59-581: (Redirected from Reagan–Fascell Fellowship Program ) Resident program [REDACTED] This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . Find sources: "Reagan–Fascell Democracy Fellowship" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( March 2024 ) The Reagan–Fascell Democracy Fellowship Program
118-552: A 1991 interview in which then-NED president Allen Weinstein said, "A lot of what we do today was done covertly 25 years ago by the CIA." Critics have compared the NED's funding of Nicaraguan groups (pro-U.S. and conservative unions, political parties, student groups, business groups, and women's associations) in the 1980s and 1990s in Nicaragua to the previous CIA effort "to challenge and undermine"
177-757: A form of cronyism . In 2010, there were 2,607 crown entities (including Board of Trustees) with annual expenditure of $ 32billion in 2009/2010. Despite a 1979 "commitment" from the Conservative Party to curb the growth of non-departmental bodies, their numbers grew rapidly throughout that party's time in power during the 1980s. One UK example is the Forestry Commission , which is a non-ministerial government department responsible for forestry in England . The Cabinet Office 2009 report on non-departmental public bodies found that there were 766 NDPBs sponsored by
236-733: A left-wing government in Chile. (Latin Americanist scholar William M. LeoGrande writes that the NED's roughly $ 2 million funding into Nicaragua between 1984 and 1988 was the "main source of overt assistance to the civic opposition," of which about half went to the anti- Sandinista newspaper La Prensa . ) According to sociologist William Robinson, NED funds during the Reagan years were "ultimately used for five overlapping pseudo-covert activities: leadership training for pro-American elites, promotion of pro-American educational systems and mass media, strengthening
295-592: A nonprofit organization. An analysis by political scientist Sarah Bush found that while NED activity in the 1980s focused on direct challenges to autocrats by funding dissidents, opposition parties, and unions, the majority of 21st-century NED funding goes to technical programs that are less likely to challenge the status quo, with the proportion of NED funding for "relatively tame programs" increasing from roughly 20% of NED grants in 1986 to roughly 60% in 2009. Political scientist Lindsey A. O'Rourke writes that, "Today, NED programs run in more than ninety countries. Although
354-477: A quango in the original definition was that it should not be a formal part of the state structure. The term was then extended to apply to a range of organisations, such as executive agencies providing (from 1988) health, education and other services. Particularly in the UK, this occurred in a polemical atmosphere in which it was alleged that proliferation of such bodies was undesirable and should be reversed. In this context,
413-622: A rise from $ 30 million the year before) was only retained after a vigorous campaign by NED supporters. In the financial year to the end of September 2009 NED had an income of $ 135.5 million, nearly all of which came from U.S. Government agencies. In addition to government funding, the NED has received funding from foundations, such as the Smith Richardson Foundation , the John M. Olin Foundation , and others. The Bradley Foundation supported
472-555: A social-democratic and liberal orientation across the world," providing training and support for pro-democracy groups that criticize the U.S. In a 2004 article for the Washington Post , Michael McFaul argues that the NED is not an instrument of U.S. foreign policy. He said he experienced the difference between the actions of US policymakers and the actions of the National Democratic Institute (NDI) while representing
531-503: Is a quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization in the United States founded in 1983 with the stated aim of advancing democracy worldwide, by promoting political and economic institutions, such as political groups , business groups , trade unions , and free markets . The NED was created as a bipartisan , private, non-profit corporation, but acts as a grant-making foundation. It is funded primarily by an annual allocation from
590-581: Is a resident program of the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). It is named for the 40th U.S President Ronald Reagan and the late U.S. congressman Dante Fascell . Around 16 to 20 scholars are selected per year to serve for five months at NED's International Forum for Democratic Studies . References [ edit ] ^ National Endowment for Democracy , Reagan–Fascell Democracy Fellows Program ^ "Current Fellows - NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY" . 2024-04-04. Archived from
649-878: Is allocated annually to four main U.S. organizations: the American Center for International Labor Solidarity (associated with the AFL–CIO ), the Center for International Private Enterprise (affiliated with the USCC ), the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (associated with the Democratic Party ), and the International Republican Institute (formerly known as the National Republican Institute for International Affairs and affiliated with
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#1732891482612708-418: Is an organisation to which a government has devolved power, but which is still partly controlled and/or financed by government bodies. The term was originally a shortening of "quasi NGO", where NGO is the acronym for a non-government organisation . As its original name suggests, a quango is a hybrid form of organization, with elements of both NGOs and public sector bodies. The term is most often applied in
