The Republican Party in the United States includes several factions , or wings. During the 19th century, Republican factions included the Half-Breeds , who supported civil service reform; the Radical Republicans , who advocated the immediate and total abolition of slavery, and later advocated civil rights for freed slaves during the Reconstruction era ; and the Stalwarts , who supported machine politics.
122-410: [REDACTED] Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Reaganomics ( / r eɪ ɡ ə ˈ n ɒ m ɪ k s / ; a portmanteau of Reagan and economics attributed to Paul Harvey ), or Reaganism , were
244-413: A blend —also known as a blend word , lexical blend , or portmanteau —is a word formed by combining the meanings, and parts of the sounds, of two or more words together. English examples include smog , coined by blending smoke and fog , as well as motel , from motor ( motorist ) and hotel . A blend is similar to a contraction . On the one hand, mainstream blends tend to be formed at
366-534: A third party candidate, running on the Progressive ticket. He succeeded in depriving Taft of a second term, but came in second behind Democrat Woodrow Wilson . After Roosevelt's 1912 defeat, the progressive wing of the party went into decline. Progressive Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives held a " last stand " protest in December 1923, at the start of the 68th Congress , when they refused to support
488-654: A 1996 report of the Joint Economic Committee of the United States Congress, during Reagan's two terms, and through 1993, the top 10% of taxpayers paid an increased share of income taxes (not including payroll taxes) to the Federal government, while the lowest 50% of taxpayers paid a reduced share of income tax revenue. Personal income tax revenues declined from 9.4% GDP in 1981 to 8.3% GDP in 1989, while payroll tax revenues increased from 6.0% GDP to 6.7% GDP during
610-594: A Libertarian from 1987 to 1996 and since 2015). Ron Paul ran for president once as a Libertarian and twice more recently as a Republican . The libertarian conservative wing of the party had significant cross-over with the Tea Party movement . Moderate Republicans tend to be conservative-to-moderate on fiscal issues and moderate-to-liberal on social issues, and usually represent swing states or blue states . Moderate Republican voters are typically highly educated , affluent, socially moderate or liberal and often part of
732-515: A baseline without the cuts) were at least partially offset by phased in Social Security payroll tax increases that had been enacted by President Jimmy Carter and the 95th Congress in 1977, and further increases by Reagan in 1983 and following years, also to counter the uses of tax shelters. An accounting indicated nominal tax receipts increased from $ 599 billion in 1981 to $ 1.032 trillion in 1990, an increase of 72% in current dollars. In 2005 dollars,
854-511: A baseline without the cuts, approximately $ 111 billion (in 1992 dollars) on average during the first four years after implementation or nearly 3% GDP annually. Other tax bills had neutral or, in the case of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 , a (~+1% of GDP) increase in revenue as a share of GDP. The study did not examine the longer-term impact of Reagan tax policy, including sunset clauses and "the long-run, fully-phased-in effect of
976-523: A form suitable for carrying on horseback; (now esp.) one in the form of a stiff leather case hinged at the back to open into two equal parts". According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( AHD ), the etymology of the word is the French porte-manteau , from porter , "to carry", and manteau , "cloak" (from Old French mantel , from Latin mantellum ). According to
1098-439: A global increase in such movements in the 2010s and 2020s, coupled with entrenchment and increased partisanship within the party since 2010, fueled by the rise of the Tea Party movement which has also been described as far-right. The election of Trump in 2016 split the party into pro-Trump and anti-Trump factions. When conservative columnist George Will advised voters of all ideologies to vote for Democratic candidates in
1220-840: A key role in Republican administrations since the 2000s. Other organizations associated with this faction include the American Enterprise Institute , the Foundation for Defense of Democracies , the Henry Jackson Society and the Project for the New American Century . The Christian right is a conservative Christian political faction characterized by strong support of socially conservative and Christian nationalist policies. Christian conservatives seek to use
1342-427: A kind of bath), the attributive blends of English are mostly head-final and mostly endocentric . As an example of an exocentric attributive blend, Fruitopia may metaphorically take the buyer to a fruity utopia (and not a utopian fruit); however, it is not a utopia but a drink. Coordinate blends (also called associative or portmanteau blends) combine two words having equal status, and have two heads. Thus brunch
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#17330853511271464-706: A lightning rod to finalize that process of creating the Republican Party as a single entity for defending the high status of white, Christian, rural Americans. It's not a huge percentage of Americans that holds these beliefs, and it's not even the entire Republican Party; it's just about half of it. But the party itself is controlled by this intolerant, very strongly pro-Trump faction." Julia Azari, an associate professor of political science at Marquette University , noted that not all Trumpist Republicans are public supporters of Donald Trump, and that some Republicans endorse Trump policies while distancing themselves from Trump as
1586-622: A mere splinter or leftover word fragment. For instance, starfish is a compound, not a blend, of star and fish , as it includes both words in full. However, if it were called a " stish " or a " starsh ", it would be a blend. Furthermore, when blends are formed by shortening established compounds or phrases, they can be considered clipped compounds , such as romcom for romantic comedy . Blends of two or more words may be classified from each of three viewpoints: morphotactic, morphonological, and morphosemantic. Blends may be classified morphotactically into two kinds: total and partial . In
1708-401: A particular historical moment followed by a rapid rise in popularity. Contractions, on the other hand, are formed by the gradual drifting together of words over time due to them commonly appearing together in sequence, such as do not naturally becoming don't (phonologically, / d uː n ɒ t / becoming / d oʊ n t / ). A blend also differs from a compound , which fully preserves
1830-551: A path to citizenship for illegal immigrants, and embryonic stem cell research . In the 21st century, some former Republican moderates have switched to the Democratic Party. Prominent 21st century moderate Republicans include Senators John McCain of Arizona, Lisa Murkowski of Alaska and Susan Collins of Maine and several current or former governors of northeastern states, such as Charlie Baker of Massachusetts and Phil Scott of Vermont. Another moderate Republican
