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54-536: The Red Festival was launched in 1987. when art advocates planned a Native art market and powwow . The organization grew out of the Native-run Center of the American Indian , a cultural center and art museum founded in 1978. The two groups merged in 1992 to create Red Earth. The festival is a multi-day event typically held the first weekend of June although occasionally it has been moved to other months such as

108-426: A college or university campus, a tribe, or any other organization that can provide startup funds, insurance, and volunteer workers. A powwow committee consists of several individuals who do all the planning before the event. If a pow wow has a sponsor, such as a tribe, college , or organization, many or all members of the committee may come from that group. The committee is responsible for recruiting and hiring

162-421: A comedy club , the role of MC is traditionally filled by a "compère". In any comedy show, the compère is the host of the evening's events, but the precise role and responsibilities will vary depending on the country, venue, and style of event. The compère is usually a working comedian, and whilst they may incorporate elements of their regular set, the role broadly requires a greater level of improvisation – creating

216-407: A host drum, which is accorded great respect. The members of drum groups are often family, extended family, or friends. Groups are then often named for families, geographic locations, tribal societies, or more colorful names. Many groups display their names on jackets, caps, vehicles, and chairs. Traditionally, only men would drum and women would sit behind the men, singing high harmonies. Beginning in

270-476: A different step to be used during them, but are open for dancers of any style. In addition to the open dances, contest dances for a particular style and age group are often held, with the top winners receiving a cash prize. To compete in a contest, the dancer must be in regalia appropriate for the competition. Larger pow wows have more specific categories. The dance categories vary somewhat by region, but general categories are as follows: Normal intertribal dancing

324-402: A drum to indicate his request for a song even if it is not that drum group's turn to sing. In some regions, it is considered disrespectful to leave a drum completely unattended. Some drum groups do not allow females to sit down at their drum but welcome them to stand behind the drummers and sing backup harmonies; the reasons for this point vaguely to a variety of tribal stories that attempt to tell

378-529: A pentatonic scale, like playing only the black keys on a piano. While to the outsider, it may simply sound like drum beats accompanied by vocables, some songs include words in Cree, Pikuni, Lushuutsid, Niimipuu, Lakhota, Sahpatin, Salish, Ojibwemowin, or many other Native languages. Master of ceremonies A master of ceremonies , abbreviated MC or emcee , is the official host of a ceremony , staged event, conference, convention, or similar performance. The term

432-432: A pow-wow. In many cases, the head dancers are also responsible for leading the dancers during songs, and often dancers will not enter the arena unless the head dancers are already out dancing. The singers perform while singing. Host drummers are responsible for leading songs at the beginning and end of a pow-wow session, typically starting with a grand entry song, followed by a flag song, veterans or victory song. To conclude

486-625: A respected member of the community to deliver an invocation. The host drum that did not perform the Grand Entry song will then perform a Flag Song, followed by a Victory or Veterans' Song, during which the flags and staffs are placed at the MC's table. The styles and types of dances at a pow wow are descended from the traditions of the Great Plains nations of Canada and the United States . Besides those for

540-418: A sense of place and community, interacting with the audience, dealing with any hecklers , and encouraging them to focus on the other acts. The compère will normally do longer bits at the start of the show and after any interval, and shorter bits between acts. They may also be required to make announcements, such as birthdays, anniversaries, and bar promotions. In some circles, the title "Master of Ceremonies"

594-398: A shortened chorus. Sometimes a drum group will sing the song more than four times, particularly when the song feels good and the singers seize the moment for an extra pushup or two (or more), or when a dancer blows a whistle or passes his staff or fan over the drum to signal that the song is to be continued four extra pushups while he prays. Singing differs by region in that a high falsetto

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648-550: A term of the same length. According to the General Instruction of the Roman Missal , "It is desirable, at least in cathedrals and in larger churches, to have some competent minister or master of ceremonies, to see to the appropriate arrangement of sacred actions and to their being carried out by the sacred ministers and lay faithful with decorum, order, and devotion." The Master of Ceremonies may also have responsibility for