767-507: The Journal of Democracy with $ 1.5 million during 1990–2008. In 2018, President Donald Trump proposed to slash the NED's funding and cut its links to the Democratic and Republican Institutes. The NED's Board of Directors gives an annual "Democracy Award" to recognize "individuals and organizations that have advanced the cause of human rights and democracy around the world": In 2006, CIMA
826-506: The 2014 Hong Kong protests , a Chinese newspaper accused the US of using the NED to fund pro-democracy protesters. Michael Pillsbury , a Hudson Institute foreign policy analyst and former Reagan administration official, stated that the accusation was "not totally false". In 2019, the government of the People's Republic of China sanctioned the NED in response to the passage by the U.S. Congress of
885-711: The AFL–CIO , $ 2.5 million for an affiliate of the National Chamber Foundation , and $ 5 million each for two party institutes, which was later eliminated by a vote of 267–136. The conference report on H.R. 2915 was adopted by the House on November 17, 1983, and the Senate the following day. On November 18, 1983, articles of incorporation were filed in the District of Columbia to establish the National Endowment for Democracy as
944-554: The Central Intelligence Agency . Political groups, activists, academics, and some governments have accused the NED of being an instrument of U.S. foreign policy helping to foster regime change . The National Security Decision Directive 77 was instrumental for the creation of Project Democracy and its offspring NED. In a 1982 speech at the Palace of Westminster , President Ronald Reagan proposed an initiative, before
1003-797: The China Free Press NGO and in 2019 it gave about $ 643,000 to civil society programmes in Hong Kong . In response, in 2020 China imposed sanctions on NED president Carl Gershman and Michael Abramowitz, the president of Freedom House . The NED played a role in supporting the Arab Spring of 2011. For example, the April 6 Youth Movement in Egypt , the Bahrain Center for Human Rights and individual Yemeni activist Entsar Qadhi received training and finances from
1062-575: The Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act . The Chinese government stated that the NED and CIA worked in tandem to covertly foment the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , and that NED acted as a U.S. intelligence front. NED was one of several U.S.-based NGOs sanctioned by the Chinese government; others included the Human Rights Watch , Freedom House , the National Democratic Institute , and
1121-675: The International Republican Institute . China also already tightly restricted the activities of foreign NGOs in China, particularly since 2016, and the NGOs sanctioned by China typically do not have offices on the mainland; as a result, the sanctions were regarded as mostly symbolic. NED grant recipients in Hong Kong included labor advocacy and human rights groups such as the Solidarity Center and Justice Centre Hong Kong . The Chinese government said that
1180-757: The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac). By the broader definition now used in the United Kingdom, there are hundreds of federal agencies that might be classed as quangos. The Indonesian Ulema Council is considered a quango for its status as an independent, mass organization-like public organization but supported and financed by
1239-513: The Republican Party ). The other half of NED's funding is awarded annually to hundreds of non-governmental organizations based abroad which apply for support. In 2011, the Democratic and Republican Institutes channeled around $ 100 million through the NED. The NED receives an annual appropriation from the U.S. budget (it is included in the chapter of the Department of State budget destined for
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#17328914826121298-658: The U.S. Congress . In addition to its grants program, the NED also supports and houses the Journal of Democracy , the World Movement for Democracy , the International Forum for Democratic Studies , the Reagan–Fascell Fellowship Program , the Network of Democracy Research Institutes , and the Center for International Media Assistance . Upon its founding, the NED assumed several former activities of
1357-498: The United Kingdom and, to a lesser degree, other countries in the core and middle Anglosphere . In the UK, the term quango covers different "arm's-length" government bodies, including " non-departmental public bodies " (NDPBs), non-ministerial government departments , and executive agencies . In its pejorative use, it has been widely applied to public bodies of various kinds, and a variety of backronyms have been used to make
1416-475: The acronym QUANGO (later lowercased quango) by a British participant to the joint project, Anthony Barker, during one of the conferences on the subject. It describes an ostensibly non-governmental organisation performing governmental functions, often in receipt of funding or other support from government, By contrast, traditional NGOs mostly get their donations or funds from the public and other organisations that support their cause. An essential feature of
