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109-624: The term was first used in one version of the Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea , which is as a whole dated to have been written in 1298–1300. It was in later years mentioned by a few sources that took the information from a transcript (not from the original) of the Chronicle of the priest of Doclea. In the 19th century, during the Age of Romantic Nationalism , it became a central point of discussion and research, often

218-694: A Ragusan historian, included the work (amongst other works) in his Il regno de gli Slavi (ca. 1601); Johannes Lucius did the same in ca. 1666. These Latin redactions claim that the original was written in Slavic. According to its recent editor, Tibor Živković, the chronicle, written in Latin, was completed in two versions between 1295 and 1301 in the towns of Split , then part of the Kingdom of Croatia in personal union with Hungary , and Bar (in Montenegro ), then part of

327-557: A component part of Croatian nationalism , in which Red Croatia was sometimes popularized as a historical state of the Croatian people and thus should become part of a Greater Croatia . Red Croatia was first mentioned in the Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea a fictional work which was written by a Roman Catholic priest in Doclea . His work is not preserved in original, but only in copies since

436-420: A dicto plano usque Duracium, Chroaciam Rubeam , et versus montana, a flumine Drino usque Maceodoniam, Rasiam; et a dicto flumine citra Bosnam nominavit... Moderni autem maritimam totam vocant Dalmaciam, montana autem Chroatiam... Translation: Svatopluk , King of Dalmatia... on Duvno field was crowned and his kingdom of Dalmatia is spread out into 4 regions: From the field called Duvno (Tomislavgrad), to Istria

545-764: A face lift. Durrës is located on the Bay of Durrës on a flat alluvial plain between the river mouths of Erzen and the Ishëm along the Adriatic Sea within the Mediterranean Sea . The municipality of Durrës is encompassed in the County of Durrës within the Northern Region of Albania and consists of the adjacent administrative units of Ishëm , Katund i Ri , Manëz , Rrashbull , Sukth and Durrës as its seat. It stretches from

654-538: A member of the Cistercian order by the name of Rudger, of Bohemian ethnic origins, working in the Archbishopric of Split and for Croatian Ban Paul Šubić who was from 1298 to 1301 Archbishop of Bar . If the Priest of Doclea didn't take the term from some unknown and unpreserved source while rewriting his work for a second edition and he is its inventor, it is believed that he did partially in political aspirations of

763-503: A montanis fluunt et intrant in mare contra meridianam plagam, Maritima uocauit; aquas uero, quae a montanis fluunt contra septentrionalem plagam et intrant in magnum flumen Donaui, uocauit Surbia. Deinde Maritima in duas diuisit prouincias: a loco Dalmae, ubi rex tunc manebat et synodus tunc facta est, usque ad Ualdeuino uocauit Croatium Album, quae et inferior Dalmatia dicitur... Item ab eodem loco Dalmae usque Bambalonam ciuitatem, quae nunc dicitur Dyrachium, Croatiam Rubeam... The following

872-546: A number of beach resorts are being built since 2009. Neighboring districts are known for the production of good wine and a variety of foodstuffs. According to the World Bank, Durrës has made significant steps of starting a business in 2016. Durrës ranks ninth among 22 cities in Southeastern Europe before the capital Tirana , Belgrade , Serbia and Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina. Major roads and railways pass through

981-606: A rocky shore struck by waves on all sides reflects the description of the toponym Dyrrhachion. The distinction between these two districts of the city remained in place even much later. In the 19th century, Durrës proper was the district of the port, while the hill north of it was a separate settlement, Stani (Kodra e Stanit). The modern names of the city in Albanian ( Durrës ) and Italian ( Durazzo , Italian pronunciation: [duˈrattso] ) are derived from Dyrrachium / Dyrrachion . An intermediate, palatalized antecedent

1090-625: A summary of an older hagiography dating between 1075 and 1089 (when the Vojislavljević dynasty endeavored to obtain the royal insignia from the Pope, and to elevate the Bar Bishopric to an archbishopric), contains considerable historical data that has been found to be reliable. Chapters 34 and 35, which deal with Vladimir's father and uncles, are likely based on the prologue of this 11th-century hagiography. Other obsolete and refuted theories include that

1199-422: Is a purely fictional literary product, belonging to the late 14th or early 15th century. Serbian historian Tibor Živković , in his monograph Gesta regum Sclavorum (2009), concluded that its main parts are dated to ca. 1295–1301. Regnum Sclavorum (1601) can be divided into the following sections: The author attempted to present an overview of ruling families over the course of over two centuries — from

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1308-611: Is believed to contain non-historical material. The chronicle was also added to by a bishop of Bar intent on demonstrating his diocese' superiority over that of Bishop of Split . In 1986, the chronicle was translated from the Croatian into Ukrainian by Antin V. Iwachniuk. The translation was financed by the Iwachniuk Ukrainian Studies and Research Fund at the University of Ottawa . Various inaccurate or simply wrong claims in

1417-426: Is called White Croatia... and from that field to Durrës is called Red Croatia ; and the mountainous side from the river Drina to Macedonia is called Rascia, and to that river to here is called Bosnia. The whole sea coast is called Dalmatia and its mountains are Croatia... Another writer confirms the diet of Duvno and the distribution of Croatian lands as well as the existence of Red Croatia. Flavio Biondo (1388–1463)