1952-567: A percentage of GDP slightly less (16.08% vs. 16.86%). In the 1980s, industrial productivity growth in the United States matched that of its trading partners after trailing them in the 1970s. By 1990, manufacturing's share of GNP exceeded the post-World War II low hit in 1982 and matched "the level of output achieved in the 1960s when American factories hummed at a feverish clip". Real GDP grew over one-third during Reagan's presidency, an over $ 2 trillion increase. The compound annual growth rate of GDP
2074-403: A person. In a speech he gave on November 2, 2022, at Washington's Union Station near the U.S. Capitol, President Biden asserted that "the pro-Trump faction" of the Republican Party is trying to undermine the U.S. electoral system and suppress voting rights. A divide has formed in the party between those who remain loyal to Donald Trump and those who oppose him. A recent survey concluded that
2196-533: A popular constitutional movement. On matters of foreign policy, the movement largely supports avoiding being drawn into unnecessary conflicts and opposes "liberal internationalism". Its name refers to the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773, a watershed event in the launch of the American Revolution . By 2016, Politico said that the modern Tea Party movement was "pretty much dead now"; however,
2318-564: A pro-Trump primary challenger in 2022 against Kelly Tshibaka whom she defeated. A primary challenge to Romney had been suggested by Jason Chaffetz , who has criticized his opponents within the Republican Party as "Trump haters". Romney chose not to run for re-election in 2024 . Representative Anthony Gonzalez , one of 10 House Republicans who voted to impeach Trump over the Capitol riot , called him "a cancer" while announcing his retirement. Former Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie , who
2440-675: A proposal; in 1984 Reagan had the Treasury Department produce its own plan. The 1986 act aimed to be revenue-neutral: while it reduced the top marginal rate, it also cleaned up the tax base by removing certain tax write-offs, preferences, and exceptions, thus raising the effective tax on activities previously specially favored by the code. Federal revenue share of GDP fell from 19.6% in fiscal 1981 to 17.3% in 1984, before rising back to 18.4% by fiscal year 1989. Personal income tax revenues fell during this period relative to GDP, while payroll tax revenues rose relative to GDP. Reagan's 1981 cut in
2562-478: A range of right-wing ideologies including but not limited to right-wing populism , national conservatism , neo-nationalism , and Trumpism , the political movement associated with Donald Trump and his base. They have been described by some commentators, including Joseph Lowndes, James A. Gardner, and Guy-Uriel Charles, as the American political variant of the far-right . Rachel Kleinfeld, senior fellow at
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#17330853511272684-481: A total blend, each of the words creating the blend is reduced to a mere splinter. Some linguists limit blends to these (perhaps with additional conditions): for example, Ingo Plag considers "proper blends" to be total blends that semantically are coordinate, the remainder being "shortened compounds". Commonly for English blends, the beginning of one word is followed by the end of another: Much less commonly in English,
2806-520: A visible problem in U.S. urban centers. According to Don Mitchell , the increased cuts to spending on housing and social services under Reagan was a contributing factor to the homeless population nearly doubling in just three years, from 1984 to 1987. In the closing weeks of his presidency, Reagan told David Brinkley that the homeless "make it their own choice for staying out there," noting his belief that there "are shelters in virtually every city, and shelters here, and those people still prefer out there on
2928-531: Is frankenword , an autological word exemplifying the phenomenon it describes, blending " Frankenstein " and "word". Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Moderates In the 20th century, Republican factions included the Progressive Republicans, the Reagan coalition , and the liberal Rockefeller Republicans . In the 21st century, Republican factions include conservatives (represented in
3050-477: Is a Japanese blend that has entered the English language. The Vietnamese language also encourages blend words formed from Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary . For example, the term Việt Cộng is derived from the first syllables of "Việt Nam" (Vietnam) and "Cộng sản" (communist). Many corporate brand names , trademarks, and initiatives, as well as names of corporations and organizations themselves, are blends. For example, Wiktionary , one of Misplaced Pages 's sister projects,
3172-489: Is a blend of wiki and dictionary . The word portmanteau was introduced in this sense by Lewis Carroll in the book Through the Looking-Glass (1871), where Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the coinage of unusual words used in " Jabberwocky ". Slithy means "slimy and lithe" and mimsy means "miserable and flimsy". Humpty Dumpty explains to Alice the practice of combining words in various ways, comparing it to
3294-440: Is both phonological and orthographic, but with no other shortening: The overlap may be both phonological and orthographic, and with some additional shortening to at least one of the ingredients: Such an overlap may be discontinuous: These are also termed imperfect blends. It can occur with three components: The phonological overlap need not also be orthographic: If the phonological but non-orthographic overlap encompasses
3416-624: Is incumbent governor of Nevada Joe Lombardo , who was previously the Sheriff of Clark County . Moderate Republican Representatives include Brian Fitzpatrick , Mike Lawler , and David Valadao . One of the most high-ranking moderate Republicans in recent history was Colin Powell as Secretary of State in the first term of the George W. Bush administration (Powell left the Republican Party in January 2021 following
3538-692: Is neither a breakfasty lunch nor a lunchtime breakfast but instead some hybrid of breakfast and lunch; Oxbridge is equally Oxford and Cambridge universities. This too parallels (conventional, non-blend) compounds: an actor–director is equally an actor and a director. Two kinds of coordinate blends are particularly conspicuous: those that combine (near‑) synonyms: and those that combine (near‑) opposites: Blending can also apply to roots rather than words, for instance in Israeli Hebrew : "There are two possible etymological analyses for Israeli Hebrew כספר kaspár 'bank clerk, teller'. The first
3660-405: Is that it consists of (Hebrew>) Israeli כסף késef 'money' and the ( International /Hebrew>) Israeli agentive suffix ר- -ár . The second is that it is a quasi- portmanteau word which blends כסף késef 'money' and (Hebrew>) Israeli ספר √spr 'count'. Israeli Hebrew כספר kaspár started as a brand name but soon entered the common language. Even if the second analysis is the correct one,