1475-451: The ' Saskatchewan Power Corporation ' a.k.a. SaskPower owned by the province of Saskatchewan and ' Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board ' a.k.a. Manitoba Hydro owned by the province of Manitoba . Saskatchewan is notable for the ubiquity of provincial crown corps with most styled with the prefix Sask - followed by the primary service. The larger Saskatchewan Crown corps have their own Saskatchewan minister with all Saskatchewan Crown corps owned by
1534-448: The 'institutions of democracy' by funding pro-American organizations in the target state, propaganda, and the development of transnational elite networks." Criticizing these activities, Robinson wrote that "U.S. policymakers claim that they are interested in process ( free and fair elections ) and not outcome (the results of these elections); in reality, the principal concern is outcome." Political scientist Lindsey A. O'Rourke writes that
1593-489: The American model of boards of education ). Other quangos from 1996 include: "...63 Crown Health Enterprises, 39 tertiary education institutions, 21 Business development boards and 9 Crown Research Institutes. But there were also 71 single crown entities with services ranging from regulatory (e.g. Accounting Standards Review Board, Takeovers Panel) to quasi-judicial (e.g. Police Complaints Authority, Race Relations Conciliator), to
1652-676: The British Parliament, "to foster the infrastructure of democracy – the system of a free press, unions, political parties, universities." This intersected with previously formulated plans by the American Political Foundation, an NGO supported by some members of the Republican and Democratic parties, together with scholars based at CSIS , to create a government-funded but privately run democracy promotion foundation to support democratic civil society groups and parties. The idea
1711-587: The Crown Investment Corporation of Saskatchewan which in turn is owned by the provincial government. Some of the most notable Saskatchewan Crown corps are as follows: In 2006, there were 832 quangos in the Republic of Ireland – 482 at national and 350 at local level – with a total of 5,784 individual appointees and a combined annual budget of €13 billion. The Irish majority party, Fine Gael , had promised to eliminate 145 quangos should they be
1770-555: The NDI in Moscow during the last days of the Soviet Union: U.S. policymakers supported Mikhail Gorbachev while the NDI worked with Democratic Russia , Gorbachev's opponents. NED has said in public statements that democracy evolves "according to the needs and traditions of diverse political cultures" and does not necessitate an American-style model. In 1986, NED's President Carl Gershman said that
1829-607: The NED as hostile to their country. In 2015, the Russian state news agency RIA Novosti blamed NED grants for the Euromaidan mass protests that forced Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych from power. In July 2015, the Russian government declared NED to be an "undesirable" NGO, making the NED the first organization banned under the Russian undesirable organizations law signed two months earlier by Russian President Vladimir Putin . During
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1888-618: The NED provided around $ 20,000 in support of activists involved with Ardito Barletta 's campaign. Since 2004, NED has granted US$ 8,758,300 to Uyghur groups including the World Uyghur Congress , the Uyghur Human Rights Project , the Campaign for Uyghurs and The Uyghur Transitional Justice Database Project . It has also provided extensive grants for programs pertaining to Tibet. Between 2005 and 2012 it gave grants to
1947-491: The NED was created because "It would be terrible for democratic groups around the world to be seen as subsidized by the CIA. We saw that in the 1960s and that's why it has been discontinued". Throughout the course of a 2010 investigation by ProPublica , Paul Steiger, the then editor in chief of the publication said that "those who spearheaded creation of NED have long acknowledged it was part of an effort to move from covert to overt efforts to foster democracy" and cited as evidence
2006-452: The NED. In Egypt, between 2008 and 2012, it also supported Colonel Omar Afifi Soliman, an exiled police officer who opposed both Hosni Mubarak 's and Mohamed Morsi 's presidencies, as well as secularist activist Esraa Abdel-Fatah 's Egyptian Democratic Academy in 2011. NED is a grant-making foundation, distributing funds to private non-governmental organizations for promoting democracy abroad in around 90 countries. Half of NED's funding
2065-677: The Philippines, Ukraine to Haiti, overturning unfriendly 'authoritarian' governments (many of which the United States had previously supported) and replacing them with handpicked pro-market allies." In the 2020 Thai protests , pro-government groups cited NED support for protester-sympathizing groups to assert that the US government was masterminding the protests. The United States Embassy in Bangkok formally denied allegations of funding or supporting protesters. In August 2021, Malaysian human rights activist and Suaram adviser Kua Kia Soong criticized
2124-622: The Reagan-era NED played a key role in U.S. efforts "to promote democratic transitions in Chile, Haiti, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, the Philippines, Poland, and Suriname," but did so to promote the success of pro-U.S. parties, not just to promote democracy, and did not support communist or socialist opposition parties. The North American Congress on Latin America says that the NED engages in a "a very particular form of low-intensity democracy chained to pro-market economics--in countries from Nicaragua to
