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35-477: (Redirected from Reactors ) [REDACTED] Look up reactor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Reactor may refer to: Science [ edit ] Bioreactor , a device which controls a biologically active environment. Chemical reactor , a device for containing and controlling a chemical reaction Fusion reactor , a device for containing and controlling

70-460: A 1981 album by Neil Young and Crazy Horse Reactor (arcade game) , an arcade game created by Gottlieb The Reactor (show rod) , a show car built by Gene Winfield Reactor , an alternate title for Deadlock , a 2021 American action thriller film starring Bruce Willis Reactor , an alternative title for the 1978 Italian film War of the Robots directed by Alfonso Brescia Reactor, Inc.,

105-691: A challenge when the goal is to culture larger quantities of cells for therapeutic production purposes, and a significantly different design is needed compared to industrial bioreactors used for growing protein expression systems such as yeast and bacteria. Many research groups have developed novel bioreactors for growing specialized tissues and cells on a structural scaffold, in attempt to recreate organ-like tissue structures in-vitro . Among these include tissue bioreactors that can grow heart tissue, skeletal muscle tissue, ligaments, cancer tissue models, and others. Currently, scaling production of these specialized bioreactors for industrial use remains challenging and

140-401: A closed system, as opposed to an open storage tank or pond . Photobioreactors are used to grow small phototrophic organisms such as cyanobacteria , algae , or moss plants. These organisms use light through photosynthesis as their energy source and do not require sugars or lipids as energy source. Consequently, risk of contamination with other organisms like bacteria or fungi

175-573: A defunct interactive entertainment company founded by Mike Saenz Reactor , a comedy series hosted by David Huntsberger on Syfy Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Reactor . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reactor&oldid=1199147121 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

210-585: A fusion power reaction An inductor (possessing reactance) in an electrical power grid A current limiting reactor is used to limit starting current of motors and to protect variable frequency drives Nuclear reactor , a device for containing and controlling a nuclear reaction Reactor (software) , a physics simulation engine The reactor design pattern , a design pattern used in concurrent programming Entertainment [ edit ] Reactor (magazine) , an online science fiction and fantasy magazine, formerly known as Tor.com Re·ac·tor ,

245-419: A laboratory and translate that to a large-scale manufacturing process. For hundreds of years, humans have made use of the chemical reactions of biological organisms in order to create goods. In the mid-1800s, Louis Pasteur was one of the first people to look into the role of these organisms when he researched fermentation. His work also contributed to the use of pasteurization, which is still used to this day. By

280-501: A sub-branch of biotechnology. One of the primary focuses of biotechnology is in the medical field, where biochemical engineers work to design pharmaceuticals, artificial organs, biomedical devices, chemical sensors, and drug delivery systems. Biochemical engineers use their knowledge of chemical processes in biological systems in order to create tangible products that improve people's health. Specific areas of studies include metabolic, enzyme, and tissue engineering. The study of cell cultures

315-401: A wide variety of methods for cell or particle attachment or entrapment. It can be applied to basically all types of biocatalysis including enzymes, cellular organelles, animal and plant cells and organs. Immobilization is useful for continuously operated processes, since the organisms will not be removed with the reactor effluent, but is limited in scale because the microbes are only present on

350-478: Is a septic tank whereby the sewage is left in situ, with or without additional media to house bacteria. In this instance, the biosludge itself is the primary host for the bacteria. Many cells and tissues, especially mammalian ones, must have a surface or other structural support in order to grow, and agitated environments are often destructive to these cell types and tissues. Higher organisms, being auxotrophic , also require highly specialized growth media. This poses

385-575: Is an active area of research. For more information on artificial tissue culture, see tissue engineering . Mathematical models act as an important tool in various bio-reactor applications including wastewater treatment. These models are useful for planning efficient process control strategies and predicting the future plant performance. Moreover, these models are beneficial in education and research areas. Bioreactors are generally used in those industries which are concerned with food, beverages and pharmaceuticals. The emergence of biochemical engineering

