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70-715: It had an enduring effect in the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), which ceded the County of Roussillon and the northern half of the County of Cerdanya to France (see French Cerdagne ), splitting these northern Catalan territories off from the Principality of Catalonia, and thereby receding the borders of Spain to the Pyrenees . The war had its roots in the discomfort generated in Catalan society by

140-533: A presidente (president) of the audiencia. Likewise the governor-captain general served in this function in the various audiencias located in the capital of a captaincy general. In both cases the president had no vote in judicial matters, unless he was a trained lawyer, and only oversaw the administration of the court. The audiencias with a viceroy or captain general in charge were referred to as audiencias pretoriales ("praetorial audiencias "), or occasionally audiencias virreinales ("viceregal audiencias "), in

210-411: A composition similar to the early Mexican one. In their judicial function, an audiencia heard appeals from cases initially handled by justices of first instance, which could be, among others, guild courts, corregidores , and alcaldes ordinarios . ( See Fuero .) The audiencia also served as the court of first instance for crimes committed in the immediate jurisdiction of the city that served as

280-640: A factor that eventually led to the War of Devolution in 1667. At the Meeting on the Isle of Pheasants in June 1660, the two monarchs and their ministers met, and the princess entered France. In addition, the English received Dunkirk , although they elected to sell it to France in 1662. The Treaty of the Pyrenees was the last major diplomatic achievement by Cardinal Mazarin. Combined with

350-452: A governor-captain general, this situation caused to appear the post of president-governor of major districts, with direct rule over a province and superior control of other provinces included inside the territorial district of the Audiencia, so that they exercised functions similar to the viceroys. Thus, another administrative division appeared: while the territories in charge of a governor were

420-711: A lengthy and costly conflict, the Spanish crown ordered its authorities in Chile to sign a peace agreement with the Mapuche in order to concentrate the empire's resources in fighting the Catalans. This way the Mapuche obtained a peace treaty and a recognition on behalf of the crown in a case unique for any indigenous group in the Americas. Treaty of the Pyrenees The Treaty of

490-681: A rebel army of the Catalan Republic was defeated in Martorell , near Barcelona, on 23 January. In response the Catalans reinforced their efforts and the Franco-Catalan armies obtained an important military victory over the Spanish army in the Battle of Montjuïc (26 January 1641). Pau Claris died a month later, probably poisoned by Spanish agents. His successor, Josep Soler , prepared the formal agreement of personal union between Catalonia and France, which

560-516: A series of local rebellions against their presence. The revolt grew, until the Corpus Christi day of May 1640 in Barcelona, with an uprising known as 'Bloody Corpus' (Catalan: Corpus de Sang ), under the slogans "Long live the faith of Christ!", "The King our Lord has declared war on us!" "Long live the land, death to bad government", "Reap our chains". When the bishop of Barcelona, after blessing

630-682: Is now Mexico and Central America . This audiencia was followed by the Audiencia of Panama , 1538, overseeing Central America and the littoral regions of northern South America until its abolishment in 1543. It later was reestablished with jurisdiction only over Panama proper in 1564, which functioned until 1751. In 1543 with the abolition of the first Audiencia of Panama, two audiencias were established in its place: one in Guatemala with jurisdiction over Central America and another in Lima with jurisdiction over

700-670: The Junta de Braços or Braços Generals (assembly of Estates or States-General) of Catalonia, an extraordinary body made up of the representatives of the three Estates of the realm in the Catalan Courts (the parliament), presided by the Generalitat. The summit of the Junta de Braços was a success and an important improvement of representation by standards of the time, as it was also attended by representatives of cities which usually weren't invited to

770-540: The Audiencia of Mexico , chaired by the viceroy, ended its jurisdiction face up to the jurisdiction of other Audiencias of Guatemala (1543–1563; 1568-), of Manila (1583–1589; 1595-), of Guadalajara (established in Compostela in 1548 and transferred in 1560 to Guadalajara ) and that of Santo Domingo (1526-). The viceroy of New Spain as governor only had jurisdiction over a more reduced governorate of New Spain, and as captain general his authority did not comprise either