3782-477: The 2021 United States Capitol attack , Philip Bump of The Washington Post posited that the Republican Party in the U.S. House of Representatives consisted of three factions: the Trumpists (who voted against the second impeachment of Donald Trump in 2021, voted against stripping Marjorie Taylor Greene of her committee assignments, and supported efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election ),
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3904-584: The 2021 storming of the United States Capitol , and had endorsed every Democrat for president in the general election since 2008). The Republican Governance Group is a caucus of moderate Republicans within the House of Representatives. Sometimes referred to as the MAGA or "America First" movement, Trumpists are the dominant faction in the Republican Party as of 2024. It has been described as consisting of
4026-482: The Great Depression and FDR's New Deal policies. At the same time he attracted a following from the supply-side economics movement, which formed in opposition to Keynesian demand-stimulus economics. This movement produced some of the strongest supporters for Reagan's policies during his term in office. The contention of the proponents, that the tax rate cuts would more than cover any increases in federal debt,
4148-478: The Libertarian Party in 2020 before returning in 2024. Prominent libertarian conservatives within the Republican Party include New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu , Senators Mike Lee and Rand Paul , Representative Thomas Massie , former Representative and Governor of South Carolina Mark Sanford , and former Representative Ron Paul (who was a Republican prior to 1987 and again from 1996 to 2015, and
4270-580: The Never Trump movement. Ideologically, such Republicans resemble the conservative liberals of Europe. While they sometimes share the economic views of other Republicans (i.e. lower taxes , deregulation , and welfare reform ), moderate Republicans differ in that some support affirmative action , LGBT rights and same-sex marriage , legal access to and even public funding for abortion , gun control laws, more environmental regulation and action on climate change , fewer restrictions on immigration and
4392-520: The OED Online , the etymology of the word is the "officer who carries the mantle of a person in a high position (1507 in Middle French), case or bag for carrying clothing (1547), clothes rack (1640)". In modern French, a porte-manteau is a clothes valet , a coat-tree or similar article of furniture for hanging up jackets, hats, umbrellas and the like. An occasional synonym for "portmanteau word"
4514-508: The Phillips Curve grew. Political pressure favored stimulus resulting in an expansion of the money supply. President Richard Nixon 's wage and price controls were phased out. The federal oil reserves were created to ease any future short term shocks. President Jimmy Carter had begun phasing out price controls on petroleum while he created the Department of Energy. Much of the credit for
4636-531: The Republican Conference nominee for Speaker of the House , Frederick H. Gillett , voting instead for two other candidates. After eight ballots spanning two days, they agreed to support Gillett in exchange for a seat on the House Rules Committee and pledges that subsequent rules changes would be considered. On the ninth ballot, Gillett received 215 votes, a majority of the 414 votes cast, to win
4758-501: The Republican Party that began in 2009 following the election of Barack Obama as President of the United States. Members of the movement have called for lower taxes , and for a reduction of the national debt of the United States and federal budget deficit through decreased government spending . The movement supports small-government principles and opposes government-sponsored universal healthcare . It has been described as
4880-604: The Richard Nixon administration) and writer and academic Michael Lind argued that the liberalism of Democratic President Bill Clinton and the Third Way movement were in many ways to the right of Dwight Eisenhower , Rockefeller, and John Lindsay , Republican Congressman and Mayor of New York City in the late 1960s. According to historian George H. Nash , the Reagan coalition in the Republican Party, which centered around Ronald Reagan and his administration throughout all of
5002-407: The national debt from $ 997 billion to $ 2.85 trillion. This led to the U.S. moving from the world's largest international creditor to the world's largest debtor nation. Reagan described the new debt as the "greatest disappointment" of his presidency. According to William A. Niskanen , one of the architects of Reaganomics, "Reagan delivered on each of his four major policy objectives, although not to
Reaganomics - Misplaced Pages Continue
5124-417: The neoliberal economic policies promoted by U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s. These policies are characterized as supply-side economics , trickle-down economics , or "voodoo economics" by opponents, including some Republicans, while Reagan and his advocates preferred to call it free-market economics . The pillars of Reagan's economic policy included increasing defense spending, balancing
5246-432: The stems of the original words. The British lecturer Valerie Adams's 1973 Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation explains that "In words such as motel ..., hotel is represented by various shorter substitutes – ‑otel ... – which I shall call splinters. Words containing splinters I shall call blends". Thus, at least one of the parts of a blend, strictly speaking, is not a complete morpheme , but instead
5368-549: The war on drugs . On foreign policy, libertarian conservatives favor non-interventionism . The Republican Liberty Caucus , which describes itself as "the oldest continuously operating organization in the Liberty Republican movement with state charters nationwide", was founded in 1991. The House Liberty Caucus is a congressional caucus formed by former Representative Justin Amash , a former Republican of Michigan who joined
5490-408: The 14th-century Arab scholar Ibn Khaldun as an influence on his supply-side economic policies, in 1981. Reagan paraphrased Ibn Khaldun, who said that "In the beginning of the dynasty, great tax revenues were gained from small assessments," and that "at the end of the dynasty, small tax revenues were gained from large assessments." Reagan said his goal is "trying to get down to the small assessments and
5612-410: The 1950s and 1960s, with its initial leaders being Senator Robert A. Taft , Russell Kirk , and William F. Buckley Jr. Its central tenets include the promotion of individual liberty and free-market economics and opposition to labor unions , high taxes , and government regulation . The Republican Party has undergone a major decrease in the influence of its establishment conservative faction since
