With the sunset provision, only a simple majority is necessary in the budget reconciliation process. In the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 the US Congress enacted

1190-461: Is the German name given to the Frankish Kingdom of Charlemagne . Frankenreich came to be used of Western Francia and medieval France after the development of Eastern Francia into the Holy Roman Empire . The German name of France , Frankreich , is a contraction of Frankenreich used in reference to the kingdom of France from the late medieval period. The term Reich was part of

1275-574: Is traced in the laws of Plato. At the time of the Roman Republic , the empowerment of the Roman Senate to collect special taxes and to activate troops was limited in time and extent. Those empowerments ended before the expiration of an electoral office, such as the Proconsul . The rule Ad tempus concessa post tempus censetur denegata is translated as "what is admitted for a period will be refused after

1360-471: Is typically used to designate a kingdom or an empire, especially the Roman Empire . The terms Kaisertum ( German: [ˈkaɪzɐˌtuːm] , "Imperium") and Kaiserreich ("Imperial realm") are used in German to more specifically define an empire ruled by an emperor. Reich is comparable in meaning and development (as well as descending from the same Proto-Indo-European root) to

1445-679: Is used to describe a political or governmental entity. Reich has thus not been used in official terminology since 1945, though it is still found in the name of the Reichstag building , which since 1999 has housed the German federal parliament , the Bundestag . The decision not to rename the Reichstag building was taken only after long debate in the Bundestag; even then, it is described officially as Reichstag – Sitz des Bundestages (Reichstag, seat of

1530-581: The Byrd Rule . Congress enacted new estate tax levels before the sunset provision was triggered. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures , "Colorado, Florida and Alabama passed the first sunset laws in 1976. Texas and 21 other states followed suit in 1977. Eventually, a total of 36 states passed broad sunset statutes"; however, dissatisfaction with the sunset process left only 22 states still using it by 1992. The Texas Sunset provision

1615-666: The East German railway incongruously continued to use the name Deutsche Reichsbahn (German Reich Railways), which had been the name of the national railway during the Weimar Republic and the Nazi era. Even after German reunification in October 1990, the Reichsbahn continued to exist for over three years as the operator of the railroad in eastern Germany, ending finally on 1 January 1994 when

1700-643: The Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium as opposed to the European part of the Netherlands or the provincial or municipal governments. The ministerraad is the executive body of the Netherlands ' government and the rijksministerraad that of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , a similar distinction is found in wetten (laws) versus rijkswetten (kingdom laws) or the now-abolished rijkswacht (lit. "guard of

1785-499: The Nazi Party came to power in 1933, the wave of refugees – caused by the government's rapidly escalating persecution of Jews  – made up a substantial part of the government's finances. In 1933, the tax raised 17 million ℛ︁ℳ︁, eventually reaching a peak of 342 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ in 1938. In total, the Nazi government collected 941 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ in taxes through

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1870-741: The Texas Senate and one member from the general public appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of Texas , and five members of the House and one member from the general public appointed by the Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives . Legislative members are appointed for four-year terms, with half of the commission reappointed on or before September 1 of odd-numbered years, while public members serve two-year terms. The chairman and vice-chairman are appointed by

1955-626: The political slogan Ein Volk , ein Reich, ein Führer ("One nation, one Reich , one leader"), in order to enforce pan-German sentiment. The term Altes Reich ("old Reich"; cf. French ancien regime for monarchical France) is sometimes used to refer to the Holy Roman Empire . The term Altreich was also used after the Anschluss to denote Germany with its pre-1938 post-World War I borders. Another name that

2040-578: The "realm of a king" (a kingdom can also be called kongedømme in Danish and Norwegian and kungadöme or konungadöme in Swedish, direct cognates of the English word). Two regions in Norway that were petty kingdoms before the unification of Norway around 900 AD have retained the word in the names (see Ringerike and Romerike ). The word is also used in " Svea rike ", with the current spelling Sverige ,

2125-509: The Bundestag). As seen in this example, the term "Bund" (federation) has replaced "Reich" in the names of various state institutions such as the army (" Bundeswehr "). The term "Reichstag" also remains in use in the German language as the term for the parliaments of some foreign monarchies, such as Sweden 's Riksdag and Japan 's pre-war Imperial Diet . The exception is that during the Cold War ,