1526-548: Is described to span the area west of the river Drina , "up to the Pine mountain" ( Latin : ad montem Pini , Croatian : do gore Borave ). The location of this Pine mountain is unknown. In 1881, Croatian historian Franjo Rački wrote that this refers to the mountain of "Borova glava" near the Livno field . Croatian historian Luka Jelić wrote the mountain was located either between Maglaj and Skender Vakuf , northwest of Žepče , or it

1635-458: Is found in the form Dyrratio , attested in the early centuries AD. The palatalized /-tio/ ending probably represents a phonetic change in the way the inhabitants of the city pronounced its name. The preservation of old Doric /u/ indicates that the modern name derives from populations to whom the toponym was known in its original Doric pronunciation. By contrast, in Byzantine Greek, the name of

1744-474: Is located on an artificial basin that is formed between two moles, with a west-northwesterly oriented entrance approximately wide as it passes between the ends of the moles. The port is also a key location for transit networks and passenger ferry, giving Durrës a strategic position with respect to the Pan-European Corridor VIII . The port has experienced major upgrades in recent years culminating with

1853-605: Is profoundly influenced by a seasonal Mediterranean climate . Durrës was founded under the name of Epidamnos around the 7th century BC, by ancient Greek colonists from Corinth and Corcyra in cooperation with the Taulantii , a local Illyrian tribe. Also known as Dyrrachium, Durrës essentially developed as it became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire . The Via Egnatia started in

1962-406: Is renowned for its traditional mass beach tourism having experienced uncontrolled urban development. The city's beaches are also a popular destination for many foreign and local tourists. In 2012, new water sanitation systems are being installed to eliminate sea water pollution. In contrast, the northern coastal stretch of Lalzit Bay is mostly unspoiled and set to become an elite tourism destination as

2071-678: Is served by the Port of Durrës , one of the largest on the Adriatic Sea, which connects the city to other neighbouring countries. Its most considerable attraction is the Amphitheatre of Durrës that is included on the Albanian tentative list for designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Once having a capacity for 20,000 people, it is the largest amphitheatre in the Balkan Peninsula . In antiquity,

2180-521: Is still a topic of discussion. The work describes the local Slavs as a peaceful people imported by the Goth rulers, who invaded the area in the 5th century, but it doesn't attempt to elaborate on how and when this happened. This information contradicts the information found in the Byzantine text De Administrando Imperio . The Chronicle also mentions one Svetopeleg or Svetopelek , the eighth descendant of

2289-578: Is the second-most-populous city of the Republic of Albania and seat of Durrës County and Durrës Municipality. It is one of Albania's oldest continuously inhabited cities , with roughly 2,500 years of recorded history . It is located on a flat plain along the Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast between the mouths of the Erzen and Ishëm at the southeastern corner of the Adriatic Sea . Durrës' climate

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2398-594: Is the translation to English : And from the field of Dalmae (Duvno) to the city of Dyrrachium ( Durrës ) is Red Croatia Andrea Dandolo (1300–1354), the Venetian author of the Chronicle of Dalmatia , who writes of Croatian lands (Dalmatian Kingdom), reiterated the boundaries of Red Croatia: In Latin : Svethopolis rex Dalmacie... in plano Dalme coronatus est et regnum suum Dalmacie in IIIIor partes divisit... A plano intaque Dalme usque Ystriam, Chroaciam Albam, vocavit, et

2507-405: Is the usual name given to a medieval chronicle written in two versions between 1295 and 1301 by an ecclesiastic from Duklja , recently identified as Rudger, Archbishop of Bar. Its oldest preserved copy is in Latin from the 17th century, and modern historians have debated the text's date of composition (mid-12th to late 16th century) and authenticity. It contains some semi-mythical material on

2616-399: Is unclear whether the two toponyms referred originally to different areas of the territory of the city or whether they referred to the same territory. Classical literature indicates that they more probably referred to different neighbouring areas originally. Gradually, the name Epidamnus fell out of use and Dyrrachium became the sole name for the city. Archaeological research has shown that at

2725-623: Is unclear, but it has been suggested that it refers to the imposing cliffs near the city. During the Great Roman Civil War in Illyria, the Battle of Dyrrachium was undertaken by Julius Caesar against Gnaeus Pompey . The battle was a victory for Pompey, but it preceded the more decisive Battle of Pharsalus in Greece where Caesar won. Under Roman rule, Dyrrachium prospered; it became the western end of

2834-459: The Via Egnatia , the great Roman road that led to Thessalonica and on to Constantinople . Another lesser road led south to the city of Buthrotum , the modern Butrint . The Roman emperor Caesar Augustus made the city a colony for veterans of his legions following the Battle of Actium , proclaiming it a civitas libera (free town). In the 4th century, Dyrrachium was made the capital of

2943-694: The Adriatic coast, and Varna , at the Bulgarian Black Sea coast . The National Road 2 (SH2) begins at the Port of Durrës at the Dajlani Overpass, bypasses the road to Tirana International Airport , and ends at the Kamza Overpass in the outskirts of Tirana where it meets National Road 1 (SH1) State Road heading to northern Albania. The Albania–Kosovo Highway is a four-lane highway constructed from 2006 to 2013 between Albania and Kosovo. As part of

3052-461: The Roman province of Epirus nova . It was the birthplace of the emperor Anastasius I in c.  430 . Sometime later that century, Dyrrachium was struck by a powerful earthquake which destroyed the city's defences. Anastasius I rebuilt and strengthened the city walls, thus creating the strongest fortifications in the western Balkans. The 12-metre-high (39-foot) walls were so thick that, according to