702-583: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Powwow A powwow (also pow wow or pow-wow ) is a gathering with dances held by many Native American and First Nations communities. Powwows today are an opportunity for Indigenous people to socialize, dance, sing, and honor their cultures. Powwows may be private or public, indoors or outdoors. Dancing events can be competitive with monetary prizes. Powwows vary in length from single-day to weeklong events. In mainstream American culture, such as 20th-century Western movies or by military personnel,

756-453: Is an individual activity, but there are also couples and group dances. Couples dances include the two step and owl dance . During a two step, each couple follows the lead of the head dancers, forming a line behind them. In contrast, in an owl dance, each couple dances alone. Group dances include the Snake and Buffalo dance, where the group dances to mimic the motions of a snake at the beginning of

810-512: Is earliest documented in the Catholic Church since the 5th century, where the master of ceremonies is an official of the Papal Court responsible for the proper and smooth conduct of the elaborate rituals involving the pope and the sacred liturgy . The master of ceremonies sometimes also refers to the protocol officer during an official state function, especially in monarchies . Today,

864-584: Is often covered by either a committee-built arbor or tent, or each group, particularly the MC and the drums, will provide their own. While most of the time, a tent provides shelter from the sun, rain can also plague outdoor events. It is particularly important to protect the drums used by the drum groups, as they are sensitive to temperature changes and, if it rains, they cannot get wet. Most vendors provide their own tents or shelters at an outdoor pow wow. Pow-wow etiquette includes guidelines regarding acceptable behavior, such as rules for photography and protocol during

918-492: Is often set up as a series of large circles. The center circle is the dance arena , outside of which is a larger circle consisting of the MC's table, drum groups, and sitting areas for dancers and their families. Beyond these two circles for participants is an area for spectators, while outside of all are designated areas with vendor's booths, where one can buy food, music, jewelry, souvenirs, arts and crafts, beadwork, leather, and regalia supplies. At outdoor pow wows, this circle

972-493: Is particularly evident in intertribal songs, such as the AIM Song , which cannot be biased towards a certain language . The song structure consists of four pushups , singing through the chorus and verse four times. In each chorus, the melody is introduced or led off by the lead singer, who is then seconded by another singer. The second singer begins to vary the melody before the leader's first line ends. They are then joined by

1026-435: Is prevalent in the culture of chivalric orders , as well as in more modern fraternal orders , such as Freemasons and Odd Fellows . Most large corporate and association conferences and conventions use an MC to keep the events running smoothly. This role is sometimes performed by someone inside the group but usually by an outside professional expert MC. Their role could include – introducing and thanking speakers, introducing

1080-402: Is used in the north, while in the south, a lower range is used. "To the unfamiliar listener, Indian singing sounds exotic, different, and difficult to comprehend," and the contrast in the quality or timbre of voice used in traditional Indian and European music may have much to do with that difficulty. However, "to the trained ear, melodies flow, ascend and descend" while dancers react to changes in

1134-456: The DJs to the crowd and explained what was taking place during the event. Often these events were parties at locations including clubs or outdoor public spaces. The term is typically used as a term of distinction, referring to an artist with good performance skills. Many rappers have MC in their stage name, such as MC Hammer , MC Lyte , MC Ren , MC Shan , MC Eiht or MC Serch . In the context of

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1188-485: The Renaissance (16th century). However, copies of books prescribing the forms of rituals, rites and customs of pontifical ceremonies are known to have been given to Charles Martel in the 8th century. The rules and rituals themselves are known to have been compiled or written by the pontifical masters of ceremonies, dating back to the time of Pope Gelasius I (492–496) with modifications and additions made by Pope Gregory