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840-659: The Basque region — Baztan , Aldude , Valcarlos . Spain was forced to recognize and confirm all of the French gains at the Peace of Westphalia. In exchange for the Spanish territorial losses, the French king pledged to quit his support for Portugal and renounced his claim to the Principality of Catalonia , which the French crown had claimed ever since the Catalan Revolt, also known as

910-521: The Catalan constitutions . In 1638, the canon of La Seu d'Urgell Pau Claris , known for his opposition to non-Catalan bishops who collaborated with the Crown, was elected by the ecclesiastic estate as president of the Generalitat , with Francesc de Tamarit elected member of the Generalitat by the military estate and Josep-Miquel Quintana Torroella by the popular estate. Around 1639, both causes approached and

980-624: The Corpus de Sang ), the Council of Defense of the Principality in order to raise an army to respond the expected Royal counter-attack, as well as the Council of Treasury which began to issue debt and a special tax to the nobility (the Batalló ), while the tension with the monarchy grew. At the same time, the Generalitat maintained diplomatic contacts with the Kingdom of France, in order to establish an alliance between

1050-501: The Crown of Aragon were overseen by the Council of Aragon , which had been established in 1494. In the Americas and East Indies , the two institutions were also united, but with a different power relationship. The Crown of Castile early on introduced the audiencia into the Americas as part of its campaign to bring the area and its Spanish settlers and conquerors under royal control. With

1120-527: The Dutch Republic , convinced Catalan leadership that they could not expect any pardon or negotiated solution with the Spanish king. As a result of the negotiation, on 16 January, Pau Claris presented a proposal before the Junta de Braços by which the King of France agreed to put the Principality under his protection if Catalonia changed its government to a republic . On 17 January 1641, the Junta de Braços accepted

1190-631: The Netherlands from Austria , and leading to an increase in hostilities between the French and Spanish. An Anglo-French alliance was victorious at the Battle of the Dunes on 14 June 1658, but the following year the war ground to a halt when the French campaign to take Milan was defeated. Peace was settled by means of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in November 1659. France gained Roussillon (including Perpignan ) and

1260-549: The Peace of Westphalia , it allowed Louis XIV remarkable stability and diplomatic advantage by means of a weakened Louis, Grand Condé and a weakened Spanish Crown, along with the agreed dowry, which was an important element in the French king's strategy. All in all, by 1660, when the Swedish occupation of Poland was over, most of the European continent was at peace (though the third stage of

1330-652: The Portuguese Restoration War would soon begin), and the Bourbons had ended the dominance of the Habsburgs . In the Pyrenees, the treaty resulted in the establishment of border customs and restriction of the free cross-border flow of people and goods. The treaty also settled indefinitely the century and half long litigation over the Kingdom of Navarre , while the dispute over the Aldudes remained in place still throughout

1400-499: The Reapers' War . The Portuguese revolt in 1640, led by the Duke of Braganza, was supported monetarily by Cardinal Richelieu of France. After the Catalan Revolt, France had controlled the Principality of Catalonia from January 1641, when a combined Catalan and French force defeated the Spanish army at Battle of Montjuïc , until it was defeated by a Spanish army at Barcelona in 1652. Though

1470-766: The Tagus River , and the Royal Audiencia of Ciudad Real (1494) taking cases from south of the river. The second audiencia was moved to Granada in 1505. Under Charles V and Philip II , the audiencia system was extended first in Spain proper, with the Royal Audiencia of Aragon (1528) and then to the rest of the Spanish Empire. Audiencias in cities and provinces that belong to Spain today included Seville (1566), Las Palmas (1568), Majorca (1571), Asturias (1717), and Extremadura (1790). The audiencias and viceroys of

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1540-803: The Thirty Years' War after the Spanish Habsburg victories in the Dutch Revolt in the 1620s and at the Battle of Nördlingen against Sweden in 1634. By 1640, France began to interfere in Spanish politics, aiding the revolt in Catalonia , while Spain responded by aiding the Fronde revolt in France in 1648. During the negotiations for the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, France gained the Sundgau and cut off Spanish access to

1610-509: The Thirty Years' War in 1648 but remained part of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) with the confrontation between two sovereigns and two Generalitats, one based in Barcelona, under the control of Spain and the other in Perpinyà ( Perpignan ), under the occupation of France. In 1652 the French authorities renounced Catalonia, but held control of Roussillon, thereby leading to the signing of