3161-511: The Sanjak of Durrës , which was established in 1880 within the vilayet. With the city's economic prosperity and upgrade in status, its demographic decline was also reversed. Many government buildings were built, as well as Western-style hotels and restaurants for private businesses. In 1892-1893 the population of the kaza of Durrës grew to about 4,781, consisting of 3,018 Muslims, 1,514 Orthodox, 201 Catholics, and 48 foreigners. On 26 November 1912, as

3270-612: The Serbian Kingdom . Its author was presbyter Rudger (or Rüdiger), the Catholic Archbishop of Bar ( Antivari ), who was probably of Czech origin. He is thought to have written around 1300 because Bosnian borders are referred to in a way that coincides with an anonymous text, the Anonymi Descriptio Europae Orientalis , that has been dated to the year 1308. Rudger became Archbishop of Bar in 1298, but

3379-585: The 10th century BC), probably the Liburni who expanded southwards in the 9th century BC. The city was founded by Greek colonists in 627 BC on the coast of the Taulantii. According to ancient authors, the Greek colonists helped the Taulantii to expel Liburnians and mixed with the local population establishing the Greek element to the port. A flourishing commercial centre emerged and the city grew rapidly. The fact that about

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3488-546: The 10th century up to the time of writing, the 12th century. There are 47 chapters in the text, of different sizes and varying subject matter. The work is actually a number of separate but similar manuscripts, stemming from an original source that does not survive but assumed to have been written by the Priest of Duklja himself (or other monk-scribes giving a helping hand). It has been generally agreed that this Presbyter included in his work folklore and literary material from Slavic sources which he translated into Latin. Among

3597-410: The 16th and 17th century, and has been dated from as early as the late 13th century to as far as the 15th century. It is most likely that it was written c. 1300. There were numerous erroneous guesses and other plain errors regarding the identity of the writer, the most known being referring to him as "Archbishop Gregory" of a non-existent Archbishopric. Most recent and detailed research identifies him as

3706-590: The 6th century BC the citizens of Epidamnus constructed a Doric-style treasury at Olympia confirms that the city was among the richest of the Ancient Greek world . An ancient account describes Epidamnos as 'a great power and very populated' city. After 323 BC Epidamnus-Dyrrhachium was involved in the intervention in Illyria of the Macedonians under Cassander , who clashed with the Illyrians under Glaukias . In 314 BC

3815-614: The Anjous, increased their diplomatic and political activity in the area, by using the Latin bishops, including the archbishop of Durrës. The city had been a religious center of Catholicism after the Anjou were installed in Durrës. In 1272, a Catholic archbishop was installed, and until the mid-14th century there were both Catholic and Orthodox archbishops of Durrës. Two Irish pilgrims who visited Albania on their way to Jerusalem in 1322, reported that Durrës

3924-784: The Bosnia and Croatia north of the Dinaric mountains. The Latin version of the Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea , known as Gesta regum Sclavorum , was translated by Croatian- Latin historian Ioannes Lucius (Ivan Lučić, the father of Croatian historiography) in 1666 and printed under the name De Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae ( On the Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia ). The following is an excerpt (in Latin): Post haec secundum continentiam priuiligiorum, quae lecta coram populo fuerant, scripsit priuilegia, diisit prouincias et regiones regni sui ac terminos et fines earum hoc modo: secundum cursum aquarum, quae

4033-528: The Byzantine historian Anna Komnene , four horsemen could ride abreast on them. Significant portions of the ancient city defences still remain, although they have been much reduced over the centuries. Like much of the rest of the Balkans , Dyrrachium and the surrounding Dyrraciensis provinciae suffered considerably from barbarian incursions during the Migrations Period . It was besieged in 481 by Theodoric

4142-619: The Byzantine throne. Dyrrachium was lost in February 1082 when Alexios I Komnenos was defeated by the Normans under Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemund in the Battle of Dyrrhachium . Byzantine control was restored a few years later, but the Normans under Bohemund returned to besiege it in 1107–08, and sacked it again in 1185 under King William II of Sicily . In 1205, after the Fourth Crusade ,

4251-504: The Dioclean priest imaginary kingdom of Slavs was divided into two regions: Maritima (Littoral) between Dinaric mountains and the Adriatic sea which was also defined as the area where the"rivers from the mountains flow south into the sea" and Serbia which encompassed everything between Dinaric mountains and the river Danube or as defined in the chronicle as the "region where the rivers flow from

4360-690: The Great , king of the Ostrogoths , and in subsequent centuries had to fend off frequent attacks by the Bulgarians . Unaffected by the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the city continued under the Byzantine Empire as an important port and a major link between the Empire and western Europe. During the sixth century based on accounts of Procopius , the city was mainly inhabited by a Greek population. The city and

4469-556: The Macedonian king seized the city but the garrison he established there was in turn besieged and driven out by the Illyrian king and the Corcyrans . In 312 BC, after another unsuccessful attack of Cassander in the region, the city came under the protection of Glaukias. Those events marked the end of Macedonian presence on the Adriatic coast for almost one century. The city probably came under