1242-404: The "Hot Five" method five beats are used, with the first hard beat four beats before the second, after which the beats alternate. To understand drum protocol, a drum may be thought of as a person or being and is to be regarded and respected as such. Drum etiquette is highly important. There are regional variations. The drum is the central symbol of Oklahoma pow wows and is located in the center of

1296-528: The "first" pow wow. Initially, public dances that most resemble what are now known as pow wows were most common in the Great Plains region of the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a time when the United States government destroyed many Native communities in the hopes of acquiring land for economic exploitation. In 1923, Charles H. Burke , Commissioner of Indian Affairs in

1350-439: The "hard beats" used to indicate sections of the song. The "traditional method" consists of a pronounced strike by all singers every other beat. These may appear in the first or second line of a song, the end of a section, before the repetition of a song. A cluster of three hard beats (on consecutive beats) may be used at the end of a series of hard beats, while a few beats in the first line of a song indicate performer enthusiasm. In

1404-627: The 2022 Festival (July) and the 2024 Festival (March). The festival features an art market open to Native American members of federally and state-recognized tribes. The festival also features nonprofit and educational booths, demonstrations, and a dance showcase. The event is held at the Grand Casino Hotel Resort, east of downtown Shawnee, Oklahoma . An estimated 27,000 people attended in 2010. 35°28′07″N 97°30′48″W  /  35.4686°N 97.5132°W  / 35.4686; -97.5132 This article related to Oklahoma City

1458-437: The Grand Entry. Common practices emphasize respect for participants and traditions. The clothing worn by participants is referred to as 'regalia' and should not be called a 'costume.' Additionally, certain rules promote courtesy, such as refraining from touching or playing the drums unless one is part of the drum group. It is also important to avoid touching individuals or their regalia without permission. Certain tribes, including

1512-650: The Great (590–604). It is reasonable to assume that the ceremonials themselves pre-date Gelasius. The duties of the Master of Ceremonies may have developed from the time Emperor Constantine the Great gave the Lateran Palace to the popes (324) or from the time Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire (380), and were no doubt influenced by imperial practices, customs and norms. However, documentary evidence from

1566-613: The Master of Ceremonies itself is very old. The Master of Ceremonies is an official of the Papal household responsible for the proper and smooth conduct of the elegant and elaborate rituals involving the Pope and the sacred liturgy . He may also be an official involved in the proper conduct of protocols and ceremonials involving the Roman Pontiff , the Papal Court , and other dignitaries and potentates. Examples of official liturgical books prescribing

1620-547: The Pascua Yaqui and Hopi, prohibit photography and sketching during ceremonies. A pow-wow session begins with the Grand Entry and a prayer. The Eagle Staff leads the Grand Entry, followed by flags and then the dancers, while one of the host drums performs an opening song. This event is considered sacred, and some pow-wows prohibit filming or photography during this time, though others permit it. When military veterans or active duty service members are present, they are often given

1674-723: The Renaissance pomp and ceremony has been completely abandoned by the popes of the modern era. Since the apostolic constitution Pastor bonus of June 28, 1988, the organizing and conducting of liturgies and other religious ceremonies performed by the pope comes under the Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff . It is headed by a "Master" appointed for a term of five years. Papal masters of ceremonies who assist him in sacred celebrations are likewise appointed to

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1728-482: The United States, passed legislation modeled on Circular 1665, which he published in 1921. This legislation restricted the times of the year in which Native Americans could practice traditional dance, which Burke deemed as a direct threat to the Christian religion. However, many Native communities continued to gather together in secret to practice their cultures' dance and music in defiance of this and other legislation. By

1782-516: The coordination of their event, including liaison with catering staff. In hip hop and electronic dance music , MCs are rap artists or performers who perform vocals for their own or other artists' original material. Genres of electronic dance music where MCs perform include house , drum and bass , UK garage and grime . In the late 1970s, the term emcee , MC or M.C. became used for rappers and for their role within hip hop music and culture. Initially, MCs were those who introduced

