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61-632: HMS Raven II was a seaplane carrier of the Royal Navy used during the First World War . Converted from the captured German freighter Rabenfels , the ship's aircraft conducted aerial reconnaissance , observation and bombing missions in the Eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea during 1915–17 even though the ship was not commissioned into the Royal Navy until mid-1915. She fruitlessly searched

122-412: A beam of 51 feet 6 inches (15.7 m), and a draught of 27 feet 6 inches (8.38 m). She was rated at 4,706 GRT . The ship had one propeller shaft powered by one quadruple-expansion steam engine that used steam generated by an unknown number of coal-fired boilers . Raven II had a maximum speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). The German freighter SS Rabenfels

183-468: A Muslim community on the island during the Ottoman period can be deduced from the presence of a mosque with a minaret that still exists but by 1929 was no longer functioning. The island is connected with Rhodes , Piraeus and Kaş by ferry. Passenger ferries' frequency is as follows: Air connection is provided by Olympic Air , which operates from Kastellorizo Airport 4 times/week (winter period). There

244-620: A Turkish encampment in the Sinai. One aircraft was forced to land, but it was taken in tow by the monitor and delivered back to Raven II . The East Indies and Egypt Squadron reassembled in late August with Raven II , Anne and Ben-my-Chree and the aircraft from the three carriers attacked the Turkish supply dump at El Afule for thirty minutes. The squadron then steamed south along the Palestinian coast where they encountered two Turkish supply dhows. One

305-709: A convoy bound for Egypt and arrived back in Port Said on 10 June. In early November, the ship's aircraft observed fire for a variety of ships during the Third Battle of Gaza . HMS Raven II was paid off shortly afterwards and, renamed Ravenrock , served as a collier under the Red Ensign from January 1918 until the end of the war under the management of Grahams & Co. She was sold to British Dominion Steamship Co. in 1923 and resold later that year to Karafuto Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha (KKK), which renamed her Heiyei Maru No. 7 . In 1935,

366-572: A gateway, or propylaea . Since August 2020 the island also features an interactive Puzzle Museum, the first of its kind in Greece and one of the very few in the world. Kastellorizo has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa in the Köppen climate classification ). It has hot dry summers and exceptionally mild winters by European standards. Like in the Azores , average lows do not drop below 12.0 °C during

427-506: A ruinous state. At the entrance to the harbour, on the east side, stand the single-story remnants of the former Italian government house ( palazzina della delegazione ), erected in 1926 by the Italian architect Florestano Di Fausto , who also designed some of the most important buildings of the Italian period in Rhodes. Nearby is the island's former Ottoman mosque which dates from the second half of

488-523: Is Kekova (also named Caravola ), not inhabited, which has an area of 4.5 square kilometres (1.7 sq mi) and faces the Turkish village of Kaleköy (Simena in antiquity). All these islets were subject to dispute between Italy and Turkey until 1932. According to the 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey all these islets except Ro, Strongyli and Psomi were assigned to Turkey. The group of islands that includes Kastellorizo, Ro and Strongyli

549-426: Is about 280 km (170 mi) to the south-east. It is six kilometres (3.7 miles) long and three kilometres (1.9 miles) wide, with a surface of 9.2 square kilometres (3.6 sq mi). It has a triangular shape, and is oriented from north-east to south-west. The island features three capes: Agios Stefanos (north), Nifti (east) and Pounenti (south west); between the first two there is a wide and accommodating bay,

610-614: Is almost exclusively limestone laid down at the Mesozoic / Cenozoic boundary. As a result of the lack of significant flora covering the island, the landscape shows many features of karstification . There are a number of notable sea caves including the so-called Blue Grotto which is much larger than its namesake in Capri . Exploration undertaken in 2006 by members of the SELAS Caving club of Greece has revealed vertical caves in many parts of