2210-592: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (subsection three of the notwithstanding clause ) has an implied sunset clause of five years, this being the maximum length legislation enacted under the section may be operative for (unless an earlier date is specified). The Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act contains a sunset clause that went into effect in February 2007. Special laws enacted to deal with emergency situations often contain sunset clauses; Quebec's Bill 78 , had

2295-605: The Constitution of the Republic of China are a set of temporary articles of the original constitution that apply to the Free area of the Republic of China with a semi-presidential system . These articles that have a sunset provision that will terminate them in the event the ROC regains control of Mainland China . The Electoral Integrity Act was passed in 1999 to discourage " waka-jumping " in

2380-614: The English word realm (via French reaume "kingdom" from Latin regalis "royal"). It is used for historical empires in general, such as the Roman Empire ( Römisches Reich ), Persian Empire ( Perserreich ), and both the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire ('l Zarenreich , literally " Tsars ' realm"). Österreich , the name used for Austria today, is composed of Öster- and Reich which, literally translated, means "Eastern Realm". The name once referred to

2465-637: The Exchange Control Office of the Tax Authority could require a security deposit equivalent to the amount of the tax. A tight surveillance net was created to discover persons planning to flee the country: the Reichspost tracked change of address orders by Jews; freight companies were required to report moves; notaries reported sales of real estate; life insurance companies were required to report cancellations of life insurance . The Gestapo surveiled

2550-530: The German legislation sunset provisions are applied on several federal levels. The German constitution rules a general sunset provision of six months for emergency legislation. Some federal states , e.g., Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia sporadically add sunset provisions to bills. A sunset provision can be found in the Corporate Restructuring Promotion Act, which is to facilitate out-of-court workout of insolvent companies. This Act

2635-489: The German names for Germany for much of its history. Reich was used by itself in the common German variant of the Holy Roman Empire , ( Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR) ). Der rîche was a title for the Emperor. However, Latin, not German, was the formal legal language of the medieval Empire ( Imperium Romanum Sacrum ), so English-speaking historians are more likely to use Latin imperium than German Reich as

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2720-400: The German nation rather than directly to the state of Germany. The exact translation of the term "German Empire" would be Deutsches Kaiserreich . This name was sometimes used informally for Germany between 1871 and 1918, but it was disliked by the first German Emperor, Wilhelm I , and never became official. The unified Germany which arose under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1871

2805-531: The Germanic word was not inherited from pre-Proto-Germanic, but rather loaned from Celtic (i.e. Gaulish rīx , Welsh rhi , both meaning 'king') at an early time . The word has many cognates outside of Germanic and Celtic, notably Latin : rex and Sanskrit : राज , romanized :  raj , lit.   'rule'. It is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European * reg- , lit. 'to straighten out or rule'. Frankenreich or Fränkisches Reich

2890-505: The Reich Flight Tax ;– equivalent to 4 billion USD in 2019. An estimated 90% of these funds came from emigrants persecuted for religious or racial reasons. In order to legally emigrate, a "tax clearance certificate" ( German : Unbedenklichkeitsbescheinigung ) was required from the Tax Authority, certifying the payment of the Reich Flight Tax and other taxes. When individuals were suspected of intentions to emigrate,

2975-468: The Reichsbahn and the western Deutsche Bundesbahn were merged to form the privatized Deutsche Bahn AG . The cognate of the word Reich is used in all Scandinavian languages with the identical meaning, i.e. " realm ". It is spelled rige in Danish and older Norwegian (before the 1907 spelling reform ) and rike in Swedish and modern Norwegian. The word is traditionally used for sovereign entities, generally simply means "country" or "nation" (in

3060-515: The Roman Empire; the vision of God's Empire here on earth; the universality of its claim to suzerainty ; and in a more prosaic but no less powerful sense, the concept of a German state that would include all German speakers in central Europe—"one People, one Reich, one Leader", as the Nazi slogan was to put it. The term is derived from the Germanic word which generally means "realm", but in German, it

3145-617: The beginning of the modern age , some circles redubbed the HRE into the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" ( Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation ), a symptom of the formation of a German nation state as opposed to the multinational state the Empire was throughout its history. Resistance against the French Revolution with its concept of the state brought a new movement to create

3230-565: The budget reconciliation, not least by preventing the use of the filibuster against the budget resolutions. The Byrd rule, named after its principal sponsor, Senator Robert C. Byrd , was adopted in 1985 and amended in 1990 to modify the Budget Act and is contained in section 313. The rule allows Senators to raise a point of order against any provision that is extraneous, where extraneous is defined according to one of several criteria. The definition of extraneous includes provisions that are outside