5734-617: The 1970s. In the late 20th century, the Christian right became strongly connected to the Republican Party . Republican politicians associated with the Christian right in the 21st century include Tennessee Senator Marsha Blackburn , former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee , and former Senator Rick Santorum . Many within the Christian right have also identified as social conservatives , which sociologist Harry F. Dahms has described as Christian doctrinal conservatives ( anti-abortion , anti-LGBT rights ) and gun-rights conservatives (pro- NRA ) as
5856-399: The 1980s (continuing in the late 1980s with the George H. W. Bush administration), originally consisted of five factions: the libertarians, the traditionalists, the anti-communists, the neoconservatives, and the religious right (which consisted of Protestants, Catholics, and some Jewish Republicans). The Tea Party movement was an American fiscally conservative political movement within
5978-431: The 2024 trading days under Reagan, compared to 10.4% during the preceding 2024 trading days. The business sector share of GDP, measured as gross private domestic investment , declined by 0.7 percentage points under Reagan, after increasing 0.7 percentage points during the preceding eight years. The federal government's share of GDP increased 0.2 percentage points under Reagan, while it decreased 1.5 percentage points during
6100-845: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, characterizes Trumpism as an authoritarian, antidemocratic movement which has successfully weaponized cultural issues, and that cultivates a narrative placing white people, Christians, and men at the top of a status hierarchy as its response to the so-called " Great Replacement " theory, a claim that minorities, immigrants, and women, enabled by Democrats, Jews, and elites, are displacing white people, Christians, and men from their "rightful" positions in American society. In international relations, Trumpists support U.S. aid to Israel but not to Ukraine, are generally supportive towards Russia , yet claim to favor an isolationist " America First " foreign policy agenda. They generally reject compromise within
6222-575: The Democratic and Republican parties: "For the GOP, there's the Trump faction—which is the larger group—and the non-Trump faction". Lilliana Mason, associate professor of political science at Johns Hopkins University , states that Donald Trump solidified the trend among Southern white conservative Democrats since the 1960s of leaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republican Party : "Trump basically worked as
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#17330853511276344-505: The Department of Defense, which rose (in constant 2000 dollars) from $ 267.1 billion in 1980 (4.9% of GDP and 22.7% of public expenditure) to $ 393.1 billion in 1988 (5.8% of GDP and 27.3% of public expenditure); most of those years military spending was about 6% of GDP, exceeding this number in 4 different years. All these numbers had not been seen since the end of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War in 1973. In 1981, Reagan significantly reduced
6466-670: The Five Families. Derived from The Godfather , the term refers to Mafia crime families. The Five Families consist of "the right-wing House Freedom Caucus , the conservative Republican Study Committee , the business-minded Main Street Caucus , the mainstream Republican Governance Group ", and the Republican members of the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus . The House Republican factions overlap with one another, and some members belong to no caucus. The conservative wing grew out of
6588-546: The GOP was strongly committed to high tariffs , a political stance that returned to popularity in many conservative circles during the Trump presidency . The conservative wing typically supports socially conservative positions, such as supporting gun rights and restrictions on abortion , though there is a wide range of views on such issues within the party. Conservatives generally oppose affirmative action , support increased military spending, and are opposed to gun control . On
6710-798: The House by the Republican Study Committee and the Freedom Caucus ), moderates (represented in the House by the Republican Governance Group , Republican Main Street Caucus , and the Republican members of the Problem Solvers Caucus ), and libertarians (represented in Congress by the Republican Liberty Caucus ). During and after the presidency of Donald Trump , Trumpist and anti-Trumpist factions arose within
6832-667: The Northeast and West Coast, were referred to as "The Eastern Establishment" or "Rockefeller Republicans", after Nelson Rockefeller , Vice President during the Gerald Ford administration. With their power decreasing in the final decades of the 20th century, many Rockefeller-style Republicans were replaced by conservative and moderate Democrats, such as those from the Blue Dog or New Democrat coalitions. Massachusetts Republican Elliot Richardson (who served in several cabinet positions during
6954-473: The Presidential nomination in 1980, George H. W. Bush had derided Reaganomics as "voodoo economics". Similarly, in 1976, Gerald Ford had severely criticized Reagan's proposal to turn back a large part of the Federal budget to the states. In his 1980 campaign speeches, Reagan presented his economic proposals as a return to the free enterprise principles, free market economy that had been in favor before
7076-644: The Radicals took over Reconstruction, pushing through new legislation protecting the civil rights of African Americans. John C. Frémont of Michigan, the party's first nominee for president in 1856, was a Radical Republican. Upset with Lincoln's politics, the faction split from the Republican Party to form the short-lived Radical Democracy Party in 1864 and again nominated Frémont for president. They supported Ulysses S. Grant for president in 1868 and 1872, who worked closely with them to protect African Americans during Reconstruction. As Southern Democrats retook control in
7198-535: The Reagan period, compared to a $ 1,270 increase during the preceding eight years. After declining from 1973 through 1980, real mean personal income rose $ 4,708 by 1988. Nominal household net worth increased by a CAGR of 8.4%, compared to 9.3% during the preceding eight years. The percentage of the total population below the poverty level increased from 13.0% in 1980 to 15.2% in 1983, then declined back to 13.0% in 1988. During Reagan's first term, critics noted homelessness as
7320-414: The Republican Party a more active international policy. They are amenable to unilateral military action when they believe it serves a morally valid purpose (such as the spread of democracy or deterrence of human rights abuses abroad). They grounded in a realist philosophy of " peace through strength ." Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of
7442-529: The Republican Party than with Trump), Die-hard Trumpers, and Infowars G.O.P. (voters who subscribe to conspiracy theories). In November 2021, Pew Research Center identified four Republican-aligned groups of Americans: Faith and Flag Conservatives, Committed Conservatives, the Populist Right, and the Ambivalent Right. As of 2023, congressional Republicans refer to the various House Republican factions as