2183-567: The U.S. Agency for International Development-USAID) and is subject to congressional oversight even as a non-governmental organization. From 1984 to 1990 the NED received $ 15–18 million of congressional funding annually, and $ 25–30 million from 1991 to 1993. At the time the funding came via the United States Information Agency . In 1993 the NED nearly lost its congressional funding, after the House of Representatives initially voted to abolish its funding. The funding (of $ 35 million,
2242-661: The U.S. government and subject to congressional oversight. In 1983, the House Foreign Affairs Committee proposed legislation to provide initial funding of $ 31.3 million for NED as part of the State Department Authorization Act (H.R. 2915), because NED was in its beginning stages of development the appropriation was set at $ 18 million. Included in the legislation was $ 13.8 million for the Free Trade Union Institute , an affiliate of
2301-460: The UK government. The number had been falling: there were 827 in 2007 and 790 in 2008. The number of NDPBs had fallen by over 10% since 1997. Staffing and expenditure of NDPBs had increased. They employed 111,000 people in 2009 and spent £46.5 billion, of which £38.4 billion was directly funded by the government. Use of the term quango is less common in the United States although many US bodies, including Government Sponsored Enterprises , operate in
2360-680: The United Kingdom include those engaged in the regulation of various commercial and service sectors, such as the Water Services Regulation Authority . The UK government's definition in 1997 of a non-departmental public body or quango was: A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from Ministers . The Times has accused quangos of bureaucratic waste and excess. In 2005, Dan Lewis, author of The Essential Guide to Quangos , claimed that
2419-543: The World , in 2008, and subsequently issued other reports, including a report on digital media in conflict-prone societies and a report on mobile phone use in Africa. Writing in Slate in 2004, Brendan I. Koerner wrote that, "Depending on whom you ask, the NED is either a nonprofit champion of liberty or an ideologically driven meddler in world affairs." NED has been criticized by both
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2478-523: The arts (e.g. New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, NZ Film Commission), to social welfare (e.g. Housing Corporation of NZ) and to substantial enterprises (e.g. Auckland International Airport Ltd)." By 2003, the number of quangos had increased to an estimated 400 (excluding Board of Trustees), with more than 3,000 people sitting on governance boards that were appointed by successive governments. This appointment of people to governance boards has been widely criticised by political parties and political commentators as
2537-555: The governing party in the 2016 election. Since coming to power they have reduced the overall number of quangos by 17. This reduction also included agencies which the former government had already planned to remove. In New Zealand, quangos are referred to as ' Crown Entities ', with the shift occurring in the 1980s during a period of neoliberalisation of the state sector. In 1996, there were an estimated 310 quangos in New Zealand, and an additional 2690 school Board of Trustees (similar to
2596-566: The heads of four other U.S.-based democracy and human rights organizations and six U.S. Republican lawmakers for supporting the Hong Kong pro-democracy movement in the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. The unspecified sanctions were a tit-for-tat measure responding to the earlier sanctioning by the U.S. of 11 Hong Kong officials in response to the enactment of the Hong Kong National Security Law in June 2020. In December 2020 China sanctioned
2655-500: The idea from Reagan Administration hard-liners, the U.S. government, through USAID (United States Agency for International Development), contracted The American Political Foundation to study democracy promotion, which became known as "The Democracy Program". The Program recommended the creation of a bipartisan, private, non-profit corporation to be known as the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). NED, though non-governmental, would be funded primarily through annual appropriations from
2714-534: The number of US-backed democracy promotion programs have grown, most of today's programs pursue less aggressive objectives than their Cold War counterparts." In a 1991 interview with the Washington Post , NED founder Allen Weinstein said: "A lot of what we do today was done covertly 25 years ago by the CIA." During the 1984 Panamanian general election the American Institute for Free Labor Development and
2773-482: The opposition coalition Pakatan Harapan for accepting funding from the National Endowment of Democracy, which he described as a "CIA soft power front". Citing the US track record of supporting regime change abroad and racial discrimination against Black and Asian Americans , Kua urged Malaysian civil society organizations to stop accepting funding from the NED since it undermined their legitimacy, independence, and effectiveness. Kua's statement came after Daniel Twining,