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4578-533: The Mediterranean Sea and the hills in the Western Lowlands in the hinterlands. The summers are predominantly hot and dry, the winters relatively mild, and falls and springs mainly stable, in terms of precipitation and temperatures. The mean monthly temperature ranges between 7.5  °C (45.5  °F ) in winter to 23.8 °C (74.8 °F) in summer. The highest temperature of 39 °C (102 °F)

4687-552: The Ottoman Empire was embroiled in the First Balkan War , a group of nationalists led by Ismail Qemali raised the Albanian flag over Durrës. Albania declared independence two days later, bringing four centuries of Turkish rule in Durrës to an end. Durrës was an active city in the Albanian national liberation movement in the periods 1878–1881 and 1910–1912. Ismail Qemali raised the Albanian flag on 26 November 1912 but

4796-554: The Ottoman cartographer Piri Reis almost 400 years before: "The walls are dilapidated; plane-trees grow on the gigantic ruins of its old Byzantine citadel; and its harbour, once equally commodious and safe, is gradually becoming silted up." During the Tanzimat (reform) era, Durrës was separated from the Sanjak of Elbasan and became a main administrative centre in the reorganised İşkodra Vilayet before 1912; it had its own sanjak , namely

4905-540: The South-East European Route 7, the highway will connect the Adriatic Sea ports of Durrës via Pristina, with the E75/Corridor X near Niš , Serbia. As most tourists come through Kosovo, the laying of the highway make it easier to travel to Durrës. The Port of Durrës , in the south-west of the city, is one of the major ports of the Adriatic Sea and plays a very important role in the city's economy. The port

5014-410: The author lived in the second half of the 12th century. Some Croatian historians put forward the theory, of E. Peričić (1991), that the anonymous author was a Grgur Barski (Gregory of Bar), a bishop of Bar , who lived in the second half of the 12th century. The bishopric of Bar was defunct at that time. In his 1967 reprint of the work, Yugoslav historian Slavko Mijušković said that the chronicle

5123-525: The brief rule of Prince Wilhelm, Prince of Albania . It remained Albania's capital until 11 February 1920, when the Congress of Lushnjë made Tirana the new capital. During the First World War , the city was occupied by Italy in 1915 and by Austria-Hungary in 1916–1918. On 29 December 1915, a Naval Battle was fought off Durazzo. On 2 October 1918, several allied ships bombarded Durazzo and attacked

5232-690: The capital of the Principality of Albania for a short period of time. Subsequently, it was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy in the interwar period and was occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. Durrës experienced a strong expansion in its demography and economic activity under the People's Socialist Republic of Albania . The transport connections, concentration of economic institutions and industrial tradition underlie Durrës' leading economic position in Albania. It

5341-440: The central government in Constantinople. France, England, the Netherlands, and Austria established their consulates in Durrës in 1700. As Ottoman relations with Venice improved upon the conclusion of the Ottoman-Venetian Wars , Durrës became a focal point of trade with the Republic of Venice, especially in grains and olive oil, as reported by the Venetian consul in the city in 1769. Mercantile relations with Venice were halted when

5450-414: The city and led east across the fields, lowlands and highlands of the Balkan Peninsula to Constantinople . In the Middle Ages , Durrës was contested between Bulgarians , Venetians , local Albanian noble families and Ottoman dominion. The Ottomans ultimately prevailed, ruling the city for more than 400 years from 1501 until 1912. Following the Albanian Declaration of Independence , the city served as

5559-447: The city and the rebuilding that followed gave the city its more modern appearance. During the 1930s, the Bank of Athens had a branch in the city. Durrës (called Durazzo again in Italian) and the rest of Albania were occupied in April 1939 and annexed to the Kingdom of Italy until 1943, then occupied by Nazi Germany until autumn 1944 . Durrës's strategic value as a seaport made it a high-profile military target for both sides. It

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5668-411: The city is known as Durus . During the 411-year Ottoman period , Durrës was known in Ottoman Turkish as Dırac (دراج); with final consonant devoicing , the name has evolved into modern Turkish as Dıraç . In Venetian it called Durazo , while in the South Slavic languages the city is known as Drač (Cyrillic Драч). In English usage, the Italian form Durazzo used to be widespread, but

5777-458: The city is pronounced with the much later evolution of /u/ as /i/. The modern Italian name evolved in the sub-dialects that emerged from Colloquial Latin in northern Italy. The modern Albanian name evolved independently from the parent language of Albanian around the same period of the post-Roman era in the first centuries AD as the difference in stress in the two toponyms (first syllable in Albanian, second in Italian) highlights. In Aromanian ,

5886-405: The city of Durrës thank to its significant location and connect the northern part of the country to the south and the west with the east. Durrës is the starting point of Pan-European Corridor VIII , national roads SH2 and SH4, and serves as the main railway station of the Albanian Railways (HSH). The Pan-European Corridor VIII is one of the Pan-European corridors . It runs between Durrës, at

5995-426: The city passed to Roman rule, under which it was developed as a major military and naval base. The Romans preferred to use the name Dyrrachium (Greek: Δυρράχιον / Dyrrhachion ) for the city. They considered the name Epidamnos to be inauspicious because of its wholly coincidental similarities with the Latin word damnum , meaning "loss" or "harm". The meaning of Dyrrachium ("bad spine" or "difficult ridge" in Greek)

6104-470: The city returned to Byzantine rule. In the 11th–12th centuries, the city was important as a military stronghold and a metropolitan see rather than as a major economic center, and never recovered its late antique prosperity; Anna Komnene makes clear that medieval Dyrrhachium occupied only a portion of the ancient city. In the 1070s, two of its governors, Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder and Nikephoros Basilakes , led unsuccessful rebellions trying to seize