1680-613: The Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. Spanish troops being busy in Catalonia considerably helped Portugal , on the other side of the Iberian Peninsula, in successfully shaking off Spanish rule and winning its Restoration War at the same time. The Catalan war was also concurrent with the Arauco War in Chile where the Spanish fought a coalition of native Mapuches . With the Arauco War being

1750-494: The audiencia in writing, not in verbal commands. This created a record that could be checked later. Audiencias were styled , as a body, " vuestra merced " ("your grace", in the singular) and addressed directly as " señores ." The size and composition of an audiencia varied over time and place. For example, the first audiencia of Mexico had four oidores , one president and a fiscal , or crown attorney, meeting as only one chamber overseeing both civil and criminal cases. By

1820-517: The audiencia' s seat and any case involving crown officials. In criminal cases the audiencia was the court of final appeal. Only civil cases involving more than 10,000 silver pesos could be appealed to the Council of the Indies, and only then within a statute of limitation of one year. The fact that Audiencia presidents were not necessarily magistrates or lawyers, but men "clad in sword and cape", meant that they did not have any vote in court cases, and

1890-501: The audiencias pretoriales had the right to hear appeals). Audiencia officials, especially the president, were subject to two forms of review. At the end of the president's term, a juicio de residencia (literally, "judgement of the period in office") was carried out, which reviewed the president's performance on the job and collected interviews many people affected by the audiencia's performance. Unscheduled inspections, called visitas (literally, "visits"), were also carried out if

1960-434: The 17th century it had grown to two chambers handling civil and criminal cases separately. The civil chamber had eight oidores and one fiscal . The criminal chamber had four alcaldes del crimen (the chamber's equivalent of an oidor ) and its own fiscal . In addition the audiencia had sundry other officers such as notaries, bailiffs, and the equivalent of modern public defenders . The smallest overseas audiencias had

2030-470: The 18th century. In the context of the territorial changes involved in the treaty, France gained some territory, on both its northern and southern borders. Real Audiencia A Real Audience ( Spanish pronunciation: [reˈal awˈðjenθja] ), or simply an Audience ( Catalan : Reial Audiència, Audiència Reial, or Audiència ), was an appellate court in Spain and its empire . The name of

2100-459: The Audiencia as institution but to its members as reputable people. The decisions of the royal agreement were established in the concerted writs ( autos accordados ), nevertheless, there were matters as dispatching the issues of government, in which the Audiencia could not interfere either with the viceroy or the president-governor. This way, the control of the Audiencias over the viceroys enabled to

2170-509: The Bourbon kings as part of their administrative reforms , which also involved setting up new viceroyalties. The new dynasty found no need for the second Audiencia of Panama and abolished it in 1751, transferring its jurisdiction to the one in Bogotá. New audiencias were established in: This meant that at the moment of Spanish American independence in the early 19th century, the overseas possessions of

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2240-542: The Caribbean islands and the adjacent mainland. It was quickly suppressed due to opposition by the Spanish settlers, but was re-established permanently in 1526. As the Spanish conquest of the continent continued, more audiencias were founded in the new areas of settlement. The first mainland audiencia was set up in Mexico City in 1527, just six years after the fall of Tenochtitlan , which had jurisdiction over most of what

2310-524: The Courts, as well as members of various feudal towns and, in addition, it mostly worked under the basis of individual vote instead of the traditional single vote per Estate. The new assembly began to assume the sovereignty, enacting a series of revolutionary mesures, such as the establishment of a Council of Justice in replacement of the Royal Audience of Catalonia (the royal judges were also assassinated during

2380-399: The Crown to control the functions of government of the viceroys. While the viceregal and pretorial Audiencias were chaired by men clad in sword and cape, the presidents of the subordinated Audiencias were magistrates, so that, in the juridisdiccional scope of the subordinated Audiencias, the functions of government, Treasury and war belonged to the viceroy. Therefore, in these sections of

2450-466: The Principality of Catalonia and this country. Bernard du Plessis-Besançon  [ fr ] was appointed plenipotentiary of the King of France to Catalonia on 29 August 1640. By the pact of Ceret (September 1640), the French monarchy promised to help the Principality. The massacre perpetrated by the Spanish armies in Cambrils on 16 December, a method similar to those carried out in the fight against

