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36-454: The Pacte Synarchique is a historical theory that the surrender of Vichy France was as a result of a conspiracy by French industrial and banking interests to surrender France to Hitler in order to fight Communism . This theory allegedly originated with the discovery of a document called Pacte Synarchique following the death (May 19, 1941) of Jean Coutrot , former member of Groupe X-Crise , on May 15, 1941. According to this document,

72-444: A Federal Europe (as well as all the states it has integrated) with a corporatist government composed of three councils , one for academia , one for the judiciary , and one for commerce . The word synarchy is used, especially among French and Spanish speakers, to describe a shadow government or deep state , a form of government where political power effectively rests with a secret elite , in contrast to an oligarchy where

108-609: A Mouvement Synarchique d'Empire had been founded in 1922 with the aim of abolishing parliamentarianism and replacing it with synarchy. A Vichy investigation found no evidence for the Mouvement Synarchiste d'Empire existence. Most of the presumed synarchists were either associated with the Banque Worms or with Groupe X-Crise and were close to Admiral François Darlan the Vichy prime minister (1941–1942). Most historians agree that

144-531: A Mouvement Synarchique d'Empire had been founded in 1922 with the aim of abolishing parliamentarianism and replacing it with synarchy. This led to the belief that La Cagoule , a far-right organisation, was the armed branch of French synarchism, and that some important members of the Vichy Regime were synarchists. The Vichy government ordered an investigation, leading to the Rapport Chavin but no evidence for

180-571: A disproportionate amount of wealth , privilege , political power , or skill in a group. Defined by the Cambridge Dictionary , the "elite" are "the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society". American sociologist C. Wright Mills states that members of the elite accept their fellows' position of importance in society. "As a rule, 'they accept one another, understand one another, marry one another, tend to work, and to think, if not together at least alike'." It

216-411: A hypothetical alternative, stating that these elite individuals would consider themselves the overseers of the national economy. Also appreciating that it is not only a moral, but a practical necessity to focus beyond their group interests. Doing so would hopefully alleviate various destructive conditions affecting large numbers of less affluent citizens. Mills determined that there is an "inner core" of

252-426: A modern "synarchist", and claimed that "synarchists" have "a scheme for replacing regular military forces of nations, by private armies in the footsteps of a privately financed international Waffen-SS like scheme, a force deployed by leading financier institutions, such as the multi-billions funding by the U.S. Treasury , of Cheney's Halliburton gang." Harvard historian and sinologist John K. Fairbank used

288-797: A stake in the Qing dynasty rule. He believed that the Qing, who were considered outside rulers because of their Manchu origins, developed this strategy out of necessity because they did not have a strong political base in China. The term is also used by some political scientists to describe the British colonial government in Hong Kong (1842–1997). Ambrose King , in his 1975 paper Administrative Absorption of Politics in Hong Kong , described colonial Hong Kong's administration as "elite consensual government". In it, he claimed, any coalition of elites or forces capable of challenging

324-564: A white elite, emerged. According to the London School of Economics (LSE): "The dominant elite in the South before the Civil War were the wealthy landowners who held people in slavery, the so-called "planter class". Their influence in politics before the war can best be illustrated by highlighting that of the 15 presidents before Abraham Lincoln, eight held people as slaves while in office." While

360-530: Is a well-regulated existence where education plays a critical role. As European settlers began to colonize the Americas in the 16th and 17th centuries, they quickly realized the economic potential of growing cash crops which were in high demand in Europe. Owned by the planter class , plantations, large-scale farms where large numbers of enslaved Africans were held captive and forced to produce crops to create wealth for

396-535: Is also the name of the ideology of a political movement in Mexico dating from the 1930s. In Mexico, it was historically a movement of the Roman Catholic extreme right , in some ways akin to fascism , violently opposed to the populist and secularist policies of the revolutionary (PNR, PRM, and PRI) governments that ruled Mexico from 1929 to 2000. The National Synarchist Union (Unión Nacional Sinarquista, UNS)

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432-520: The Ivy League , which includes Harvard University , Yale University , Columbia University and Princeton University (among others), and the universities' respective highly exclusive clubs, such as the Harvard Club of Boston . These memberships in turn pave the way to the prominent social clubs located in major cities and serve as sites for important business contacts. According to Mills, men receive