1836-421: The dance floor and pow wow (which are themselves shaped in concentric circles). Southern drums are suspended by four posts, one for each direction. Northern drums are set up on the outside of the dance area, with the host drum in the best position. Drummer-singers are expected to remain at their drum and ready to sing at any moment's notice; a dancer might approach the drum and whistle, fan, or gesture his staff over

1890-513: The dance, then changes to mimic the actions of a herd of buffalo. At pow wows, where there is a large Southern Plains community in the area, the Gourd Dance is often included before the start of the pow wow sessions. The gourd dance originated with the Kiowa tribe and spread from there. It is a society dance for veterans and their families. Unlike other dances, the gourd dance is normally performed with

1944-458: The drum in the center of the dance arena, not on the side. Though there are many genres unique to different tribes , pow wow music is characterized by pan or intertribalism with the Plains cultures , the originators of the modern pow wow, predominating. For information on dancing, see Dances . There may be many drums at a pow wow, especially weekend or week-long ones, but each pow wow features

1998-409: The entire chorus for the rest of the pushup. Three down strokes or hard beats mark the end of the chorus and beginning of the verse, and during these dancers will alter their dancing such as by hopping low like fancy dancers. An increase in tempo and volume on the last five beats marks the end of the final verse. The dancing stops on the final beat and then a tail , or coda , finishes the song with

2052-433: The head staff is an honor, showing respect for the person's skills or dedication. The master of ceremonies , or MC, is the voice of the pow wow. It is his job to keep the singers, dancers, and public informed as to what is happening. The MC sets the schedule of events and maintains the drum rotation , or order of when each drum group gets to sing. The MC is also responsible for filling any dead air time that may occur during

2106-410: The head staff, publicizing the powwow, securing a location, and recruiting vendors who pay for the right to set up and sell food or merchandise at the powwow. The head staff of a pow-wow are the people who run the event on the day or days it occurs. They are generally hired by the powwow committee several months in advance, as the quality of the head staff can affect attendance. To be chosen as part of

2160-560: The history of drumming as each group understands it. The drum is offered gifts of tobacco during giveaways and musicians acknowledge this by standing. While the drum is central to pow wows, "the drum only helps them keep beat. Dancers key on the melody of the song. Rhythms , tones, pitch all help create their ' moves '." (p. 85) Note that Bill Runs Above did not mention the lyrics of the songs, and while they are no doubt important, most lyrics of most songs employ vocables , syllable sounds such as "ya," "hey," and "loi" (p. 86). This

2214-431: The honor for carrying the flags and eagle staffs. These individuals are followed by the head dancers, after which the remaining dancers typically enter the arena in a designated order: Men's Traditional, Men's Grass Dance, Men's Fancy, Women's Traditional, Women's Jingle, and Women's Fancy. This sequence is then followed by teens and small children in the same order. After the Grand Entry, the master of ceremonies (MC) invites

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2268-486: The late Roman period is scarce or lost. The ceremonies and practices of the Byzantine emperors are also known to have influenced the papal court. The accumulation of elaborations and complications since the Renaissance and Baroque eras continued well into the 20th century, until some of the ceremonies (i.e. the court, the rituals and norms) were simplified or eliminated by Pope Paul VI in the 1970s after Vatican II ; much of

2322-587: The liturgies are long and complex, the Master of Ceremonies plays a vital role in ensuring that everything runs smoothly. The current papal Master of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations is Monsignor Diego Giovanni Ravelli , who succeeded Bishop Guido Marini . Historically certain European royal courts maintained senior offices known as Masters of Ceremonies (or some variant thereof), responsible for conducting stately ceremonies such as coronations and receptions of foreign ambassadors. Examples included: The function