3315-527: The collapse of the German Empire and the abolition of the monarchy in 1918. There was no emperor, but many Germans had imperialistic ambitions. According to Richard J. Evans : The continued use of the term "German Empire", Deutsches Reich , by the Weimar Republic ... conjured up an image among educated Germans that resonated far beyond the institutional structures Bismarck created: the successor to

3400-512: The compounds bishopric and archbishopric . The German adjective reich , on the other hand, has an exact cognate in English rich . Both the noun ( * rīkijan ) and the adjective ( * rīkijaz ) are derivations based on the Common Germanic * rīks "ruler, king ", reflected in Gothic as reiks , glossing ἄρχων "leader, ruler, chieftain". It is probable that

3485-475: The eastern parts of the Holy Roman Empire . In the history of Germany specifically, it is used to refer to: The Nazis adopted the term "Third Reich" to legitimize their government as the rightful successor to the retroactively renamed "First" and "Second" Reichs – the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire, respectively; the Nazis discounted the legitimacy of the Weimar Republic entirely. The terms "First Reich" and "Second Reich" are not used by historians, and

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3570-508: The effect of the agency's abolition on loss of federal funding. The self-review must be completed by September 1 of the odd-numbered year before the year when the agency would be otherwise abolished. The commission must then complete its own review by the following January 1 and hold public hearings by the following February 1. About 20 to 30 agencies go through the sunset process each legislative session. Constitutionally established agencies are subject to review, but they cannot be abolished under

3655-448: The first half of the year. The German government limited free capital flows and controlled the exchange of foreign currency, while also implementing austerity measures and raising the income tax. These measures precipitated a wave of capital flight , and the Reich Flight Tax was intended to dissuade wealthy would-be emigrants from leaving the country. The idea that penalizing "unpatriotic desertion" (relocation overseas to avoid taxation)

3740-480: The historically Germanic countries and regions of Europe into the Nazi state ( Flanders , the Netherlands , Denmark , Norway , Sweden etc.). A number of previously neutral words which were used by the Nazis later took on negative connotations in German (e.g. Führer or Heil ); while in many contexts Reich is not one of them ( Frankreich , France; Römisches Reich , Roman Empire ), it can imply German imperialism or strong nationalism if it

3825-535: The housing industry, social insurance, labor law, and financial rules, as well as gun control regulations and the forbidding of uniformed bodies. As a temporary "Measure Against Capital Flight and Tax Evasion", individuals who were citizens of Germany as of 31 March 1929 and had moved or would move their residence abroad before 31 December 1932, the tax would be assessed, provided the emigrant had taxable assets in excess of 200,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ or an annual income over 20,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁. The tax rate

3910-497: The individual's German domicile , provided that the individual had assets exceeding 200,000  ℛ︁ℳ︁ or had a yearly income over 20,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁. The tax rate was initially set at 25 percent. In 1931, the Reichsmark was fixed at an exchange rate of 4.20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ per dollar , making 200,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ equal to US$ 47,600 (equivalent to $ 950,000 in 2023). In Nazi Germany ,

3995-448: The jurisdiction of the committee or that do not affect revenues nor outlays. Importantly for sunset provisions, the Byrd rule also defines as extraneous provisions that "...would increase the deficit for a fiscal year beyond those covered by the reconciliation measure." Since the Budget Act says the budget resolution covers at least the four years following the budget year, which is typically

4080-402: The late 1970s. Sunset clauses with an effective extension review process have been argued as a safeguard of democracy to ensure emergency provisions, such as state of emergency , remain temporary. An increase in electoral accountability can be achieved with brief reviews resulting in a majority of provisions extended with no or cosmetic modifications and a record who advocates for extending

4165-469: The law to cease to be effective after a specified date, unless further legislative action is taken to extend it. Unlike most laws that remain in force indefinitely unless they are amended or repealed, sunset provisions have a specified expiration date. Desuetude renders a law invalid after long non-use. The roots of sunset provisions are laid in Roman law of the mandate but the first philosophical reference

4250-400: The letter and telephone correspondence of suspected individuals. Even after paying the tax, it was not guaranteed that an individual could leave the country with his or her remaining property. The exemption limit for foreign exchanges was set at 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁. Bank deposits and security holdings were moved into frozen accounts, from which funds could only be transferred abroad with