6213-614: The city was known as Epidamnos ( Ἐπίδαμνος ) and Dyrrhachion ( Δυρράχιον ) in classical Greek and then Epidamnus and Dyrrachium in classical Latin . Epidamnos is the older known of the two toponyms; it is widely considered to be of Illyrian origin, as first proposed by linguist Hans Krahe , and is attested in Thucydides (5th century BC), Aristotle (4th century BC), and Polybius (2nd century BC). Etymologically, Epidamnos may be related to Proto-Albanian *dami (cub, young animal, young bull) > dem (modern Albanian) as proposed by linguist Eqrem Çabej . Although

6322-544: The city was occupied by the Kingdom of Serbia three days later during the First Balkan War . On 29 November 1912 Durrës became the county town of the Durrës County one of the counties of the Kingdom of Serbia established on the part of the territory of Albania occupied from Ottoman Empire . The Durrës County had four districts: Durrës, Lezha , Elbasan and Tirana . The army of the Kingdom of Serbia retreated from Durrës in April 1913. The city became Albania 's second national capital (after Vlora ) on 7 March 1914 under

6431-410: The city was transferred to the rule of the Republic of Venice , which formed the " Duchy of Durazzo ". This Duchy was conquered in 1213 and the city taken by the Despotate of Epirus under Michael I Komnenos Doukas . In 1257, Durrës was briefly occupied by the King of Sicily, Manfred of Hohenstaufen . It was re-occupied by the Despot of Epirus Michael II Komnenos Doukas until 1259, when the Despotate

6540-413: The city. Epidamnus came under the control of the Illyrian Ardiaei under Agron , who fortified the city ( c.  250 –231 BC). When the Romans defeated the Illyrians, they replaced the rule of queen Teuta with that of Demetrius of Pharos , one of her generals. He lost his kingdom, including Epidamnus, to the Romans in 219 BC at the Second Illyrian War . In the Third Illyrian War Epidamnus

6649-412: The city. The Republic of Venice regained control in 1392 and retained the city, known as Durazzo in those years, as part of the Albania Veneta . It fended off a siege by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II in 1466 but fell to Ottoman forces in 1501. Under Ottoman rule, many of its inhabitants converted to Islam and many mosques were erected. The city was renamed Dırac (دراج) but did not prosper in

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6758-399: The control of Pyrrhus of Epirus at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. From about 280 BC the Illyrian king Monunius , and his successor Mytilos minted in Dyrrhachion silver and bronze coins respectively, bearing the king's name and the symbol of the city. The fact that their coins were struck in the city mint of Dyrrhachion stresses that they exercised to some extent their authority over

6867-426: The country's temporary capital between 1918 and March 1920. It experienced an economic boom due to Italian investments and developed into a major seaport under the rule of King Zog , with a modern harbour being constructed in 1927. It was at this time the Royal Villa of Durrës was built by Zog as a summer palace, that still dominates the skyline from a hill close to the old city. An earthquake in 1926 damaged some of

6976-501: The difficulties of the rocky coastline, while also reporting that other Roman authors linked it to the name of an eponymous hero Dyrrachius . The mythological construction of the city's name was recorded by Appian (2nd century AD) who wrote that "the king of the barbarians of this country, Epidamnus gave the name to the city. His daughter's son Dyrrachius, built a port near the town that he called Dyrrachium". Stephanus of Byzantium repeated this mythological construction in his work. It

7085-532: The discussion of the history of Montenegro . Croatian historian Ivo Pilar thought that Duklja arose from the lands of "Red Croatia" in the 10th century. Serbian historian Slavenko Terzić criticized Savić Marković Štedimlija for his references to Red Croati" used for separating Montenegrins from the Serbs . Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea The Chronicle of the Priest of Dioclea or Duklja ( Serbo-Croatian : Ljetopis popa Dukljanina , Љетопис попа Дукљанина ; Latin : Gesta regum Sclavorum )

7194-422: The early history of the Western South Slavs . Historians have yet to discount the work as based on inaccuracies and fiction. The postulates are there that Slavs lived in the Balkans from the 5th- to the 12th-century. It recounts the history of Dalmatia and nearby regions from the 5th to the mid-12th century. The section "Life of St. Jovan Vladimir ", is believed to be one of the local traditions integrated into

7303-555: The fact that the name Epidamnos reminded the Romans of the Latin word damnum , which signified evil and bad luck; Pliny the Elder , who lived in the same period, repeated this explanation in his own works. However, the Romans may have adopted the new name because it was already in more frequent use by citizens of the city. The name Dyrrhachion is usually explained as a Greek compound from δυσ- 'bad' and ῥαχία 'rocky shore, flood, roaring waves', an explanation already hinted at in antiquity by Cassius Dio, who writes it referred to

7412-429: The few Austrian ships in the harbour. Although civilians started to flee the city at the start of the bombardment, many casualties were inflicted on the innocent and neutral population. The Old City being adjacent to the harbour was largely destroyed, including the Royal Palace of Durrës and other primary public buildings. It was captured by Italian troops on 16 October 1918. Restored to Albanian sovereignty, Durrës became