468-580: The Pacte was a hoax created by some French collaborators with Nazi Germany to weaken Darlan and his Vichy technocrats. Lyndon LaRouche , leader of the LaRouche movement , described a wide-ranging historical phenomenon, starting with Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre and the Martinist Order followed by important individuals, organizations, movements and regimes that are alleged to have been synarchist, including

504-470: The Pacte Synarchique was a hoax created by some French collaborators with Nazi Germany to weaken Darlan and his Vichy technocrats. Only the far-left historian Annie Lacroix-Riz defends the idea that the synarchy existed. Synarchism The earliest recorded use of the term synarchy is attributed to Thomas Stackhouse (1677–1752), an English clergyman who used the word in his New History of

540-525: The elite theory in his 1929 work, Imperialism and World Economy : "present-day state power is nothing but an entrepreneurs' company of tremendous power, headed even by the same persons that occupy the leading positions in the banking and syndicate offices". The power elite is a term used by Mills to describe a relatively small, loosely connected group of individuals who dominate American policymaking. This group includes bureaucratic, corporate, intellectual, military, media , and government elites who control

576-500: The government of Nazi Germany . He claimed that during the Great Depression an international coalition of financial institutions, raw materials cartels, and intelligence operatives installed fascist regimes throughout Europe (and tried to do so in Mexico ) to maintain world order and prevent the repudiation of international debts . LaRouche identified the former U.S. vice president and former PNAC member Dick Cheney as

612-531: The Civil War ended slavery, the former planter class kept control over their land, and thus, they also remained politically influential. As stated by the LSE, "this persistence in "de facto power" in turn allowed them to block economic reforms, disenfranchise Black voters, and restrict the mobility of workers." Youthful upper-class members attend prominent preparatory schools, which open doors to elite universities, known as

648-931: The Holy Bible from the Beginning of the World to the Establishment of Christianity (published in two folio volumes in 1737). The attribution can be found in the Webster's Dictionary (the American Dictionary of the English Language, published by Noah Webster in 1828). Webster's definition for synarchy is limited entirely to "joint rule or sovereignty ". The word is derived from the Greek stems syn meaning "with" or "together" and archy meaning "rule". The most substantial early use of

684-442: The benefits from economic growth". Castells cites a kind of "double movement" where on one hand, "valuable segments of territories and people" become "linked in the global networks of value making and wealth appropriation", while, on the other, "everything and everyone" that is not valued by established networks gets "switched off...and ultimately discarded". These evolutions have also led many social scientists to explore empirically

720-402: The differences in the two terms: "The upper class as a whole does not do the ruling. Instead, class rule is manifested through the activities of a wide variety of organizations and institutions...Leaders within the upper class join with high-level employees in the organizations they control to make up what will be called the power elite". The Marxist theoretician Nikolai Bukharin anticipated

756-594: The education necessary for elitist privilege to obtain their background and contacts, allowing them to enter three branches of the power elite, which are: According to Mills, the governing elite in the United States primarily draws its members from political leaders, including the president, and a handful of key cabinet members, as well as close advisers, major corporate owners and directors, and high-ranking military officers. These groups overlap and elites tend to circulate from one sector to another, consolidating power in

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792-420: The elite is or could be known by the public. The Pacte Synarchique is a historical theory that the surrender of Vichy France was as a result of aa conspiracy by French industrial and banking interests to surrender France to Hitler in order to fight Communism . The original Pacte was supposedly discovered after the death in 1941 of Jean Coutrot , former member of Groupe X-Crise . According to this document,

828-483: The existence of the Mouvement Synarchiste d'Empire was found. Most of the presumed synarchists were either associated with the Banque Worms or with Groupe X-Crise; they were close to Admiral François Darlan (Vichy prime minister 1941–1942), and this has led to the belief that synarchists had engineered the military defeat of France for the profit of Banque Worms. Former OSS officer William Langer claimed that some French industrial and banking interests, even before

864-414: The legitimacy of Hong Kong's administrative structure would be co-opted by the existing apparatus through the appointment of leading political activists, business figures and other elites to oversight committees, by granting them British honours , and by bringing them into elite institutions like Hong Kong's horse racing clubs. He called this synarchy , by extension of Fairbank's use of the word. Synarchy