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#17330853511277564-415: The Republican Party was divided between pro-Trump (the "Trump Boosters," "Die-hard Trumpers," and " Infowars G.O.P." wings) and anti-Trump factions (the " Never Trump " and "Post-Trump G.O.P." wings). Senator John McCain was an early leading critic of Trumpism within the Republican Party, refusing to support the then-Republican presidential nominee in the 2016 presidential election . Several critics of
7686-575: The Republican Party. During the presidency of Barack Obama , the Republican Party experienced internal conflict between its governing class (known as the Republican establishment) and the anti-establishment, small-government Tea Party movement . In 2019, during the presidency of Donald Trump , Perry Bacon Jr. of FiveThirtyEight.com asserted that there were five groups of Republicans: Trumpists, Pro-Trumpers, Trump-Skeptical Conservatives, Trump-Skeptical Moderates, and Anti-Trumpers. In February 2021, following Trump's 2020 loss to Democrat Joe Biden and
7808-489: The Republican party was in danger of becoming too moderate. Members of the John Birch Society, known as Birchers, were associated with the radical right , anti-communism , and ultraconservatism . The John Birch Society was founded in 1958 by businessman Robert W. Welch Jr. , and is controversial for its promotion of conspiracy theories . Moderate or liberal Republicans in the 20th century, particularly those from
7930-524: The Rule of Law . The Stalwarts were a traditionalist faction that existed from the 1860s through the 1880s. They represented "traditional" Republicans who favored machine politics and opposed the civil service reforms of Rutherford B. Hayes and the more progressive Half-Breeds . They declined following the elections of Hayes and James A. Garfield . After Garfield's assassination by Charles J. Guiteau , his Stalwart Vice President Chester A. Arthur assumed
8052-624: The Senate and House elections of November 2018, political writer Dan McLaughlin at the National Review responded that doing so would make the Trumpist faction even more powerful within the Republican party. Anticipating Trump's defeat in the U.S. presidential election held on November 3, 2020, Peter Feaver wrote in Foreign Policy magazine: "With victory having been so close, the Trumpist faction in
8174-507: The South and enthusiasm for continued Reconstruction declined in the North, their influence within the GOP waned. Historically, the Republican Party included a progressive wing that advocated using government to improve the problems of modern society. Theodore Roosevelt , an early leader of the progressive movement , advanced a " Square Deal " domestic program as president (1901–09) that was built on
8296-451: The Trump faction have faced various forms of retaliation. Representative Liz Cheney was removed from her position as Republican conference chair in the House of Representatives , which was perceived as retaliation for her criticism of Trump; in 2022, she was defeated by a pro-Trump primary challenger. Representative Adam Kinzinger decided to retire at the end of his term, while Murkowski faced
8418-1130: The accountability caucus (who supported either the Trump impeachment, the effort to discipline Greene, or both), and the pro-democracy Republicans (who opposed the Trump impeachment and the effort to discipline Greene but also opposed efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election results). Also in February 2021, Carl Leubsdorf of the Dallas Morning News asserted that there were three groups of Republicans: Never Trumpers (including Bill Kristol , Sen. Mitt Romney , and governors Charlie Baker and Larry Hogan ), Sometimes Trumpers (including Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and former U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley ), and Always Trumpers (including Sens. Ted Cruz and Josh Hawley ). In March 2021, one survey indicated that five factions of Republican voters had emerged following Trump's presidency: Never Trump, Post-Trump G.O.P. (voters who liked Trump but did not want him to run for president again), Trump Boosters (voters who approved of Trump, but identified more closely with
8540-576: The annual deficits averaged 4.0% of GDP, compared to a 2.2% average during the preceding eight years. The real (inflation adjusted) average rate of growth in federal spending fell from 4% under Jimmy Carter to 2.5% under Ronald Reagan. GDP per employed person increased at an average 1.5% rate during the Reagan administration, compared to an average 0.6% during the preceding eight years. Private sector productivity growth, measured as real output per hour of all persons, increased at an average rate of 1.9% during Reagan's eight years, compared to an average 1.3% during
8662-616: The article noted that it seemed to die in part because some of its ideas had been "co-opted" by the mainstream Republican Party. Politicians associated with the Tea Party include former Representatives Ron Paul , Michele Bachmann and Allen West , Senators Ted Cruz , Mike Lee , Rand Paul and Tim Scott , former Senator Jim DeMint , former acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney , and 2008 Republican vice presidential nominee and former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin . Although there has never been any one clear founder or leader of
8784-502: The beginning of one word may be followed by the beginning of another: Some linguists do not regard beginning+beginning concatenations as blends, instead calling them complex clippings, clipping compounds or clipped compounds . Unusually in English, the end of one word may be followed by the end of another: A splinter of one word may replace part of another, as in three coined by Lewis Carroll in " Jabberwocky ": They are sometimes termed intercalative blends; these words are among
8906-449: The decline in wages over this period, Reagan's critics often argue that his neoliberal policies were responsible for this and also led to a stagnation of wages in the next few decades. In nominal terms, median household income grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.5% during the Reagan presidency, compared to 8.5% during the preceding five years (pre-1975 data are unavailable). Real median family income grew by $ 4,492 during
9028-477: The election of Donald Trump in 2016. In economic policy, conservatives call for a large reduction in government spending , less regulation of the economy, and privatization or changes to Social Security . Supporters of supply-side economics and fiscal conservatives predominate, but there are deficit hawks and protectionists within the party as well. Before 1930, the Northeastern industrialist faction of
9150-593: The election of Trump have been described as a "new fusionism " of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes. These have resulted in shifts towards greater support of national conservatism , protectionism, cultural conservatism , a more realist foreign policy, skepticism of neoconservatism , reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances. Neoconservatives promote an interventionist foreign policy and democracy or American interests abroad. Neoconservatives have been credited with importing into