7521-525: The first two centuries of the Ottoman era; its importance declined greatly and it became a den of piracy . Following the establishment of Ottoman rule in 1501, the Durrës Jewish community experienced population growth. As a port, Durrës was of little importance to the Ottomans, who controlled the entire Albanian coast. The town's main significance rather lay in its strategic castle , which the Turks reinforced and improved upon, and its rich salt deposits. There were few permanent civilian settlements, and most of

7630-457: The founders Illyrian men (the Illyrian king Epidamnos and his grandson Dyrrachos), Greek men (the Corinthian Falio, descendant of Heracles), heroes ( Heracles who was given part of the lands) and gods ( Poseidon , as father of Dyrrachos). Several ancient people held the site: the presence of the Brygi appears to be confirmed by several ancient writers, the Illyrian Taulantii (their arrival has been estimated to have happened not later than

7739-414: The harbour and sailed at gunpoint to Italy. In one month alone, August 1991, over 20,000 people migrated to Italy in this fashion. Italy intervened militarily, putting the port area under its control, and the city became the center of the European Community 's " Operation Pelican ", a food-aid program. In 1997, Albania slid into anarchy following the collapse of a massive pyramid scheme which devastated

7848-426: The latter city was occupied by Napoleonic forces in 1797, bringing an end to the maritime republic. The Austrian Empire and later Austria-Hungary , via the port of Trieste , then replaced Venice as Durrës' largest trading partner. According to contemporary statistician Friedrich Wilhelm von Reden , total exports from Durrës reached 672,000 Austrian thalers each year, while imports amounted to 455,000 thalers. By

7957-460: The local Albanian name Durrës has gradually replaced it in recent decades. The territory of Durrës was populated at least starting from the Eneolithic and then, from protohistoric times, it was inhabited by Illyrian peoples. Though surviving remains are minimal, Durrës is one of the oldest cities in Albania. In terms of mythology, the genealogy of the foundation of Dyrrhachium includes among

8066-438: The local magnate John Chryselios . Samuel made his son-in-law Ashot Taronites , a Byzantine captive who had married his daughter Miroslava , governor of Durrës. In circa 1005, however, Ashot and Miroslava, with the connivance of Chryselios, fled to Constantinople , where they notified Emperor Basil II of their intention to surrender the city to him. Soon a Byzantine squadron under Eustathios Daphnomeles arrived at Durrës, and

8175-592: The material he translated, rather than created, is "The Legend of Prince Vladimir" which is supposed to have been written by another clergyman, also from Duklja, more specifically, Zećanin from Krajina in Zeta or Duklja (an earlier name for Zeta). In its original version, it was a hagiographic work, a "Life of St. Vladimir" rather than a "Legend." Prince Vladimir, the protagonist of the story, as well as Emperor Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria , who ordered Vladimir's execution, were historical persons, yet "The Legend of Prince Vladimir"

8284-486: The mayor and members of the municipal council serve four-year terms without term limits. Durrës is an important link to Western Europe due to its port and its proximity to the Italian port cities, notably Bari, to which daily ferries run. As well as the dockyard, it also possesses an important shipyard and manufacturing industries, notably producing leather, plastic and tobacco products. The southern coastal stretch of Golem

8393-468: The members of the Durrës Municipal Council being responsible for the administration of Durrës Municipality. The mayor of Durrës is elected by its people to act as the executive officer of the municipality. The Durrës Municipal Council is the legislative body of the municipality and is also a democratically elected institution, comprising 51 councillors since the latest municipal election. Both,

8502-422: The mid-19th century, its population was said to have been about 1,000 people living in some 200 households. In the late nineteenth century, Durrës contained 1,200 Orthodox Aromanians (130 families) who lived among the larger population of Muslim Albanians alongside a significant number of Catholic Albanians. The decrepitude of Durrës was noted by foreign observers in the early 20th century, echoing comments made by

8611-593: The mountains to the north into the mighty river of Danube." Thus the Maritima encompassed only the areas in the Adriatic sea drainage basin while Serbia encompassed areas in the Black sea ( Danube ) basin . Maritima was further divide in two areas: White and Red Croatia with latter encompassing present day Hercegovina, southern portion of Montenegro and northern Albania. On the other hand, Dioclean's Serbia would encompass most of present-day Serbia, northern part of Montenegro, most of

8720-596: The mouth of Ishëm River at the Cape of Rodon in the north across the Bay of Lalzi to the Shkëmbi i Kavajës in the south. According to the Köppen climate classification , Durrës is classified under the periphery of the hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) zone with an average annual temperature of 15.9 °C (60.6 °F). Its climate is influenced by its proximity to the Adriatic Sea in

8829-510: The name Epidamnos/Epidamnus was more commonly used among Ancient Greek authors, the coinage of the city only used the abbreviations for the name Dyrrhachion/Dyrrhachium . Dyrrachium was chosen as the sole name of the city after the Roman Republic got control of the region after the Illyrian Wars in 229 BC. The Latin spelling of /y/ retained the form of Doric Greek Dyrrhachion, which

8938-515: The narrative. The work was traditionally ascribed to an anonymous "priest of Duklja" ( presbyter Diocleas , known in Serbo-Croatian as pop Dukljanin ). The work is preserved only in its Latin redactions from a 17th-century printing. Dmine Papalić, a nobleman from Split , found the text which he transcribed in 1509–10, which was translated by Marko Marulić into Latin in 1510, with the title Regnum Dalmatiae et Croatiae gesta . Mavro Orbin ,