900-544: The power elite into complex relationships with nation states that generate global-scale class divisions. Sociologist Manuel Castells writes in The Rise of the Network Society that contemporary globalization does not mean that "everything in the global economy is global". So, a global economy becomes characterized by fundamental social inequalities with respect to the "level of integration, competitive potential and share of

936-412: The power elite involving individuals that are able to move from one seat of institutional power to another. They, therefore, have a wide range of knowledge and interests in many influential organizations, and are, as Mills describes, "professional go-betweens of economic, political, and military affairs". Relentless expansion of capitalism and the globalizing of economic and military power bind leaders of

972-470: The principal institutions in the United States and whose opinions and actions influence the decisions of the policymakers. The basis for membership of a power elite is institutional power, namely an influential position within a prominent private or public organization. A study of the French corporate elite has shown that social class continues to hold sway in determining who joins this elite group, with those from

1008-465: The process. Unlike the ruling class , a social formation based on heritage and social ties, the power elite is characterized by the organizational structures through which its wealth is acquired. According to Mills, the power elite rose from "the managerial reorganization of the propertied classes into the more or less unified stratum of the corporate rich". In G. William Domhoff ’s sociology textbooks, Who Rules America? editions, he further clarified

1044-469: The upper-middle class tending to dominate. Another study (published in 2002) of power elites in the United States during the administration of President George W. Bush (in office from 2001 to 2009) identified 7,314 institutional positions of power encompassing 5,778 individuals. A later study of U.S. society noted demographic characteristics of this elite group as follows: In the 1970s an organized set of policies promoted reduced taxes , especially for

1080-599: The vote at the 1982 presidential election. In 1988 Gumersindo Magaña polled a similar proportion, but the party then suffered a split, and, in 1992, lost its registration as a political party . It was dissolved in 1996. There are now two organisations, both calling themselves the Unión Nacional Sinarquista, one aligning to Francoist policies , the other following the National Syndicalism of Primo De Rivera . Carlos Abascal , son of Salvador Abascal ,

1116-429: The war, looked on Nazi Germany as the savior of Europe from Communism and to install a "synarchy" of industrialists and bankers to govern Europe, although he didn't refer to any specific Pacte. This belief system has been dismissed as a "work of a paranoid imagination which wove together the histories of three disparate groups of activists, creating a conspiracy among them where none existed". Most historians affirm that

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1152-425: The wealthy, and a steady erosion of the welfare safety net. Starting with legislation in the 1980s, the wealthy banking community successfully lobbied for reduced regulation. The wide range of financial and social capital accessible to the power elite gives their members heavy influence in economic and political decision making, allowing them to move toward attaining desired outcomes. Sociologist Christopher Doob gives

1188-594: The word synarchy comes from the writings of Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre (1842–1909), who used the term in his book La France vraie to describe what he believed was the ideal form of government . In reaction to the emergence of anarchist ideologies and movements, Saint-Yves elaborated a political formula which he believed would lead to a harmonious society. He defended social differentiation and hierarchy with collaboration between social classes, transcending conflict between social and economic groups: synarchy, as opposed to anarchy . Specifically, Saint-Yves envisioned

1224-662: The word synarchy in his 1953 book Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854 , and in later writings, to describe the mechanisms of government under the Qing dynasty in China . Fairbank's synarchy is a form of joint rule by co-opting existing Manchu and Han Chinese elites and bringing the foreign powers into the system and legitimizing them through a schedule of rituals and tributes that gave them

1260-533: Was Mexico's Secretary of the Interior during Vicente Fox 's presidency. Many sinarquistas are now militant in the National Action Party , PAN, of former presidents Vicente Fox (2000–2006) and Felipe Calderón (2006–2012). Elite In political and sociological theory, the elite ( French : élite , from Latin : eligere , to select or to sort out) are a small group of powerful people who hold

1296-686: Was founded in May 1937 by a group of Catholic political activists led by José Antonio Urquiza, who was murdered in April 1938, and Salvador Abascal . In 1946, a faction of the movement loyal to deposed leader Manuel Torres Bueno regrouped as the Popular Force Party (Partido Fuerza Popular). Synarchism revived as a political movement in the 1970s through the Mexican Democratic Party (PDM), whose candidate, Ignacio González Gollaz, polled 1.8 percent of

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