2520-553: The Pyrenees was signed on 7 November 1659 and ended the Franco-Spanish War that had begun in 1635. Negotiations were conducted and the treaty was signed on Pheasant Island , situated in the middle of the Bidasoa River on the border between the two countries, which has remained a French-Spanish condominium ever since. It was signed by Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain , as well as their chief ministers, Cardinal Mazarin and Don Luis Méndez de Haro . France entered

2590-621: The Spanish Monarchy were overseen by twelve audiencias. After the loss of Santo Domingo to the French in 1795, the Audiencia of Santo Domingo was transferred to Camagüey , Cuba and renamed the Audiencia of Puerto Príncipe. In 1838 a second Cuban audiencia was established in Havana , and from 1831 to 1853 Puerto Rico had its own audiencia . Unlike their peninsular counterparts, the overseas audiencias had legislative and executive functions in addition to their judicial ones, and thus represented

2660-411: The Spanish army reconquered most of Catalonia, the French retained Catalan territory north of the Pyrenees. The treaty also arranged for a marriage between Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain , the daughter of Philip IV of Spain . Maria Theresa was forced to renounce her claim to the Spanish throne, in return for a monetary settlement as part of her dowry . This settlement was never paid,

2730-565: The administration of the territories. Both viceroys and audiencias were ultimately overseen by a Council of the Indies . Most of the laws dealing with the establishment of the 16th- and 17th-century audiencias can be found in Book II, Title XV of the Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias issued in 1680. The first audiencia in the Americas was established at Santo Domingo (modern Dominican Republic ) in 1511 with jurisdiction over

2800-465: The agreements reached in Peronne (maritime ports, taxes, key bureaucratic positions, etc.) and a firm military focus on the neighbouring Spanish kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon , in line with Richelieu 's war against Spain, gradually undermined Catalan enthusiasm for the French. A Franco-Catalan army under Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt moved south and gained several victories against the Spanish, but

2870-455: The beginning of the conflict. The irregular militia involved were known as " Miquelets ". The situation took Olivares by surprise, with most of the Spanish army fighting on other fronts far from Catalonia. The Council of Aragon demanded more military presence in Barcelona as the only way to restore the order. Pau Claris , President of the Generalitat of Catalonia , summoned the 10 September

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2940-462: The captaincies of Yucatán or the New Kingdom of León , but it comprised the military command over the governorate of Nueva Galicia , which was a territory under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Guadalajara, until in 1708 the captaincy general was attached to the governor of this province of Nueva Galicia. In the viceroyalty of Peru , the viceroy presided the Audiencia of Lima (1542-), and

3010-661: The case of the former. In the remaining audiencias, such as in Quito, where there was no viceroy or captain general, the president of the audiencia served as the main governor of the audiencia district and the region was often referred to as a "presidency," (e.g., the Presidency of Quito). The viceroy retained the right to oversee the administration of these audiencia districts, but could not interfere in judicial matters. These audiencias were referred to as audiencias subordinadas ("subordinate audiencias ", although this did not imply that

3080-422: The court was not bound to submit to their authority, deferring ultimately to the crown. Thus, the authority of the president, when he was not a magistrate, was void in judicial matter and merely signed the verdicts. The Audiencias chaired by the viceroy were called viceregal Audiencias, and the chaired ones by a governor-captain general were the pretorial Audiencias. As the pretorial Audiencias were chaired by

3150-498: The crown felt it was needed. As part of the Bourbon Reforms , further limits were placed on viceroys and captains general. The office of regente , a type of chief justice , was created which removed most of the administrative functions from the viceroy or captain general. Their role as audiencia president became honorary. A viceroy or captain general, as the president of the audiencia , was charged by law with corresponding with

3220-540: The establishment of the Catalan Republic under French protection. However, a week later, following the defeat of the Catalan army in the Battle of Martorell , close to Barcelona, du Plessis-Besançon managed to convince the Catalan authorities that the help they needed could only be obtained from France if they recognized Louis XIII of France as sovereign. Pau Claris appealed on 23 January to Louis XIII, recognizing him as Count of Barcelona (as Louis I) and thus beginning