9272-542: The election. In addition to Theodore Roosevelt, leading early progressive Republicans included Robert M. La Follette , Charles Evans Hughes , Hiram Johnson , William Borah , George W. Norris , William Allen White , Victor Murdock , Clyde M. Reed and Fiorello La Guardia . In the 1964 Republican primaries, the John Birch Society (JBS) helped to secure Barry Goldwater ’s Republican presidential nomination, defeating Nelson Rockefeller. Original members believed
9394-430: The extent that he and his supporters had hoped", and notes that the most substantial change was in the tax code, where the top marginal individual income tax rate fell from 70.1% to 28.4%, and there was a "major reversal in the tax treatment of business income", with effect of "reducing the tax bias among types of investment but increasing the average effective tax rate on new investment". Roger Porter , another architect of
9516-422: The federal budget and slowing the growth of government spending , reducing the federal income tax and capital gains tax , reducing government regulation , and tightening the money supply in order to reduce inflation . The results of Reaganomics are still debated. Supporters point to the end of stagflation , stronger GDP growth, and an entrepreneurial revolution in the decades that followed. Critics point to
9638-586: The final syllable ר- -ár apparently facilitated nativization since it was regarded as the Hebrew suffix ר- -år (probably of Persian pedigree), which usually refers to craftsmen and professionals, for instance as in Mendele Mocher Sforim 's coinage סמרטוטר smartutár 'rag-dealer'." Blending may occur with an error in lexical selection , the process by which a speaker uses his semantic knowledge to choose words. Lewis Carroll's explanation, which gave rise to
9760-467: The goals of controlling corporations, protecting consumers, and conserving natural resources. After splitting with his successor, William Howard Taft , in the aftermath of the Pinchot–Ballinger controversy , Roosevelt sought to block Taft's re-election, first by challenging him for the 1912 Republican presidential nomination , and then when that failed, by entering the 1912 presidential contest as
9882-530: The grates or the lawn to going into one of those shelters". He also stated that "a large proportion" of them are "mentally impaired", which he believed to be a result of lawsuits by the ACLU (and similar organizations) against mental institutions. During the Reagan administration, fiscal year federal receipts grew from $ 599 billion to $ 991 billion (an increase of 65%) while fiscal year federal outlays grew from $ 678 billion to $ 1144 billion (an increase of 69%). According to
10004-562: The great revenues." Reagan lifted remaining domestic petroleum price and allocation controls on January 28, 1981, and lowered the oil windfall profits tax in August 1981. He ended the oil windfall profits tax in 1988. During the first year of Reagan's presidency, federal income tax rates were lowered significantly with the signing of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 , which lowered the top marginal tax bracket from 70% to 50% and
10126-403: The ingredients is the head and the other is attributive. A porta-light is a portable light, not a 'light-emitting' or light portability; light is the head. A snobject is a snobbery-satisfying object and not an objective or other kind of snob; object is the head. As is also true for (conventional, non-blend) attributive compounds (among which bathroom , for example, is a kind of room, not
10248-529: The issue of school vouchers , conservative Republicans split between supporters who believe that " big government education" is a failure and opponents who fear greater government control over private and church schools. Parts of the conservative wing have been criticized for being anti-environmentalist and promoting climate change denial in opposition to the general scientific consensus , making them unique even among other worldwide conservative parties. Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following
10370-977: The late 20th century, and neoconservatism peaked in influence during the administration of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney during the 2000s, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Prominent neoconservatives in the Bush-Cheney administration included John Bolton , Paul Wolfowitz , Elliott Abrams , Richard Perle , and Paul Bremer . During and after Donald Trump's presidency , neoconservatism has declined and non-interventionism and right-wing populism has grown among elected federal Republican officeholders. However, after Trump took office, some neoconservatives joined his administration, such as John Bolton , Mike Pompeo , Elliott Abrams and Nadia Schadlow . Neoconservatives' role remains key in foreign policy issues. The Hudson Institute has been described as neoconservative, whose researchers and foreign policy experts have played
10492-452: The lowest bracket from 14% to 11%. This act slashed estate taxes and trimmed taxes paid by business corporations by $ 150 billion over a five-year period. In 1982 Reagan agreed to a rollback of corporate tax cuts and a smaller rollback of individual income tax cuts. The 1982 tax increase undid a third of the initial tax cut. In 1983 Reagan instituted a payroll tax increase on Social Security and Medicare hospital insurance. In 1984 another bill
10614-532: The machine politics of the Stalwarts and advanced civil service reforms. The Radical Republicans were a major factor of the party from its inception in 1854 until the end of the Reconstruction Era in 1877. The Radicals strongly opposed slavery , were hard-line abolitionists , and later advocated equal rights for the freedmen and women. They were often at odds with the moderate and conservative factions of
10736-420: The maximum tax rate, which affected the highest income earners, and lowered the top marginal tax rate from 70% to 50%; in 1986 he further reduced the rate to 28%. The federal deficit under Reagan peaked at 6% of GDP in 1983, falling to 3.2% of GDP in 1987 and to 3.1% of GDP in his final budget. The inflation-adjusted rate of growth in federal spending fell from 4% under Jimmy Carter to 2.5% under Ronald Reagan. This
10858-490: The morphemes or phonemes stay in the same position within the syllable. Some languages, like Japanese , encourage the shortening and merging of borrowed foreign words (as in gairaigo ), because they are long or difficult to pronounce in the target language. For example, karaoke , a combination of the Japanese word kara (meaning empty ) and the clipped form oke of the English loanword "orchestra" (J. ōkesutora , オーケストラ ),
10980-542: The movement's growth. This philosophy is most closely associated with Frank Meyer . Barry Goldwater also had a substantial impact on the conservative-libertarian movement of the 1960s. Libertarian conservatives in the 21st century favor cutting taxes and regulations, repealing the Affordable Care Act , and protecting gun rights . On social issues, they favor privacy , oppose the USA Patriot Act , and oppose