2832-837: The original on 2024-04-04 . Retrieved 2024-06-23 . External links [ edit ] NED Official Website NED, Current & Past Fellows Archived 2013-06-03 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reagan–Fascell_Democracy_Fellowship&oldid=1247316892 " Categories : National Endowment for Democracy Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellows Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles needing additional references from March 2024 All articles needing additional references Webarchive template wayback links National Endowment for Democracy The National Endowment for Democracy ( NED )
2891-426: The original acronym was often replaced by a backronym spelt out as "quasi-autonomous national government organisation, and often rendered as 'qango' This spawned the related acronym qualgo , a 'quasi-autonomous local government organisation'. The less contentious term non-departmental public body (NDPB) is often employed to identify numerous organisations with devolved governmental responsibilities. Examples in
2950-435: The president of the NED affiliate International Republican Institute , had made remarks in 2018 acknowledging that the NED had financially supported Malaysian opposition parties since 2002. Following the 2018 Malaysian general election Twining had also praised the newly elected Pakatan Harapan government for freezing Chinese infrastructural investments. Russian government officials and state media have frequently regarded
3009-469: The right and the left. Some on the right accuse the NED of having a pro-social democracy agenda, promoted through its labor affiliate; conversely, some on the left accuse the NED of being "a rightwing initiative" oriented toward Reagan's Cold War politics. Within Latin America, critics accuse the NED of manifesting U.S. paternalism or imperialism, conversely, "supporters say that it helps many groups with
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#17328914826123068-522: The same fashion. Paul Krugman has stated that the US Federal Reserve is, effectively, "what the British call a quango... Its complex structure divides power between the federal government and the private banks that are its members, and in effect gives substantial autonomy to a governing board of long-term appointees." Other U.S.-based organizations that fit the original definition of quangos include
3127-453: The sanctioned organizations were "anti-China" forces that "incite separatist activities for Hong Kong independence"; a U.S. State Department official said that "false accusations of foreign interference" against U.S.-based NGOs were "intended to distract from the legitimate concerns of Hongkongers." NED has denied it provided aid to protestors in 2019. In August 2020, the Chinese government sanctioned NED chairman Carl Gershman, together with
3186-673: The senior director of the NED, John Knaus, saying he "blatantly interferes in Hong Kong affairs and grossly interferes in China's domestic affairs". In May 2022, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs accused NED of funding separatists to undermine the stability of target countries, instigating color revolutions to subvert state power, and meddling in other countries' politics. Other governments that have objected to NED activity include Iran , Egypt , India , and Venezuela . Quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization A quango or QUANGO (less often QuANGO or QANGO )
3245-545: The state while keeping its status as independent organization outside the Indonesian state organizational system in other side. As a quango, MUI is empowered to issue religious edicts ( fatwas ) comparable to state laws which are binding upon the Indonesian Muslim population and can exert influence upon state policies, politics, and the economy due to its status and prestige. The term "quasi non-governmental organisation"
3304-502: The term consistent with this expanded use. The most popular has been "Quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization", often with the acronym modified to "qango" or "QANGO". In Canada, quangos are referred to as ' Crown Corporations ' or simply 'Crown corps'. As of May 2021 there were 45 Crown corps owned by the Canadian federal government, however many more are owned by each of the provincial governments. Notably electricity providers such as
3363-532: Was created in 1967 by Alan Pifer of the US-based Carnegie Foundation , in an essay on the independence and accountability of public-funded bodies that are incorporated in the private sector. This essay got the attention of David Howell, a Conservative M.P. in Britain, who then organized an Anglo-American project with Pifer, to examine the pros and cons of such enterprises. The lengthy term was shortened to
3422-469: Was founded as an initiative of the National Endowment for Democracy with encouragement from Congress and a grant from the State Department's Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. CIMA promotes the work of independent media and journalists abroad, with a focus on the developing world, social media , digital media , and citizen journalism . It issued its first report, Empowering Independent Media: U.S. Efforts to Foster Free and Independent Media Around
3481-450: Was strongly championed by the State Department, which argued that a non-governmental foundation would be able to support dissident groups and organizations in the Soviet Bloc, and also foster the emergence of democratic movements in US-allied dictatorships that were becoming unstable and in danger of experiencing leftist or radical revolutions, without provoking a diplomatic backlash against the US government. After some initial uncertainty over
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