671-693: Is composed of limestone and produces only small amounts of olives , grapes and beans . On the island there is no source of drinking water . The Municipality of Megísti includes the offshore islands of Ro and Strongyli as well as several smaller islets. It has a total land area of 11.978 square kilometres (4.625 sq mi). There are many islets in this area; Volos , near Kalkan (in Greek Kalamaki ), Ochendra , Furnachia , Prassonisi , Ro , Tragonera , Marathi , Strongyli , Dhassia , Alimentaria , Kekova and Psomi besides many rocks and cliffs. The most important among these islets

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732-510: Is on July 20) first the children and then the men jump into the sea, and wear their wet clothes the whole day. Those who do not want to participate are sometimes forced to do so. On Easter , the Liturgy of the Resurrection takes place in the open at midnight, the faithful bearing candles . As soon as the bells start ringing, the young people let off fireworks , and the people tell each other

793-597: Is one small bus in service on Kastellorizo and it is used to collect tourists from the airport. Kastellorizo's inhabitants had characteristic traditions, partly influenced by the Muslim tradition. There were at least three types of women's dress, which used brilliantly colored fabric, and women wore necklaces, brooches, pendants and earrings made from ancient Venetian or Byzantine gold coins. The women's festive dress consisted of: The other types of dress were similar, but not so lavish and without fur decorations. The girls' dress

854-429: Is rectangular and measures 60 by 80 metres (200 ft × 260 ft). In its interior stand an ancient tower, built with square limestone blocks, and large water cisterns. Carved on the base of the castle there is also a Doric inscription, dating back to the 4th or 3rd centuries BC, with references to Megiste (the ancient name of Kastellorizo) and its dependence on Rhodes . On the east side there are remnants of

915-729: Is set on the island. Kastellórizo was the only territory of the European Union where the solar eclipse of March 29, 2006 was visible in its totality. In 2011, the French ship Dignité-Al Karama , the only member the Freedom Flotilla II that managed to approach Gaza, refueled at Kastellorizo. The ship was warmly received by the inhabitants, some of whom remembered the shelter the island's inhabitants had found in Gaza, then under British control, during World War II. The population rose from 4,870 in

976-540: Is situated in the Levantine Sea . It is the largest island of the homonym archipelago comprising the islands and islets of Agios Georgios , Agrielaia, Voutsakia, Megalo Mavro Poini, Mikro Mavro Poini, Polifados Ena, Polifados Dio, Ro , Savoura, Stroggili , Tragonera, Psomi and Psoradia. It lies about 2 km (1 mi) from the Anatolian coastal town of Kaş , more or less halfway between Rhodes and Antalya . Cyprus

1037-568: Is very important to the Exclusive economic zone of Greece , since it is the easternmost territory of Greece and according to UNCLOS as well as customary international law, Greece can claim a large part of the Eastern Mediterranean basin. The houses of the town are slender and characterised by wooden balconies and windows of the Anatolian type. Behind the waterfront, many houses are still in

1098-748: The Foudre ; they were flown by French pilots with British observers. Later, the ship operated included British Short Type 184 , Sopwith Schneider , Sopwith Baby and Short Admiralty Type 827 floatplanes . For the first two months of 1915, the ship and her aircraft supported Allied operations in Syria, Palestine and the Sinai Peninsula. Aside from reconnaissance duties, they delivered and recovered Allied spies as well as observed for ships performing coastal bombardments . Around 20 March, Rabenfels arrived in Mudros to load

1159-526: The Isole Italiane dell'Egeo . Because of the Italian occupation, the island was not affected directly by the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1923, but the forced emigration of the large Greek population living on the nearby Anatolian coast hit heavily the economy of the island. The 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey , which defined the sea border between the two powers, assigned all

1220-592: The Chagos Archipelago and the Maldive Islands and returned to Colombo. Engine problems forced a Short 184 to make an emergency landing on 21 April in the Maldives; the crew rejoined the ship on 6 May after a series of adventures that inspired Rudyard Kipling 's story "A Flight of Fact". Raven II recovered the floatplane and its aircraft continued to fly search missions from Colombo until 21 May. She then joined

