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31-422: The first Regiotram line, Regiotram de Occidente, will connect Bogotá with the municipalities of Mosquera , Madrid , Funza , Sector El Corzo and Facatativá in the department of Cundinamarca . In February 2019, a Spanish consortium of Ardanuy Ingeniería and FGC was awarded a contract to provide project consultancy and supervision services for this first tram-train line. By August that same year, tendering for

62-459: A small area is globally unique for a nascent civilization. During the third millennium BC, Caral/Norte Chico may have been the most densely populated area of the world (excepting, possibly, northern China ). The Supe, Pativilca, Fortaleza, and Huaura River valleys each have several related sites. Caral is an important center of this civilization. The city was inhabited between 2600 and 2000 BCE, enclosing an area of more than 60 hectares. Caral

93-418: A very early use of textiles , and in particular the use of cotton. Also, recent studies (2013) indicate that maize played a significant role in this civilization starting as early as 3000 BC, contrary to previous findings. Beans and sweet potato were grown as well. Caral/Norte Chico sites are notable for exceptional collective density, as well as individual size. Haas argues that the density of sites in such

124-543: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mosquera, Cundinamarca Mosquera is a municipality of Colombia in the Western Savanna Province , part of the department of Cundinamarca . Mosquera is close to the capital Bogotá and is part of its metropolitan area . The urban centre of Mosquera is situated at an altitude of 2,516 metres (8,255 ft) on the Bogotá savanna . The municipality borders

155-683: Is complicated because somewhat different terminologies tend to be used for North America and Mesoamerica . The Andean preceramic period would include cultures that belong to Lithic and Archaic stages. The Zaña Valley in northern Peru contains the earliest known canals in South America. These were small stone-lined canals which drew water from streams in the Andes Mountains region. These canals may have been built as early as 4700 BC. A great deal of archaeological work has been done in Peru in relation to

186-505: Is evidence for the worship of certain deities, such as the Staff God , a leering figure with a hood and fangs. The Staff God is a major deity of later Andean cultures, and it has been suggested that its use so early points to the worship of common symbols of gods for a long period of time. Sophisticated government is assumed to have been required to manage the ancient Caral/Norte Chico. Questions still remain over its organization, particularly

217-665: Is the first known culture in Ecuador. They lived on the Santa Elena Peninsula on the coast of Ecuador between 9000 and 6000 BC. The skeletal remains and other finds preserve much evidence of this culture. Scientists have classified three phases of cultural development. The earliest people were hunter-gathers and fisherman. Approximately 6000 BC, these peoples were among the first to begin farming; among their early crops were bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria , and an early type of maize , Zea mays L. El Inga peoples lived high in

248-524: The Andean area of South America that preceded the introduction of ceramics . This period is also called pre-ceramic or aceramic . The earliest humans that came to South America are known as Paleo-Indians . This period is generally known as the Lithic stage . After this came the period that is widely known as Archaic, although there are also some different classifications of this period. The precise classification

279-497: The Andes between circa 3000 and c.1800 BCE, during the Andean preceramic. Archaeologists have identified and excavated a number of these ritual centers; the first of these to be discovered was that at Kotosh , although since then further examples have been found at Shillacoto, Wairajirca, Huaricoto, La Galgada and Piruru . These sites are all located in highland zones that are lower than

310-479: The Bogotá Metro . Trains will run up to every 6 minutes in peak hours. There is also a possibility of a branch running to El Dorado International Airport . There will be 18 electric vehicles of electric tram-train design, which will carry up to 884 passengers each at speeds between 28km/h and 70km/h. The line is expected to carry 130,000 passengers daily, or 40m per year. In August 2019, feasibility studies for

341-510: The Clovis culture "Level I" at Fell's Cave in southern Chile, and technological relationships to the late Pleistocene "fluted point" complexes of North America. El Abra is an important early human settlement site in Colombia with a large cave system. Its investigation started in 1967, and the stratigraphy of lithic instruments, bones and vegetal charcoal with radiocarbon dating established