9047-461: The national economy. An Italian-led peacekeeping force was controversially deployed to Durrës and other Albanian cities to restore order, although there were widespread suggestions that the real purpose of " Operation Alba " was to prevent economic refugees continuing to use Albania's ports as a route to migrate to Italy. Following the start of the 21st century, Durrës has been revitalized as many streets were repaved, while parks and façades experienced

9156-417: The natural ecclesiastical centre of South Dalmatia but those of Dioclea (Bar) to this new metropolitan status were now vigorously pushed especially as the Pope intended Serbia to be attached to Dioclea. In his 1967 reprint of the work, Yugoslav historian Slavko Mijušković stated that the chronicle is a purely fictional literary product, belonging to the late 14th or early 15th century. The region of Bosnia

9265-482: The opening of the new terminal in July 2012. In 2012, The Globe and Mail ranked Durrës at no. 1 among 8 exciting new cruise ports to explore. It is one of the largest passenger port on the Adriatic Sea that handle more than 1.5 million passengers per year. The railway station of Durrës is connected to other cities in Albania, including the capital of Tirana , Vlorë , Elbasan and Shkodër . The Durrës–Tiranë railway

9374-555: The original Goth invaders, as the main ruler of the lands that cover Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro ( Duklja ) and Serbia . He is also credited with the Christianization of the people who are Goths or Slavs — a purely fictitious attribution. These claims about a unified kingdom are probably a reflection of the earlier glory of the Moravian kingdom . He may also have been talking about Avars . The priest's parish

9483-426: The political interests and priorities of his patron, Paul I Šubić of Bribir , Ban of Croatia and Lord of Bosnia . Chapters 1–33 of the chronicle are based on oral traditions and its author's constructions; these are largely dismissed by historians. However, the next three chapters possess invaluable historical data about this time period. Despite its hagiographic nature, Chapter 36 (on Saint Jovan Vladimir ),

9592-436: The population, including the local kadı , opted to live further inland, such as in the newly established town of Kavajë , 14 km south of Durrës. The Ottoman chronicler Evliya Çelebi visited Durrës in 1670-71 and noted in his Seyahatname that there were around 150 houses as well as a mosque named after Sultan Bayezid II . The city's economy began to recover from the late 17th century onwards, boosted by profits from

9701-483: The salt mines, which exported salt throughout the Balkan hinterland. According to diplomat and Turkologist François Pouqueville , about 100 Turkish and Greek merchants lived in the city in 1699, exporting 3,000 quintals (300 tons) of beeswax, 15,000 quintals (1,500 tons) of finished cloth, 15,000 pieces of fine leather, and 60-100 ships of wheat, barley, corn and millet to Venice every year despite an official prohibition from

9810-890: The same etymology. Requested by you, my beloved brethren in Christ and honorable priests of the holy Archbishopric See of the Church in Duklja, as well as by some elders, but especially by the youth of our city who find pleasure not only in listening to and reading about the wars but in taking part in them also, to translate from the Slavic language into Latin the Book of Goths, entitled in Latin Regnum Sclavorum in which all their deeds and wars have been described... Dyrrachium Durrës ( / ˈ d ʊr ə s / DUURR -əs , Albanian: [ˈdurəs] ; Albanian definite form : Durrësi )

9919-454: The southern Dalmatian Hum/ Zahumlje , Travunia and Dioclea (most of today's Herzegovina , Montenegro , as well as parts of Croatia and Albania ) as Maritima / Croatian lands of Red Croatia while other Dalmatian-Lika lands as White Croatia, which is a description inconsistent with other historical works from the same period, but not all. The archbishop of Bar was later named Primas Serbiae . Ragusa had some claims to be considered

10028-550: The surrounding coast became a Byzantine province, the Theme of Dyrrhachium , probably in the first decade of the 9th century. Durrës became a Christian city quite early on; its bishopric was created around 58 and was raised to the status of an archbishopric in 449. It was also the seat of an Orthodox metropolitan bishop . The city remained in Byzantine hands until the late 10th century, when control passed to Samuel of Bulgaria , possibly through his marriage with Agatha , daughter of

10137-404: The text make it an unreliable source. Modern historians have serious doubts about the majority of this work as being mainly fictional, or wishful thinking . Some go as far as to say that it can be dismissed in its entirety, but that is not a majority opinion, rather, it is thought to have given us a unique insight into the whole era from the point of view of the indigenous Slavic population and it

10246-424: The time of the foundation of Durrës, two distinct settlements existed on its territory. The first one is a hill site with no direct contact with the sea. It predates the colony and might represent the settlement which held the toponym known as Epidamnos in ancient literature. The hill site overlooks to its south the second site which is the territory of the port of Durrës, where the colony was founded. Its location on

10355-467: The war, establishing a variety of heavy industries in the area and expanding the port. It became the terminus of Albania's first railway , begun in 1947 ( Durrës–Tiranë railway ). In the late 1980s, the city was briefly renamed Durrës-Enver Hoxha. The city was and continues to remain the center of Albanian mass beach tourism. Following the collapse of communist rule in 1990, Durrës became the focus of mass emigrations from Albania with ships being hijacked in

10464-541: The Šubić family over all Croat lands, which would also explain the lack of Red Croatia in the first version, which centered on Bosnia, the second one being written after Paul had taken the title "Lord of Bosnia". Croatian linguist Petar Skok has defined that this misinterpretation on the Priest's part is a result of transliteration of the Crmnica or Crvnica area in Montenegro, which also translates to "Red Land". According to