2376-544: The mid-1970s, women began drumming with men and seconding , or singing, an octave higher, the song. Today, there are mixed-gender and all-female drum groups. The supplies a drum group carries include the drum, rawhide headed, a cloth bag for padded drum sticks, the drum stand, folding chairs for sitting, and, in some cases, a public address system. The drum head, stand, microphone stands, and PA box are often decorated with paintings or eagle feathers, fur, flags, and strips of colored cloth. Readily noticeable in performances are

2430-456: The mid-twentieth century, powwows were also being held in the Great Lakes region. Planning for a powwow generally begins months, perhaps even a year, before the event by a group of people usually referred to as a powwow committee. Pow wows may be sponsored by a tribal organization, an American Native community within an urban area, a Native American Studies program, or an American Native club on

2484-406: The opening and closing of a pow wow session, the most common is the intertribal , where a Drum will sing a song, and anyone who wants to can come and dance. Similar dances are the round dance ; crow hop when performed by a northern drum or a horse stealing song by a southern drum; there is also "double beat", "sneakup" and, for Women's Traditional and Jingle, "sidestep". Each of these songs have

2538-409: The physical security of the place of worship during the liturgy, and be familiar with appropriate procedures in case of a medical emergency. The Master of Ceremonies coordinates with any concelebrating priests, deacons, altar servers and sometimes the lectors and music ministers to ensure each knows when and how to perform their liturgical functions. At major festivities such as Christmas and Easter, when

2592-550: The pow wow, often with jokes. The MC often runs any raffles or other contests that may happen during the pow wow. The head dancers consist of the Head Man Dancer and the Head Woman Dancer, and often Head Teen Dancers, Head Little Boy and Girl Dancers, Head Golden Age Dancers, and a Head Gourd Dancer if the pow wow has a Gourd Dance . The head dancers lead the other dancers in the grand entry or parade of dancers that opens

2646-475: The pow-wow, they also perform a flag song, retreat song, and a closing song. Additionally, if a pow-wow has gourd dancing, the Southern Host Drum is often the drum that sings all the gourd songs, though another drum can perform them. The host drums are often called upon to sing special songs during the pow-wow. Famous host drums include Black Lodge Singers , Cozad Singers , and Yellowhammer . A pow wow

2700-658: The rules and regulations of liturgical celebrations are Cæremoniale Romanum and Cæremoniale Episcoporum . The role of the master of ceremonies is outlined in the Ceremonial of Bishops, Nos. 34–36. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , the most ancient ceremonials and rituals of the Catholic Church are the Ordines Romani . Names of Masters of Ceremonies are known since the late Middle Ages (15th century) and

2754-466: The structure of the melody and the song. Boye Ladd says, "If you give me a stink song, I'll dance stink. If you give me good music, I'll give you a great show," implying that one can appreciate the music through the dancing, which is readily appreciated by everyone. But others say that today's contemporary contest dancers should dance their best no matter how well or poorly the drum group singing for their contest is. Generally, Native American singing follows

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2808-479: The term powwow was used to refer to any type of meeting. This usage is now considered by some Native Americans to be an offensive case of appropriation because of the cultural significance powwows hold. The word powwow is derived from the Narragansett word powwaw , meaning "spiritual leader." The term has variants, including Powaw , Pawaw , Powah, Pauwau and Pawau . A number of nations claim to have held

2862-564: The term is often used to connote a person who presents performers, speaks to the audience, entertains people, and generally keeps an event moving. This usage occurs in the entertainment industry , for example in reference to television game show hosts, as well as in contemporary hip hop and electronic dance music culture. In addition, the term also exists in various chivalric orders and fraternal orders . Alternative names include compère (for men), commère (for women), host, presenter, announcer, and microphone controller. The office of

2916-486: The theme of the conference, facilitating a panel discussion and interviewing guests. During the wedding reception , the multifaceted responsibility of the Master of Ceremony (MC) is to keep the agenda flowing smoothly by: The role of the wedding master of ceremonies incorporates a wide range of skills, and those who serve in this capacity have frequently undergone extensive training in the following areas: Masters of ceremonies at weddings and private events also ensure

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