1281-543: The Dodecanese , thanks also to the 1991 Oscar-winning movie Mediterraneo , by Gabriele Salvatores , which is set on the island during the Second World War. The island's official name, Megisti (Μεγίστη) means "biggest" or "greatest", but at only 11.98 km (4.626 sq mi) in area, it is the smallest of the Dodecanese . The name refers to the fact that it is the largest of the small archipelago. This name

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1342-566: The Indian Ocean for the German commerce raider Wolf in mid-1917. Raven II was decommissioned in late 1917 and became a Merchant Navy collier for the last year of the war. She was sold off in 1923 and had a succession of owners and names until she was sunk during the Second World War while under Japanese ownership. Raven II was 394 feet 5 inches (120.22 m) long, had

1403-557: The Rhodians . In addition, inscriptions found at the foot of the Knight's castle confirm that during the Hellenistic period the island was ruled by Rhodes, and formed part of its Peraia . The Rhodians sent an overseer, or epistates , to monitor events on the island. The three towers of Kastellorizo, Ro and Strongyli comprise the main links in a dense network of watchtowers constructed by

1464-408: The olive tree which had been gathered in the church on Palm Sunday , pronouncing the following words: "Christ came: then he laid down his stick and chased away the snake and the bad neighbor from our home". After this exorcism , the woman would throw the content of the thurible into a bucket filled with water, and then count the pieces of wood which did not burn. This number was said to be equal to

1525-461: The temple of Apollo Lykios in Patara (Anatolia). The columns carry ogival arches . Further east is the small bay known as Mandraki , the secondary harbour of the island. West of the town, beyond the summit of the island known as Vigla (270 m), stands Palaiokastro (old castle), the island's ancient acropolis . This fortified elevation has classical origins (see below, history section): its plan

1586-410: The 1880s and reached its peak in 1908 with an estimated 9,000 people residing there. At that time, Kastellorizo was still the only safe harbor along the route between Makri (today's Fethiye ) and Beirut . Its sailing ships traded products from Anatolia (coal, timber, valonia , pine bark) for Egyptian goods (rice, sugar, coffee, tissues and yarns), and carried Anatolian cereals to Rhodes and Cyprus. On

1647-416: The 18th century and which has been restored and re-opened as a museum since 2007. From here starts the town's quay, which runs along all three sides of the harbour. The central square — Plateia Ethelondon Kastellórizou ("Kastellorizo Volunteers' Square") — lies at the midpoint of the eastern side, near the vessel dock. On the opposite side of the harbour one has a good view from this vantage of Pera Meria ,

1708-616: The Arab auxiliaries to desert. The ship returned to the Syrian coast for patrols and was transferred to Kastellorizo in early July to conduct aerial reconnaissance and bombing missions in that area. Raven II was transferred to the Gulf of Aqaba later that month to take aerial photographs of the head of gulf as well as the east coast of the Red Sea. Her aircraft observed for the monitor M21 as she bombarded

1769-765: The Eastern Mediterranean where her aircraft attacked a bridge over the Ceyhan River with one 65-pound (29 kg) bomb and eight 16-pound (7.3 kg) bombs on 27 December. On 10 March 1917, Raven II and the Pothuau sailed for the Indian Ocean to hunt for the German Q-ship Wolf . For this mission she carried a Short Baby and two Short 184s. The two ships searched the Laccadive Islands en route to Colombo , Ceylon , which they reached on 2 April. They then searched

1830-569: The Italian name is a calque of Chastel Rouge , an ancient possession of the Knights Hospitaller in Syria) and Meis or Kızılhisar , both Turkish , the former deriving from the island's official name in Greek, the latter meaning "Red Castle", a translation of the Italian name. Kastellorizo is (with the exception of the nearby islet of Strongyli ) the easternmost Greek island and