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372-583: The Puna , and yet there are considerable distances separating them. In spite of this, all these cases of highland preceramic public architecture are remarkably similar. El Paraiso, Peru is a very large early center in the Ancón-Chillón Valley, that may be somewhat related to the Norte Chico tradition. It is approximately from the same time frame as the above. It is just one of the six major preceramic sites in

403-740: The Americas. In Ecuador, the Preceramic period is believed to have started around 9000 BC, and lasted until around 4200 BC. According to Jeffrey Quilter, Ecuador yielded plentiful evidence of early dense occupations of the highlands that is so far not found either in Peru or in Bolivia. Along the Pacific Coast, the Las Vegas culture predominated, while up in the mountains, it was the Inga culture. The Las Vegas culture

434-476: The Ancón-Chillón Valley, including Ancon (archaeological site) . Another important site is Bandurria, Peru , on the Huaura River, featuring monumental architecture that may go back to mid-fourth millennium BC. In the northern Peruvian coast stand out sites such as Huaca Prieta , were the earliest recorded use of indigo dye to date was found and Huaca Ventarron , its painted murals are the oldest discovered in

465-793: The Bogotá savanna until approximately 30,000 years BP . The archaeological findings around Lake Herrera date to the preceramic period, predating the Herrera Period , named after the lake. The Muisca established their civilisation typically as of 800 AD. They were an advanced culture and performed agriculture on the high plains of the savanna. In the Muisca times maize , potatoes , arracacha , quinoa , sweet potatoes , yuca , peppers , tomatoes , beans and pumpkins were cultivated in Mosquera. The Muisca were predominantly farmers and traders and their economy

496-633: The Northern Regiotram were announced, financed by the Prosperity Fund of the United Kingdom and the Government of Cundinamarca, supported by an agreement with Findeter. In May 2020, the studies and design contract for the project was signed. The project involves rebuilding the line from Bogotá to Zipaquirá for both freight and light passenger traffic. It is hoped that the line will open in 2024, with

527-526: The area of the current Oruro Department in Bolivia near Lake Poopo . The Wankarani had developed a copper metallurgy by 1200 B.C. The area of the Altiplano close to Bolivia yielded the earliest evidence of metalworking in South America. This is the site of Jisk'a Iru Muqu , also spelled Jiskairumoko, in the Lake Titikaka basin, which was first investigated in 1994. A necklace consisting of nine gold beads

558-531: The date of the settlement in 12,400 BP ± 160 years. Other preceramic archaeological sites are Tibitó (11,850 BP), Tequendama , dated to 11,000 years BP, Checua (dated to 8500 BP), Aguazuque (5000 BP) and El Infiernito , dated to 4900 years BP. The earliest cultures of Bolivia are the Wankarani culture , and the Chiripa . The earliest Wankarani sites are dated from 1800 BC onwards. Wankarani culture arose in

589-546: The horizon for complex societies in the Peruvian region by more than one thousand years. Huaricanga , also in the Norte Chico region, is believed to be the earliest city of this civilization, and thus it would have been the oldest city in the Americas. It existed around 3500 BCE." Besides the lack of pottery, a remarkable feature of this civilization is the apparent absence of any artistic or religious symbolism. Or at least they have not been identified so far. Nevertheless, there

620-439: The influence of food resources on politics. Some scholars suggested that Norte Chico was founded on seafood and maritime resources, rather than on the development of an agricultural cereal and crop surpluses, as has been considered essential to the rise of other ancient civilizations. Yet now these views are being revised because of strong evidence for maize consumption. Several major preceramic archaeological sites are located in

651-667: The line was launched by the Colombian government with a projected 2024 opening. In January 2020, the contract for construction and operation of Regiotram del Occidente was signed with Chinese company CCECC , with a concession of 26 years. The line will be 39.6 km (24.6 mi) long and serve 9 stations in Bogotá and 8 in Cundinamarca. It will broadly follow the existing railway corridor. However, instead of running to Bogotá La Sabana railway station it will divert to terminate at Calle 26/Avenida Caracas, where it will offer interchange with