11102-495: The original "portmanteaus" for which this meaning of the word was created. In a partial blend, one entire word is concatenated with a splinter from another. Some linguists do not recognize these as blends. An entire word may be followed by a splinter: A splinter may be followed by an entire word: An entire word may replace part of another: These have also been called sandwich words, and classed among intercalative blends. (When two words are combined in their entirety,
11224-401: The party and with Democrats , and are willing to oust fellow Republican office holders they deem to be too moderate. Compared to other Republicans, the Trumpist faction is more likely to be immigration restrictionists, and to be against free trade , neoconservatism , and environmental protection laws . The Republican Party's Trumpist and far-right movements emerged in occurrence with
11346-426: The party will be empowered and in no mood to compromise or reform." A poll conducted in February 2021 indicated that a plurality of Republicans (46% versus 27%) would leave the Republican Party to join a new party if Trump chose to create it. Nick Beauchamp, assistant professor of political science at Northeastern University , says he sees the country as divided into four parties, with two factions representing each of
11468-520: The party. During the American Civil War , Radical Republicans pressed for abolition as a major war aim and they opposed the moderate Reconstruction plans of Abraham Lincoln as too lenient on the Confederates . After the war's end and Lincoln's assassination, the Radicals clashed with Andrew Johnson over Reconstruction policy. After winning major victories in the 1866 congressional elections ,
11590-662: The percentage of households making over $ 75,000 went from 20.2% to 25.7% during that period, both signs of progress. The job growth (measured for non-farm payrolls) under the Reagan administration averaged 168,000 per month, versus 216,000 for Carter, 55,000 for H.W. Bush, and 239,000 for Clinton. The annual job growth percentages (comparing the beginning and ending number of jobs during their time in office to determine an annual growth rate ) show that jobs grew by 2.0% annually under Reagan, versus 3.1% under Carter, 0.6% under H.W. Bush, and 2.4% under Clinton. The unemployment rate averaged 7.5% under Reagan, compared to an average 6.6% during
11712-426: The preceding eight years. The annual average unemployment rate declined by 1.7 percentage points, from 7.2% in 1980 to 5.5% in 1988, after it had increased by 1.6 percentage points over the preceding eight years. Nonfarm employment increased by 16.1 million during Reagan's presidency, compared to 15.4 million during the preceding eight years, while manufacturing employment declined by 582,000 after rising 363,000 during
11834-456: The preceding eight years. Declining steadily after December 1982, the rate was 5.4% the month Reagan left office. The labor force participation rate increased by 2.6 percentage points during Reagan's eight years, compared to 3.9 percentage points during the preceding eight years. Following the 1981 recession, the unemployment rate had averaged slightly higher (6.75% vs. 6.35%), productivity growth lower (1.38% vs. 1.92%), and private investment as
11956-471: The preceding eight years. Federal net outlays as a percent of GDP averaged 20.27% under Reagan (01/20/1981 - 01/20/1989), compared to 21.14% during the preceding eight (01/20/1973 - 1/20/1981) years. During the Nixon and Ford Administrations, before Reagan's election, a combined supply and demand side policy was considered unconventional by the moderate wing of the Republican Party . While running against Reagan for
12078-550: The preceding eight years. Reagan's administration is the only one not to have raised the minimum wage. The inflation rate, 13.5% in 1980, fell to 4.1% in 1988, in part because the Federal Reserve increased interest rates (prime rate peaking at 20.5% in August 1981). The latter contributed to a recession from July 1981 to November 1982 during which unemployment rose to 9.7% and GDP fell by 1.9%. Additionally, income growth slowed for middle- and lower-class (2.4% to 1.8%) and rose for
12200-509: The preceding eight years. The number of federal civilian employees increased 4.2% during Reagan's eight years, compared to 6.5% during the preceding eight years. As a candidate, Reagan asserted he would shrink government by abolishing the Cabinet-level departments of energy and education. He abolished neither, but elevated veterans affairs from independent agency status to Cabinet-level department status. Portmanteau In linguistics ,
12322-463: The presidency. However, rather than pursuing Stalwart goals he took up the reformist cause, which curbed the faction's influence. The Half-Breeds were a reformist faction of the 1870s and 1880s. The name, which originated with rivals claiming they were only "half" Republicans, came to encompass a wide array of figures who did not all get along with each other. Generally speaking, politicians labeled Half-Breeds were moderates or progressives who opposed
12444-492: The program, acknowledges that the program was weakened by the many hands that changed the President's calculus, such as Congress. Spending during the years Reagan budgeted (FY 1982–89) averaged 21.6% GDP, roughly tied with President Obama for the highest among any recent President. Each faced a severe recession early in their administration. In addition, the public debt rose from 26% GDP in 1980 to 41% GDP by 1988. In dollar terms,
12566-473: The public debt rose from $ 712 billion in 1980 to $ 2.052 trillion in 1988, a roughly three-fold increase. The unemployment rate fell from 7% in 1980, to 5% in 1988. The inflation rate declined from 10% in 1980 to 4% in 1988. Some economists have stated that Reagan's policies were an important part of bringing about the third longest peacetime economic expansion in U.S. history. During the Reagan administration, real GDP growth averaged 3.5%, compared to 2.9% during
12688-530: The resolution of the stagflation is given to two causes: renewed focus on increasing productivity and a three-year contraction of the money supply by the Federal Reserve Board under Paul Volcker . In stating that his intention was to lower taxes, Reagan's approach was a departure from his immediate predecessors. Reagan enacted lower marginal tax rates as well as simplified income tax codes and continued deregulation . During Reagan's eight year presidency,
12810-453: The result is considered a compound word rather than a blend. For example, bagpipe is a compound, not a blend, of bag and pipe. ) Morphologically, blends fall into two kinds: overlapping and non-overlapping . Overlapping blends are those for which the ingredients' consonants, vowels or even syllables overlap to some extent. The overlap can be of different kinds. These are also called haplologic blends. There may be an overlap that
12932-498: The same period. Both CBO and the Reagan Administration forecast that individual and business income tax revenues would be lower if the Reagan tax cut proposals were implemented, relative to a policy baseline without those cuts, by about $ 50 billion in 1982 and $ 210 billion by 1986. According to a 2003 Treasury study, the tax cuts in the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 resulted in a significant decline in revenue relative to