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420-420: Is an important part of bioreactor design; small vessels can be cooled with a cooling jacket, but larger vessels may require coils or an external heat exchanger. A photobioreactor (PBR) is a bioreactor which incorporates some type of light source (that may be natural sunlight or artificial illumination). Virtually any translucent container could be called a PBR, however the term is more commonly used to define

455-462: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Bioreactor On the basis of mode of operation, a bioreactor may be classified as batch , fed batch or continuous (e.g. a continuous stirred-tank reactor model ). An example of a continuous bioreactor is the chemostat . Organisms or biochemically active substances growing in bioreactors may be submerged in liquid medium or may be anchored to

490-404: Is first converted to a more suitable form for processing. This is done in an upstream processing step which involves chemical hydrolysis, preparation of liquid medium, separation of particulate, air purification and many other preparatory operations. After the upstream processing step, the resulting feed is transferred to one or more bioreaction stages. The biochemical reactors or bioreactors form

525-459: Is lower in photobioreactors when compared to bioreactors for heterotroph organisms. Conventional sewage treatment utilises bioreactors to undertake the main purification processes. In some of these systems, a chemically inert medium with very high surface area is provided as a substrate for the growth of biological film. Separation of excess biological film takes place in settling tanks or cyclones. In other systems aerators supply oxygen to

560-447: Is of recent origin. Processing of biological materials using biological agents such as cells, enzymes or antibodies are the major pillars of biochemical engineering. Applications of biochemical engineering cover major fields of civilization such as agriculture, food and healthcare, resource recovery and fine chemicals. Until now, the industries associated with biotechnology have lagged behind other industries in implementing control over

595-431: Is the making of food from readily available ingredients, and tertiary food processing is commercial production of ready-to eat or heat-and-serve foods. Drying, pickling, salting, and fermenting foods were some of the oldest food processing techniques used to preserve food by preventing yeasts, molds, and bacteria to cause spoiling. Methods for preserving food have evolved to meet current standards of food safety but still use

630-428: Is widely used in biochemical engineering and biotechnology due to its many applications in developing natural fuels, improving the efficiency in producing drugs and pharmaceutical processes, and also creating cures for disease. Other medical applications of biochemical engineering within biotechnology are genetics testing and pharmacogenomics . Biochemical engineers primarily focus on designing systems that will improve

665-456: The solubility of oxygen in water. In an aerobic process, optimal oxygen transfer is sometimes the rate limiting step. Oxygen is poorly soluble in water—even less in warm fermentation broths—and is relatively scarce in air (20.95%). Oxygen transfer is usually helped by agitation, which is also needed to mix nutrients and to keep the fermentation homogeneous. Gas dispersing agitators are used to break up air bubbles and circulate them throughout

700-564: The base of the bioreaction step. This step mainly consists of three operations, namely, production of biomass , metabolite biosynthesis and biotransformation. Finally, the material produced in the bioreactor must be further processed in the downstream section to convert it into a more useful form. The downstream process mainly consists of physical separation operations which include solid liquid separation, adsorption , liquid-liquid extraction , distillation , drying etc. A typical bioreactor consists of following parts: Agitator – Used for

735-538: The characteristics of microbes from places such as soils, gardens, forests, rivers, and streams. Today, biochemical engineers can be found working in a variety of industries, from food to pharmaceuticals. This is due to the increasing need for efficiency and production which requires knowledge of how biological systems and chemical reactions interact with each other and how they can be used to meet these needs. Biotechnology and biochemical engineering are closely related to each other as biochemical engineering can be considered

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770-399: The design, construction, and advancement of unit processes that involve biological organisms (such as fermentation ) or organic molecules (often enzymes ) and has various applications in areas of interest such as biofuels , food, pharmaceuticals , biotechnology , and water treatment processes. The role of a biochemical engineer is to take findings developed by biologists and chemists in

805-399: The early 1900s, the use of microorganisms had expanded, and was used to make industrial products. Up to this point, biochemical engineering hadn't developed as a field yet. It wasn't until 1928 when Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin that the field of biochemical engineering was established. After this discovery, samples were gathered from around the world in order to continue research into