4335-417: The lieutenant governor and speaker, and the chairmanship alternates between the Senate and House every two years. The commission is assisted by an executive director and staff, who review each agency subject to sunset provisions. Under the process, each agency must perform for the commission a self-review of its roles and responsibilities, including areas where its duties may overlap those of other agencies and

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4420-411: The name of Sweden in Swedish. Thus in the official name of Sweden, Konunga riket Sve rige , the word rike appears twice. The derived prefix rigs- (Danish and pre-1907 Norwegian) and riks- (Swedish and Norwegian) and implies nationwide or under central jurisdiction. Examples include riksväg and riksvei , names for a national road in Swedish and Norwegian. It is also present in

4505-459: The names of numerous institutions in all the Scandinavian countries, such as Rigsrevisionen (the agency responsible for oversight of the state finances in Denmark) and Sveriges Riksbank (commonly known as just Riksbanken ), the central bank of Sweden. It is also used in words such as udenrigs (Danish), utrikes (Swedish) and utenriks (Norwegian), relating to foreign countries and other things from abroad. The opposite word

4590-464: The once important Low Germans had to assimilate themselves. This marked the transition between Antijudaism , where converted Jews were accepted as full citizens (in theory), to Antisemitism , where Jews were thought to be from a different ethnicity that could never become German. Apart from all those ethnic minorities being de facto extinct, even today the era of national feeling is taught in history in German schools as an important stepping-stone on

4675-434: The partial translation "the Third Reich "), first used in a 1923 book entitled Das Dritte Reich by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck , that counted the medieval Holy Roman Empire (which nominally survived until the 19th century) as the first and the 1871–1918 monarchy as the second, which was then to be followed by a "reinvigorated" third one. The Nazis ignored the previous 1918–1933 Weimar period , which they denounced as

4760-527: The payment of high penalties. The percentage of the funds confiscated increased over time: The laws were repealed through the "Law for Repeal of Obsolete Tax Regulations" on 23 July 1953 ( Bundessteuerblatt 1953 I, p. 276). A replacement law that was discussed in the cabinet was not introduced in the Bundestag , as various measures against capital flight were already in place through the overseeing allied powers. The American-issued "Military Government Law No. 59; Restitution of Identifiable Property" ordered

4845-421: The period". The same rules were applied in the Roman emergency legislation. The fundamental principle appeared in several areas of legislation and was later codified in the Codex Iustinianus (10, 61, 1). The principle was broken when Julius Caesar became dictator for life. Sunset provisions have been used extensively throughout legal history. The idea of general sunset provisions was discussed extensively in

4930-412: The provision increases the deficit in a fiscal year after the period covered by the budget resolution.) Appealing or waiving a ruling based on the Byrd rule requires a three-fifths majority of 60 in the Senate. In short, a net effect of the Byrd Rule is to require that any spending increase or tax cut be approved by a majority of 60 if it does not contain a sunset provision. This is intended to assure there

5015-503: The provisions. Sunset clauses with automatic expiration can reduce legal certainty and circumvent long-term budget constraints and regulatory impact analysis . Experimental regulations can test temporarily new legislative approaches. Sunset provisions were a frequent legislative tool used by the colonial and early state legislatures but would decrease in popularity as the legislatures were institutionalized. In American federal law parlance, legislation that renews an expired mandate

5100-462: The realm") for gendarmerie in Belgium . The word rijk can also be found in institutions like the Rijkswaterstaat , Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu and Rijksuniversiteit Groningen . In colloquial speech, rijk usually means working for the central government rather than the provincial or municipal government, much as Americans refer to the "federal" government. In Afrikaans , ryk refers to rulership and area of governance (mostly

5185-556: The repayment of the Reich Flight Tax, insofar as the payments could be linked to emigration of persecuted peoples. The German Restitution Laws passed in 1953 included limitations and unfavorable calculations in § 21, which were lifted in the revision of 1956 in § 59. The refund payments were part of a larger program of Wiedergutmachung , also including repayments of the Judenvermögensabgabe ("Jewish Capital Levy"). Reich The term Deutsches Reich (sometimes translated to " German Empire ") continued to be used even after