13054-547: The tax bills". The fact that tax receipts as a percentage of GDP fell following the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 shows a decrease in tax burden as share of GDP and a commensurate increase in the deficit, as spending did not fall relative to GDP. Total federal tax receipts increased in every Reagan year except 1982, at an annual average rate of 6.2% compared to 10.8% during the preceding eight years. The effect of Reagan's 1981 tax cuts (reduced revenue relative to
13176-414: The tax receipts in 1990 were $ 1.5 trillion, an increase of 20% above inflation. Reagan was inaugurated in January 1981, making the first fiscal year (FY) he budgeted 1982 and the final budget 1989. Nominal after-tax corporate profits grew at a compound annual growth rate of 3.0% during Reagan's eight years, compared to 13.0% during the preceding eight years. The S&P 500 Index increased 113.3% during
13298-460: The teachings of Christianity to influence law and public policy. In the United States, the Christian right is an informal coalition formed around a core of evangelical Protestants and conservative Roman Catholics , as well as a large number of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) . The movement has its roots in American politics going back as far as the 1940s and has been especially influential since
13420-480: The then-common type of luggage , which opens into two equal parts: You see it's like a portmanteau—there are two meanings packed up into one word. In his introduction to his 1876 poem The Hunting of the Snark , Carroll again uses portmanteau when discussing lexical selection: Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take
13542-449: The top regular tax rate on unearned income reduced the maximum capital gains rate to only 20% — its lowest level since the Hoover administration ( 1929 – 1933). The 1986 act set tax rates on capital gains at the same level as the rates on ordinary income like salaries and wages, with both topping out at 28%. Reagan significantly increased public expenditures, primarily
13664-458: The two domains of ideology within social conservatism. Christian nationalists generally seek to declare the U.S. a Christian nation, enforce Christian values , and overturn the separation of church and state . Libertarians make up a relatively small faction of the Republican Party. In the 1950s and 60s, fusionism —the combination of traditionalist and social conservatism with political and economic right-libertarianism —was essential to
13786-462: The two words "fuming" and "furious". Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first … if you have the rarest of gifts, a perfectly balanced mind, you will say "frumious". In then-contemporary English, a portmanteau was a suitcase that opened into two equal sections. According to the OED Online , a portmanteau is a "case or bag for carrying clothing and other belongings when travelling; (originally) one of
13908-448: The upper-class (2.2% to 4.83%). The misery index , defined as the inflation rate added to the unemployment rate , shrank from 19.33 when he began his administration to 9.72 when he left, the greatest improvement record for a President since Harry S. Truman left office. In terms of American households, the percentage of total households making less than $ 10,000 a year (in real 2007 dollars) shrank from 8.8% in 1980 to 8.3% in 1988 while
14030-406: The use of 'portmanteau' for such combinations, was: Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take the two words "fuming" and "furious." Make up your mind that you will say both words ... you will say "frumious." The errors are based on similarity of meanings, rather than phonological similarities, and
14152-542: The whole of the shorter ingredient, as in then the effect depends on orthography alone. (They are also called orthographic blends. ) An orthographic overlap need not also be phonological: For some linguists, an overlap is a condition for a blend. Non-overlapping blends (also called substitution blends) have no overlap, whether phonological or orthographic: Morphosemantically, blends fall into two kinds: attributive and coordinate . Attributive blends (also called syntactic or telescope blends) are those in which one of
14274-533: The widening income gap, what they described as an atmosphere of greed, reduced economic mobility , declining real median wages , and the national debt tripling in eight years which ultimately reversed the post-World War II trend of a shrinking national debt as percentage of GDP. Prior to the Reagan administration, the United States economy experienced a decade of high unemployment and persistently high inflation (known as stagflation ). Attacks on Keynesian economic orthodoxy as well as empirical economic models such as
14396-425: Was running against Trump in the 2024 Republican primaries , called him "a lonely, self-consumed, self-serving, mirror hog" in his presidential announcement . Indiana senator Todd Young is one of few elected Republican senators that has pledged to not support Trump's 2024 campaign. Organizations associated with this faction include The Lincoln Project , Republican Accountability Project and Republicans for
14518-486: Was 3.6% during Reagan's eight years, compared to 2.7% during the preceding eight years. Real GDP per capita grew 2.6% under Reagan, compared to 1.9% average growth during the preceding eight years. The average real hourly wage for production and nonsupervisory workers continued the decline that had begun in 1973, albeit at a slower rate, and remained below the pre-Reagan level in every Reagan year. While inflation remained elevated during his presidency and likely contributed to
14640-474: Was influenced by a theoretical taxation model based on the elasticity of tax rates, known as the Laffer curve . Arthur Laffer 's model predicts that excessive tax rates actually reduce potential tax revenues, by lowering the incentive to produce; the model also predicts that insufficient tax rates (rates below the optimum level for a given economy) lead directly to a reduction in tax revenues. Ronald Reagan also cited
14762-506: Was introduced that closed tax loopholes. According to tax historian Joseph Thorndike, the bills of 1982 and 1984 "constituted the biggest tax increase ever enacted during peacetime". With the Tax Reform Act of 1986 , Reagan and Congress sought to simplify the tax system by eliminating many deductions, reducing the highest marginal rates, and reducing the number of tax brackets. In 1983, Democrats Bill Bradley and Dick Gephardt had offered
14884-450: Was the slowest rate of growth in inflation adjusted spending since Eisenhower. However, federal deficit as percent of GDP was up throughout the Reagan presidency from 2.7% at the end of (and throughout) the Carter administration. As a short-run strategy to reduce inflation and lower nominal interest rates, the U.S. borrowed both domestically and abroad to cover the Federal budget deficits, raising
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