10573-537: Was "inhabited by Latins, Greeks, perfidious Jews and barbaric Albanians". When the Serbian Tsar Dušan died in 1355, the city passed into the hands of the Albanian family of Thopias . In 1376 the Navarrese Company Louis of Évreux, Duke of Durazzo , who had gained the rights on the Kingdom of Albania from his second wife, attacked and conquered the city, but in 1383 Karl Topia regained control of

10682-718: Was a 38-kilometre (24-mile) railway line which joined the two biggest cities in Albania : Durrës and Tiranë . The line connects to the Shkodër–Vorë railway halfway in Vorë , and to the Durrës–Vlorë railway in Durrës. In 2015, some rail stations and rolling stock along the Durrës-Tiranë line are being upgraded and latter colored red and white. A rail connection between Durrës and Pristina in Kosovo

10791-571: Was an Italian humanist . In his well-known book Historiarum ab inclinatione Romani imperii decades , he word for word confirms what Dandolo writes about the Duvno diet and White and Red Croatia. Crvena Hrvatska was the name of a weekly Croatian Party of Rights political paper that spread the ideology of Ante Starčević in Dubrovnik , Dalmatia and that existed in between 1890 and 1899 Austria-Hungary , edited by Frano Supilo . The term has come up in

10900-491: Was at some drainage divide mountains, but placed it to the southeast of Dinara . Croatian historian Anto Babić , based on the work of Dominik Mandić in 1978, inferred that the term refers roughly to a place of the drainage divide between the Sava and Adriatic Sea watersheds. In her discussion of Ćorović, Serbian historian Jelena Mrgić-Radojčić also points to the existence of a mountain of "Borja" in today's northern Bosnia with

11009-461: Was attacked by Gentius but he was defeated by the Romans at the same year. For Catullus , the city was Durrachium Hadriae tabernam , "the taberna of the Adriatic", one of the stopping places for a Roman traveling up the Adriatic , as Catullus had done himself in the sailing season of 56. After the Illyrian Wars with the Roman Republic in 229 BC ended in a decisive defeat for the Illyrians,

11118-562: Was briefly occupied by King Milutin of Serbia in 1296. In the thirteenth century, a Jewish community existed in Durrës and was employed in the salt trade . In the early 14th century, the city was ruled by a coalition of Anjous, Hungarians, and Albanians of the Thopia family. In 1317 or 1318, the area was taken by the Serbs and remained under their rule until the 1350s. At that time the Popes, supported by

11227-464: Was defeated by the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea in the Battle of Pelagonia . In the 1270s, Durrës was again controlled by Epirus under Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas , the son of Michael II, who in 1278 was forced to yield the city to Charles d' Anjou ( Charles I of Sicily ). In c.  1273 , it was wrecked by a devastating earthquake (according to George Pachymeres ) but soon recovered. It

11336-608: Was expelled from the town in 1301 by order of the Serbian king Stefan Uroš II Milutin ; Rudger died at the monastery of Zwettl, in Austria, in on 8 December 1305. On the basis of its content, Rudger's composition is believed to have been heavily influenced by his knowledge of medieval Latin sources, from Isidore of Seville and Jordanes to Peter Abelard and Geoffrey of Monmouth and Bohemian and Polish historical works. The themes and scope of Rudger's work are supposed to have been shaped by

11445-439: Was located at the seat of the archbishopric of Duklja . According to Bishop Gregory's late 12th-century additions to this document, this Archbishopric covered much of the western Balkans including the bishoprics of Bar, Budva , Kotor , Ulcinj , Svač , Skadar , Drivast , Pulat , Travunia , Zahumlje . Further, it mentions Bosnia (Bosnam) and Rascia (Rassa) as the two lands of Transmontana / Surbia , while describing

11554-520: Was pronounced as /Durrakhion/. This change of the name is already attested in classical literature. Titus Livius, at the end of the first century BC, writes in Ab Urbe Condita Libri that at the time of the Illyrian Wars (roughly 200 years earlier) the city was not known as Dyrrachium, but as Epidamnus. Pomponius Mela , about 70 years later than Titus Livius, attributed the change of the name to

11663-417: Was recorded on 14 August 1957. The lowest temperature of −6.2 °C (20.8 °F) was registered on 26 January 1954. Durrës receives most of the precipitation in winter months and less in summer months. The mean annual precipitation ranges between 1,000 millimetres (39 inches) and 1,273 millimetres (50.1 inches). Durrës is a municipality governed by a mayor–council system with the mayor of Durrës and

11772-466: Was the mountain Borovina located between Vranica and Radovna , according to Ferdo Šišić 's 1908 work. In 1935, Serbian historian Vladimir Ćorović wrote that the toponym refers to the mountain of Borova glava, because of etymology and because it is located on the watershed ( drainage divide ). In 1936, Slovene ethnologist Niko Županič had also interpreted that to mean that the western border of Bosnia

11881-413: Was the site of the initial Italian landings on 7 April 1939 (and was fiercely defended by Mujo Ulqinaku ) as well as the launch point for the ill-fated Italian invasion of Greece . The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during the war and the port installations were blown up by retreating German soldiers in autumn 1944. The Communist regime of Enver Hoxha rapidly rebuilt the city following

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