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682-400: The localities Bosa and Fontibón of Bogotá in the east, Soacha in the south, Madrid and Funza in the north and Bojacá in the west. Mosquera is named after its founder, former president of Colombia Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera , who in 1861 separated Mosquera from Funza. Mosquera is close to Lake Herrera , a remnant lake of the large Pleistocene Lake Humboldt that existed on

713-440: The mountains near present-day Quito , the capital of Ecuador. Evidence from the archeological site El Inca date the culture to 9000–8000 BC. Excavations were undertaken around 1961. It is believed that, from the archaeological perspective, this area is one of the most important in South America, and it may have existed along an ancient trade route. Some of the tools used by these early nomadic hunters have provided relationships to

744-435: The municipality. While many locals were forced to get inhalers no effects on public health were recorded. Mosquera has a subtropical highland climate ( Köppen Cfb ) with cool temperatures throughout the year. 04°42′28″N 74°13′58″W  /  4.70778°N 74.23278°W  / 4.70778; -74.23278 Andean preceramic The Andean preceramic refers to the early period of human occupation in

775-530: The preceramic cultures, and while Caral/Norte Chico civilization has now been studied extensively, there are also many other sites being studied. Caral/Norte Chico is one of the most notable and well-studied cultures in Peruvian archaeology. The most impressive achievement of this civilization was its monumental architecture, including large earthwork platform mounds and sunken circular plazas . Also, these preceramic peoples built massive irrigation and water management projects. Archaeological evidence suggests

806-614: The total project costing US$ 1.5bn. The line will start at the Centro Comercial Gran Estación in Bogotá, and run for 48 km (30 mi) along the route of the existing railway (used by the Tren Turistico de la Sabana ) through Chía and Cajicá to Zipaquirá . It is estimated that it will carry 250,000 passengers per day. This article about transport in Colombia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This South American rapid transit article

837-614: The valleys of the Casma River and its tributary the Sechin River . The largest among them is Sechin Alto ; the other big mounds are Sechin Bajo , Mojeque , Cerro Sechin , Las Haldas and several others. The dates for these sites start at c. 3600 BCE. The Kotosh Religious Tradition is a term used by archaeologists to refer to the ritual buildings that were constructed in the mountain drainages of

868-409: Was based on the extraction of salt from the northern parts of the Bogotá savanna. Fruits and other agricultural products growing in different climates were traded on the frequent markets of the Muisca. In Mosquera pineapples , avocadoes , guanabanas , ice-cream beans , pitahayas and guayabas were the fruits traded with warmer climates. Tobacco also came from more tropical regions while cotton

899-560: Was first fully documented and analyzed by Dr. Ruth Shady Solís and other Peruvian archaeologists in the late 1990s. A 2001 paper in Science , providing a survey of the Caral research, and a 2004 article in Nature , describing fieldwork and radiocarbon dating across a wider area, revealed Norte Chico's full significance and led to widespread interest. As a result, Caral/Norte Chico has pushed back

930-560: Was found in an excavated grave located next to a Terminal Archaic pit-house . Charcoal recovered from the burial dates the gold beads to 2155-1936 cal BC Some of the early preceramic cultures flourished both in Peru and in Chile. This applies to the Chinchorro culture that was active in what is now northern Chile and southern Peru. This culture left us the Chinchorro mummies ; these are the oldest examples of artificially mummified human remains in

961-475: Was traded with the colder climate Lache . Funza, of which Mosquera formed the southern part until 1861, was founded by conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada who arrived in the region on April 20, 1537. Presently, Mosquera is a satellite town of the capital Bogotá and has grown significantly in recent years. In 2022, an unusual type of white foam covered the town. Residents reported that it produced an awful smell and that it had covered large parts of

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