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5270-437: The road to a German nation. In the case of the Hohenzollern Empire (1871–1918), the official name of the country was Deutsches Reich ("German Realm"), because under the Constitution of the German Empire , it was legally a confederation of German states under the permanent presidency of the King of Prussia . The constitution granted the King of Prussia the title of "German Emperor" ( Deutscher Kaiser ), but this referred to

5355-466: The same way that the terms Bund (federation) and Bundes- (federal) are used in Germany today, and comparable to The Crown in Commonwealth countries and The Union in the United States . The Nazis sought to legitimize their power historiographically by portraying their ascendancy to rule as the direct continuation of an ancient German past. They adopted the term Drittes Reich ("Third Empire" – usually rendered in English in

5440-463: The sense of a sovereign state) and does not have any special or political connotations. It does not imply any particular form of government, but it implies that the entity is both of a certain size and of a certain standing, like the Scandinavian kingdoms themselves; hence the word might be considered exaggerated for very small states like a city-state. Its use as a stand-alone word is more widespread than in contemporary German, but most often, it refers to

5525-427: The sunset provisions. The commission may recommend that an agency be continued in its present form (nearly always with recommendations to the legislature for improvement), consolidated with another agency, or abolished, with its duties either eliminated or transferred to other agencies. Alabama has a similar review process with a more limited number of agencies and a review cycle of every four years. A sunset clause

5610-407: The term " Fourth Reich " is mainly used in fiction and political humor, although it is also used by those who subscribe to neo-Nazism . The German noun Reich is derived from Old High German : rīhhi , which together with its cognates in Old English : rīce , Old Norse : ríki , and Gothic : reiki is derived from a Common Germanic * rīkijan . The English noun survives only in

5695-441: The three Scandinavian states themselves and certain historical empires, like the Roman Empire . The standard word for a "country" is usually land , and there are many other words used to refer to countries. The word is part of the official names of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in the form of kongerige   ( Danish ) , kongerike   ( Norwegian ) , and konungarike   ( Swedish ) , all meaning kingdom, or literally

5780-426: The use of the Reich Flight Tax shifted away from dissuading wealthy citizens from moving overseas and was instead used as a form of "legalized theft" to confiscate Jewish assets. The departure of Jewish citizens was desired and permitted by the Nazi government – even after the Invasion of Poland  – until a decree from Heinrich Himmler forbade Jewish emigration on 23 October 1941. The tax

5865-435: The year following the year it was adopted, that is the usual period of time. However, budget resolutions have covered periods as long as ten years, so a reconciliation measure may cover the ten years. This rule has the effect of allowing congress members to raise a point of order against any spending increase or tax cut that does not contain a sunset provision that ends it after five or ten years (conceivably longer). (Otherwise,

5950-410: Was Adolf Hitler's personal desire that Großdeutsches Reich and nationalsozialistischer Staat ("[the] National Socialist State") would be used in place of Drittes Reich . Reichskanzlei Berchtesgaden (" Reich Chancellery Berchtesgaden "), another nickname of the regime (named after the eponymous town located in the vicinity of Hitler's mountain residence where he spent much of his time in office)

6035-719: Was a political tool used by John Adams and the Federalist Party to suppress opposition. The authors ensured the act would terminate at the end of Adams' term so that it could not be used by Democratic-Republicans against the President's own party. Under §224 of the USA PATRIOT Act , several of the surveillance portions originally expired on December 31, 2005. These were later renewed, but expired again on March 10, 2006, and were renewed once more in 2010. Section 102(b)(1), which states, "the civil rights and civil liberties of all Americans, including Arab Americans, Muslim Americans, and Americans from South Asia, must be protected, and that every effort must be taken to preserve their safety"

6120-561: Was also banned at the same time, despite the fact that a sub-section of the Chancellery was in fact installed there to serve Hitler's needs. Although the term "Third Reich" is still commonly used in reference to the Nazi dictatorship, historians avoid using the terms "First Reich" and "Second Reich", which are seldom found outside Nazi propaganda . During and following the Anschluss ( annexation ) of Austria in 1938, Nazi propaganda also used

6205-422: Was effective during the period: Now the Act came into force for the third time on May 19, 2011, and will be effective to December 2013. The main content of the Act has been kept intact for the purpose of constant corporate debt restructuring through market functions and promotion of speedy and smooth corporate restructuring, while some minor provisions were modified from time to time. The Additional Articles of