1891-580: The Ottoman General Census of 1881/82-1893, the kaza of Kastellorizo (Meyis) had a total population of 4,871, consisting of 4,635 Greeks , 225 Muslims, 6 Jews and 5 foreign citizens. In 1912, during the Libyan war between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, the inhabitants asked Giovanni Battista Ameglio , chief of the Italian occupation forces in Rhodes, for their island to be annexed to Italy. This

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1952-405: The Red Sea when she was hit by a bomb dropped by a German aircraft (probably the first successful air attack on an aviation vessel). Although Raven II was only lightly damaged, Anne was sent in her place. Raven II relieved Anne on 26 October in the Red Sea and her aircraft bombed Turkish forces advancing on Rabigh and Yenbo on 10 December. Shortly afterwards, the ship was transferred back to

2013-607: The Rhodians during the Hellenistic period , to control the sea routes and the coast. Palaiokastro was (and still is) the main and largest fortified site on the island. During the period of the Byzantine Empire , Kastellorizo was part of the " Province of the Islands ", the capital of which was Rhodes. In 1306 the island was taken over by the Knights Hospitaller , headed by Foulques de Villaret , as part of their expedition to conquer

2074-590: The U.S. At that time the town had 730 inhabited houses, while 675 were already empty, and many ruined. The population continued to drop to 584 at the 1951 census, reaching a low point of 222 at the 1981 census, before slowly rising again to 584 at the 2021 census, all living in the town of Megísti. The municipality also includes the islands of Ro and Strongyli , both without permanent inhabitants. Many of its emigrants live in Australia (especially Perth and Sydney ), where they are known as "Kazzies". The existence of

2135-510: The aircraft and crew of the damaged Aenne Rickmers (later HMS Anne ). The ship was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 12 June 1915 and renamed HMS Raven II . On 17 August, both Anne and Raven II spotted for the French armoured cruiser Jeanne d'Arc as she bombarded Tarsus . In January 1916, she was assigned to the East Indies and Egypt Seaplane Squadron together with the carriers Empress , Ben-my-Chree and Anne . The squadron

2196-529: The coldest months. According to the National Observatory of Athens station the lowest temperature ever recorded in coastal Kastellorizo is 4.5 °C and was recorded on 25 January 2022. Kastellorizo records on average 156 tropical nights per year and falls in 11a hardiness zone . After Lindos , the island records the highest average annual temperature in Greece with 21.9 °C. The island's geology

2257-412: The elderly exchange visits. On the morning of Agios Basilios day, coming back from Liturgy , the men customarily throw a pomegranate hard against the walls of their homes, wishing for abundance and happiness for their family. The more seeds that are spread around the rooms, the more luck the family will have in the coming year. The day before the feast of Agios Elias on July 19 (the feast itself

2318-415: The entrance, where they sang and played with swings. On May 1, at dawn, all the girls of the island, in groups, each one carrying a jar , went to get water outside of town, but they were not allowed to speak a single word during the route. This water ( Amilito Neró , "water of silence") was supposed to bring good luck to the family. Everyone washed him/herself with it that day, and every utensil and wall of

2379-440: The house was splashed with it. When a girl became engaged, she filled a crystal carafe with it and brought it to her future mother-in-law, who gave her in return a special cake and an odd number of gold coins. When a child became seriously ill, a woman with knowledge of prayers against the evil eye was invited to her/his home. She drew signs of the cross on the body of the child with a thurible filled with embers and branches of

2440-605: The inhabitants fled to Gaza in Palestine. When Italy capitulated to the Allies (8 September 1943), the island was occupied again by Allied forces, and it remained under their occupation for the rest of the war. In July 1944, a fuel dump caught fire, which spread to an adjacent ammunition dump, thereby destroying half of the homes on the island. Kastellorizo was assigned to Greece with the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 . In May 1945 it