3290-448: The former audiencias . Audiencias shared many government duties with the viceroys and governors-captains generals of the regions they oversaw, and so they served as a check on the authority of the latter. An audiencia could issue local ordinances and served as a " privy council " to the viceroy or governor-captain general. In this function it often met weekly and was called by the term real acuerdo . An audiencia also oversaw

3360-521: The furious crowd, asked them: "Who is your captain? What is your flag?" They raised a big Christ on the Cross statue covered with an all black cloth and shouted "Here is our captain, this is our flag!". This 'Bloody Corpus' which began with the death of a reaper (Catalan: segador ), and led to the assassination by Catalan rebels of the Spanish Viceroy of Catalonia , the second Count of Santa Coloma , marked

3430-404: The highest court in Castile for the next two centuries. Appeals from the Castilian audiencias could only be made to the Council of Castile after its creation in 1480. After the union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon in the Kingdom of Spain and the subsequent conquest of Granada in 1492, the audiencia was divided in two, with the Audiencia of Valladolid taking cases originating north of

3500-423: The huge economic and military burden of the Spanish Empire . But his Union of Arms (Spanish: Union de Armas ) policy raised hostilities and protests all across the states of the Monarchy of Spain. Resistance in Catalonia was especially strong; the Catalan Courts of 1626 and 1632 were never concluded, due to the opposition of the states against the economic and military measures of Olivares, many of which violated

3570-411: The identification and solidarity of the peasants took place with the attitude of political distrust of the authorities. Thus the political doctrine of the uprising and the popular ideology of the revolt were formed. Catalan peasants, who were forced to quarter the royal army and reported events such as religious sacrileges, destruction of personal properties and rape of women by the soldiers, responded in

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3640-438: The institution literally translates as Royal Audience . The additional designation chancillería (or cancillería , Catalan: cancelleria , English: chancellery ) was applied to the appellate courts in early modern Spain. Each audiencia had oidores (Spanish: judges, literally, "hearers"). The first audiencia was founded in the Kingdom of Castile in 1371 at Valladolid . The Valladolid Audiencia functioned as

3710-410: The jurisdiction of this Audiencia ended face up to the jurisdictions of the pretorial Audiencias of Panama (1538–1543; 1563–1717), of Santa Fe de Bogotá (1547-), of Santiago de Chile (in Concepción between 1565 and 1575, and in Santiago de Chile since 1605), and that of Buenos Aires (1661–1672), whose presidents were also both governors and captains general, and in addition to these Audiencias,

3780-402: The king in his role as maker of laws and dispenser of justice, as evidenced by the fact that, as chanceries ( chancillerías , modern Spanish: cancillerías ), they alone had the royal seal . Their importance in handling the affairs of state is reflected in the fact that many of the modern countries of Spanish-speaking South America and Panama have boundaries that are roughly the same as those of

3850-411: The minor provinces, the juridisdiccional scope of the Audiencias constituted the major provinces. The members ( oidores ) of the Audiencia met with the president in a committee called royal agreement ( real acuerdo ), to take measurements for the government concerning the review of bylaws, appointments of commissioners ( jueces pesquisidores ), or retention of bulls, but the advice did not correspond to

3920-485: The newly settled areas of South America, which had been gained by the conquest of Peru and surrounding regions. Venezuela , settled earlier, remained under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Santo Domingo until the establishment of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in the early 18th century. By the end of the 16th century six more audiencias had been established in: In the 17th century two new audiencias were created in: The last colonial audiencias were created under

3990-404: The northern half of Cerdanya , Montmédy and other parts of Luxembourg , Artois and other towns in Flanders , including Arras , Béthune , Gravelines and Thionville , and a new border with Spain was fixed at the Pyrenees. However, the treaty stipulated only that all "villages" north of the Pyrenees should become part of France. Because it was a town, Llívia , once the capital of Cerdanya,

4060-412: The northern side of the Pyrenees, retaining control of the Roussillon while maintaining the claim over the entirety of Catalonia. Resistance continued for several years afterwards and some fighting took place north of the Pyrenees but the mountains would remain from then on the effective border between Spanish and French territories. The conflict extended beyond the Peace of Westphalia , which concluded