6290-626: Was established in 1977. Under Texas law, all agencies – except universities, courts, and agencies established by the Texas Constitution – will be abolished on a specific date, generally 12 years after creation or renewal, unless the Texas Legislature passes specific legislation to continue its functions. A 12-member Sunset Advisory Commission oversees the provisions of the Texas Sunset Act. The commission consisting of five members of

6375-421: Was extended six times before being amended on 9 December 1942 ( RGBl. I, p. 682) to remain in force indefinitely. A major change included in the 1934 revisions was the lower limit for taxable assets was decreased from 200,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ to 50,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ (equivalent to $ 271,000 in 2023). The assessment means were also changed to the detriment of the would-be emigrant. As such,

6460-607: Was introduced by the House of Lords to some parts of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 ; the act was eventually passed without it. Part 5 of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 , "Reduction of legislative burdens", made provision for sunset and review provisions" in secondary legislation , i.e. The Coronavirus Act 2020 had a sunset clause provision of two years. In Canada all legislation enacted under Section Thirty-three of

6545-457: Was not new. In 1918, the German government had passed the "Law against tax evasion" ( German : Gesetz gegen die Steuerflucht , Reichsgesetzblatt I, p. 951) which was repealed in 1925. Because of the increasingly precarious and dysfunctional parliamentary government in the final years of the Weimar Republic , a series of emergency decrees were issued in lieu of normal legislating through parliamentary procedure. The Reich Flight Tax

6630-694: Was one of many other measures implemented by the "Fourth Decree of the Reich President on the Protection of the Economy and Finance and on the Defense of Civil Peace" ( German : Vierte Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zur Sicherung von Wirtschaft und Finanzen und zum Schutze des inneren Friedens , published in the Reichsgesetzblatt 1931 I, pp. 699–745.): there were also regulations on prices, interest rates,

6715-409: Was popular during this period was the term Tausendjähriges Reich ("Thousand-Year Reich"), the millennial connotations of which suggested that Nazi Germany would last a thousand years. The Nazis also spoke of enlarging the then-established Greater German Reich into a " Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation " ( Großgermanisches Reich Deutscher Nation ) by gradually and directly annexing all of

6800-618: Was set at 25% of total assets or income and was also applied retroactively. Taxable persons who attempted to evade this penalty could be punished with no less than three months imprisonment and an unlimited fine. The names of those abroad who evaded this penalty were listed in a "Tax wanted poster " published in the Deutscher Reichsanzeiger , and were to be arrested in the event of a visit to Germany. Any assets in Germany belonging to tax evaders who had moved overseas were seized. The law

6885-459: Was set to sunset on March 15, 2020. On March 15, 2020, the House of Representatives left the chamber without voting on an extension for the remaining provisions of the act, which sunset the following provisions: In 2004, the sunset provision of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban terminated the law. The Congressional Budget Act governs the role of Congress in the budget process. Among other provisions, it affects Senate rules of debate during

6970-453: Was steadily increased and used as a "partial expropriation" to seize the assets of Jewish refugees who were persecuted and driven to flee their homeland. The Great Depression of 1929 led to massive loan cancellations from the international banking system; this particularly affected Germany, which had an estimated foreign debt of 24 billion ℛ︁ℳ︁ in 1931, of which 5.25 billion ℛ︁ℳ︁ alone had to be repaid in

7055-545: Was supposed to expire at the end of the year 1932 but that year it was extended to 31 December 1934 ( Reichsgesetzblatt I, p. 572). The existing decree assessing the tax was substantially changed with the "Law Concerning Revision of the Specifications of the Reich Flight Tax" ( German : Gesetz über Änderung der Vorschriften über die Reichsfluchtsteuer ), issued 18 May 1934 ( RGBl. 1934 I, pp. 392–393), and

7140-581: Was the first entity that was officially called in German Deutsches Reich . Deutsches Reich remained the official name of Germany until 1945, although these years saw three very different political systems more commonly referred to in English as: "the German Empire " (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933; this term is a post- World War II coinage not used at the time), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945). After 1918 "Reich"

7225-466: Was usually not translated as "Empire" in English-speaking countries, and the title was instead simply used in its original German. During the Weimar Republic the term Reich and the prefix Reichs- referred not to the idea of empire but rather to the institutions, officials, affairs etc. of the whole country as opposed to those of one of its constituent federal states ( Länder ), in

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