2501-531: The island of Rhodes , which became the centre of their Crusader State . They restored the castle, which was thereafter used as a prison for disobedient knights. Around 1440 the island was occupied by sultan Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq of Egypt , who destroyed the castle. Ten years later it was conquered by Alfonso V of Aragon , king of Naples , who in 1461 rebuilt the castle and dispatched a Catalan governor. The Crown of Aragon retained possession of it until 1512, when it

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2562-624: The island there was also a flourishing production of charcoal (much sought after in Alexandria , where it was used for narghile ). The fishing industry — mainly sea sponges — was important too. After 1908, the decay of the island's economy set in, accelerated by the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923 . In the late 1920s the island's population dropped to 3,000, while about 8,000 inhabitants lived abroad, predominantly in Australia, Egypt, Greece and

2623-498: The island's main harbor, where one finds the only town on the island. Cape Agios Stefanos , the nearest to Anatolia , is 2.25 km (1.40 mi) south of the modern Turkish town of Kaş (Greek: Andífli , the Ancient Greek City of Antiphéllos ). Cape Nifti lies some greater distance from the Anatolian coast. The island is mountainous, with high and steep coastlines, which become more difficult to access moving west. The soil

2684-468: The island. The deepest found so far was surveyed to a depth of 60 metres (200 ft) in March 2006 and will be the subject of further exploration in the future by the same team. The island was colonised by Dorian Greeks , who named it "Megiste". In antiquity it was known both as Megiste and Cisthene (Κισθήνη), but in later times only as Megiste. The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax says that the island belonged to

2745-472: The islets of the small archipelago around Kastellorizo except Ro and Strongyli to Turkey. During the 1930s it was a stopover for French and British seaplanes. During the Second World War, on 25 February 1941, in the course of Operation Abstention , British Commandos occupied the island, but Italian forces from Rhodes recaptured it some days later. After the British occupation, fearing a German invasion, some of

2806-464: The number of persons who were supposed to have enchanted the sick child. The enchantment of the child was sure, if the olive leaves burned with a loud crackling sound. When a man was going to emigrate, gentle, sorrowful songs were sung to him by his friends. Kastellorizo is twinned with: In the 1961 film The Guns of Navarone , a saboteur team led by Anthony Quayle is briefed on its mission at Castelrosso. The Italian 1991 movie Mediterraneo

2867-405: The ritual words " Christ is resurrected". Then everyone enters the church and lights his candle from the holy fire held by the priest, and then goes home to light the fire in the fireplace. On Easter Monday the whole population gathers in the main square, and they remain there the whole day eating, drinking and singing. In the past single girls had to stay at home, but they were allowed to stay in

2928-554: The rock, attests to the existence of an earlier fortress here during Antiquity. Inside the tower there is a large covered cistern. Ascending the steps on the eastern side of the town, one reaches the suburb of Horafia , where there is a square surrounded by the Church of St. George (1906), with a high dome of Byzantine type, and the Cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helena (1835). It has three naves divided by monolithic granite columns from

2989-678: The ship was sold to Inuri KKK and she was renamed Heiei Maru No. 7 in 1938. The ship was sunk during the Second World War, although the circumstances are unknown. Seaplane carrier Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 822620731 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 08:45:15 GMT Kastellorizo The island has become very popular in recent years among tourists looking for an isolated place in

3050-517: The sinking of the British Royal Navy seaplane carrier HMS Ben-my-Chree . In the Treaty of Sèvres the island was assigned to Italy and the Italian navy assumed it from the French on 1 March 1921, but the treaty was never ratified. The Treaty of Lausanne confirmed the Italian claim on Kastellorizo, and the island – under the Italian name "Castelrosso" – was then integrated in the possession of

3111-504: The western quay, and the monasteries of Profitis Ilías and Aghia Triadha , the former now an army base. Above the quay on the eastern side is a pathway which leads to the Castle of the Knights (14th century). Of it remain the curtain wall, part of a square tower, the remains of a cylindrical tower at the east corner, and toward the sea another cylindrical tower. A Doric inscription , carved in