840-471: The fermentation. For aerobic (and some anaerobic) fermentations, reactant gases (especially oxygen) must be added to the fermentation. Since oxygen is relatively insoluble in water (the basis of nearly all fermentation media), air (or purified oxygen) must be added continuously. The action of the rising bubbles helps mix the fermentation medium and also " strips " out waste gases, such as carbon dioxide. In practice, bioreactors are often pressurized; this increases

875-472: The growth and productivity of the organisms. The temperature of the fermentation medium is maintained by a cooling jacket, coils, or both. Particularly exothermic fermentations may require the use of external heat exchangers. Nutrients may be continuously added to the fermenter, as in a fed-batch system, or may be charged into the reactor at the beginning of fermentation. The pH of the medium is measured and adjusted with small amounts of acid or base, depending upon

910-413: The mixing of the contents of the reactor which keeps the cells in the perfect homogenous condition for better transport of nutrients and oxygen to the desired product(s). Baffle – Used to break the vortex formation in the vessel, which is usually highly undesirable as it changes the center of gravity of the system and consumes additional power. Sparger – In aerobic cultivation process, the purpose of

945-399: The process and optimization strategies. A main drawback in biotechnological process control is the problem of measuring key physical and biochemical parameters. A bioprocess is composed mainly of three stages—upstream processing, bioreaction, and downstream processing—to convert raw material to finished product. The raw material can be of biological or non-biological origin. It

980-473: The production, processing, packaging, storage, and distribution of food. Some commonly processed foods include wheat, fruits, and milk which undergo processes such as milling, dehydration, and pasteurization in order to become products that can be sold. There are three levels of food processing : primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary food processing involves turning agricultural products into other products that can be turned into food, secondary food processing

1015-592: The safety of the food by protecting the product from contamination, physical damage, and tampering. Packaging can also make it easier to transport and serve food. A common job for biochemical engineers working in the food industry is to design ways to perform all these processes on a large scale in order to meet the demands of the population. Responsibilities for this career path include designing and performing experiments, optimizing processes, consulting with groups to develop new technologies, and preparing project plans for equipment and facilities. Biochemical engineering

1050-404: The same processes as the past. Biochemical engineers also work to improve the nutritional value of food products, such as in golden rice, which was developed to prevent vitamin A deficiency in certain areas where this was an issue. Efforts to advance preserving technologies can also ensure lasting retention of nutrients as foods are stored. Packaging plays a key role in preserving as well as ensuring

1085-403: The sewage and biota to create activated sludge in which the biological component is freely mixed in the liquor in "flocs". In these processes, the liquid's biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is reduced sufficiently to render the contaminated water fit for reuse. The biosolids can be collected for further processing, or dried and used as fertilizer. An extremely simple version of a sewage bioreactor

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1120-450: The sparger is to supply adequate oxygen to the growing cells. Jacket – The jacket provides the annular area for circulation of constant temperature of water which keeps the temperature of the bioreactor at a constant value. Biochemical engineering Biochemical engineering , also known as bioprocess engineering , is a field of study with roots stemming from chemical engineering and biological engineering . It mainly deals with

1155-417: The surface of a solid medium. Submerged cultures may be suspended or immobilized. Suspension bioreactors may support a wider variety of organisms, since special attachment surfaces are not needed, and can operate at a much larger scale than immobilized cultures. However, in a continuously operated process the organisms will be removed from the reactor with the effluent. Immobilization is a general term describing

1190-527: The surfaces of the vessel. Large scale immobilized cell bioreactors are: Bioreactor design is a relatively complex engineering task, which is studied in the discipline of biochemical / bioprocess engineering. Under optimum conditions, the microorganisms or cells are able to perform their desired function with limited production of impurities. The environmental conditions inside the bioreactor, such as temperature, nutrient concentrations, pH, and dissolved gases (especially oxygen for aerobic fermentations) affect

1225-400: The vessel. Fouling can harm the overall efficiency of the bioreactor, especially the heat exchangers . To avoid it, the bioreactor must be easily cleaned. Interior surfaces are typically made of stainless steel for easy cleaning and sanitation. Typically bioreactors are cleaned between batches, or are designed to reduce fouling as much as possible when operated continuously. Heat transfer

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