4130-430: The presence of the royal army (made mostly of mercenaries from different nationalities) during the Franco-Spanish War between the Kingdom of France and the Monarchy of Spain as part of the Thirty Years' War , as well the opposition of Catalan institutions to the centralised policies of the Royal Court. Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares , the chief minister of Philip IV , had been trying to distribute more evenly

4200-448: The process to place the Principality of Catalonia in a personal union with the Kingdom of France. The threat of the French enemy establishing a powerful base south of the Pyrenees caused an immediate reaction from the Habsburg monarchy. The Habsburg government sent a large army of 26,000 men under Pedro Fajardo to crush the Catalan Revolt. On its way to Barcelona, the Spanish army retook several cities, executing hundreds of prisoners, and

4270-426: The ravages caused by the famine and the plague, the commitment made by Philip IV to respect the Catalan constitutions and institutions in 1644, and the outbreak of the Fronde conflict in France, the Spanish offensive was able to capture Barcelona in 1652 after a year of siege, bringing the Catalan capital under Spanish control again. Then, the French armies and officers, as well as Catalans loyal to them, retreated to

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4340-407: The royal treasury, and when meeting in this capacity with the royal treasurer, it was referred to as a junta de hacienda (literally, "finance board"). The crown attorney ( fiscal ) also had the right to correspond directly with the crown, especially on treasury issues and acuerdo decisions. In turn, in the viceregal capitals of Spanish America, such as Mexico and Lima, the viceroy himself served as

4410-409: The sieges of Tarragona (1644), Lleida and Tortosa finally failed and the allies had to withdraw. In the north of Catalonia in Roussillon, they were more successful. Perpignan was taken from the Spanish after a siege of 10 months , and the whole of Roussillon was under French control. Shortly after, Spanish relief armies were defeated at the Battle of Montmeló and Battle of Barcelona . Due to

4480-400: The vast conquests on the American mainland, which began in the 1520s, it became clear that the audiencia system would not be sufficient to effectively run the overseas government. Viceroys were therefore introduced, but without the judicial powers the office had enjoyed under the Aragonese Crown. In the New World, instead, the audiencias were given a consultative and quasi-legislative role in

4550-399: The viceroyalties there were no governors-captains general but Audiencias, and the presidency gave them the name, for example in Charcas and Quito . Although there were accumulated in the same person the offices of viceroy, governor, captain general and president of the Audiencia, each of them had different jurisdictional areas. The jurisdiction of the viceregal Audiencia, whose president

4620-434: The viceroyalty comprised the subordinated Audiencias of Charcas (La Plata; 1559-) and Quito (1563-). Audiencias in the Spanish possessions in Europe included the Italian domains of Sardinia (1564–1714) and Kingdom of Sicily (1569–1707). In Italy, the Castilian institution of the audiencia was united with the Aragonese institution of the viceroy. The Aragonese viceroys were literally "vice-kings," and as such, had

4690-405: Was placed the viceregal capital belonged to the viceroy; nevertheless, with respect to the other governorates of the viceroyalty, his function was mere oversight or general inspection over the management of political affairs. The imprecision in defining the powers of the viceroy and those of the provincial governors allowed the Crown to control their officials. In the viceroyalty of New Spain ,

4760-487: Was ratified by the Treaty of Peronne on 19 September 1641. After the military success, the Junta de Braços was able to establish its own Judiciary throughout Catalan territory with the help of French armies, despite the persistence of some class war in the form of local uprisings of peasants. For the next decade the Catalans fought in French personal union, taking the initiative after Montjuïc. Meanwhile, increasing French control of political and administrative affairs despite

4830-413: Was the viceroy, ended face up to the jurisdiction of other Audiencias inside the same viceroyalty: as the pretorial Audiencias chaired by a governor-captain general, who had administrative, political and military authority, as the subordinated Audiencias, whose president did not have this administrative, political and military authority. Therefore, as governor, the direct administration of the province where

4900-440: Was thus unintentionally exempted from the treaty and became a Spanish exclave as part of the comarca of Baixa Cerdanya , in the Spanish province of Girona . This border was not properly settled until the Treaty of Bayonne was signed in 1856, with its final acts accepted 12 years later. On the western Pyrenees a definite borderline was drawn and decisions made as to the politico-administrative affiliation of bordering areas in

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