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3172-433: The whole city to participate. Also baptisms and funerals (with mourning women, or praeficae , and a dish with oil and wine crushed on the coffin) had well-established rituals. On December 31 and on New Year 's Day, groups of children carrying small cardboard boats adorned with ribbons and small flags go around visiting houses, stores and coffee shops, singing songs with good wishes and receiving coins and wheat cakes, while

3233-770: Was built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson and completed in December 1903. On the outbreak of war in August 1914, she was seized by the British authorities whilst in Port Said , Egypt and was requisitioned for service under the Red Ensign in January 1915 to operate seaplanes . No special modifications were made to the ship; the aircraft were stowed on the aft hatch covers and handled with her cargo booms. Aenne Rickmers operated two French Nieuport VI .H floatplanes that had been off-loaded by

3294-628: Was conquered by Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I . On 22 September 1659, during the Siege of Candia , the island was conquered by Venice and the castle was destroyed again, but the Ottomans were able to regain it again soon after. Between 1828 and 1833 Kastellórizo joined the Greek insurgents, but after the end of the Greek War of Independence it came back into the possession of the Ottoman Empire . According to

3355-502: Was refused, and on 14 March 1913 the local population imprisoned the governor and his Ottoman garrison and proclaimed a provisional government. In August 1913, the Greek government sent from Samos a provisional governor supported by gendarmes, but in early 1914 in Florence it was decided that the island would be returned to the Ottoman Empire. During World War I , while the Kingdom of Greece

3416-408: Was simpler. Single and engaged girls, and married women and widows were also distinguished by dress. The engagement , which was decided by the parents, and the wedding, which lasted 15 days, occurred through prescribed and curious ceremonies, having symbolic and poetic meaning. Weddings were celebrated on Sunday, in the church of Agios Konstantinos , and an announcement on the main square invited

3477-409: Was still neutral, French Navy warships led by the cruiser Jeanne d'Arc occupied Kastellorizo on 28 December 1915 at the behest of local inhabitants who feared Ottoman reprisals. The French quickly blocked another landing attempted on the same day by a Hellenic Army detachment of Evzones . Ottoman shore batteries responded to the French occupation by shelling the island in 1917, which resulted in

3538-425: Was still under British administration, but on September 15, 1947 effectively came under Greek administration. The island formally joined the Greek State on 7 March 1948 together with the other Dodecanese islands. The island has become more popular in recent years, among tourists looking for an isolated place in the Dodecanese, thanks also to the 1991 Oscar-winning movie Mediterraneo , by Gabriele Salvatores , which

3599-401: Was sunk by the escorting Arbalète while the other was captured. The squadron flew off seven aircraft that attacked an encampment at Bureir and a nearby railroad viaduct . Raven II was then sent to the Adalia area on the Turkish coast where her aircraft bombed a factory at Fineka and searched for U-boat bases On 1 September, the ship was in Port Said preparing for another sortie into

3660-519: Was under the command of the General Officer Commanding , Egypt and its primary duty was to watch Turkish positions and movements in southern Palestine and the Sinai in early 1916. At the end of March, Raven II was sent to the Red Sea to attack Turkish troops threatening Aden ; she carried one two-seat Short floatplane and five Sopwith Schneiders for this operation. After a preliminary reconnaissance mission, on 2–3 April her aircraft dropped ninety-one 20-pound (9.1 kg) bombs as well as leaflets urging

3721-667: Was used in antiquity, but is now rarely used in Greek, the name Kastellórizo (Καστελλόριζο) being common since the 12th century. There are several hypotheses about the origin of this name. "Kastello" derives from the Italian word "castello", meaning "castle". There is some argument on the second part of the name. The arguments are centered on the following possible origins of the element rizo : It has gone by several different names in its history, including Kastellorizo (Greek), Castellorizo (Greek name with Italian spelling), Castelrosso (Italian, meaning "Red Castle"), Château Rouge (French translation of Italian name: but possibly

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