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113-566: The Ranikhola is a river in Sikkim , India , that flows near the state capital Gangtok . It is a tributary of the Teesta River . The Mangar queen committed suicide on this river after the death of her husband at Mangarzong in 1642, so this river is named Ranikhola. The Ranikhola originates from the Himalayas and flows below Gangtok where it is joined by Ratey River and flows towards Ranipool where it

226-1011: A language isolate ( Nihali ). Each state and union territory of India has one or more official languages, and the Constitution of India recognizes in particular 22 " scheduled languages ". It also recognizes 212 scheduled tribal groups, which together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population. Most of its states are based on a linguistic ethnicity, including Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh , and Chhattisgarh ( Hindustanis ), Gujarat ( Gujaratis ), West Bengal ( Bengalis ), Maharashtra ( Marathis ), Odisha ( Odias ), Goa ( Konkanis ), Haryana ( Haryanvis ), Rajasthan ( Rajasthanis ), Punjab ( Punjabis ), Tamil Nadu ( Tamils ), Andhra Pradesh and Telangana ( Telugus ), Karnataka ( Kannada ), Kerala ( Malayalis ), Assam ( Assamese ), Nagaland ( Nagas ), Manipur ( Manipuris ), Mizoram ( Mizos ), Meghalaya ( Khasi ), Tripura ( Tripuri ), and Sikkim ( Sikkimese ). Jammu and Kashmir

339-518: A plurinational state , which recognizes the national distinctiveness of various indigenous peoples . Whether Canada should be described as "multinational" is an ongoing topic in academia and popular discourse. The current policy of the federal government is that Canada is bilingual —English and French are both official languages —and multicultural . In 2006, the House of Commons of Canada voted in favour of Government Business No. 11 , which states that

452-427: A beast of burden. The avifauna of Sikkim include the impeyan pheasant , crimson horned pheasant , snow partridge , Tibetan snowcock , bearded vulture and griffon vulture , as well as golden eagles , quails , plovers , woodcocks , sandpipers , pigeons , Old World flycatchers , babblers and robins. Sikkim has more than 550 species of birds, some of which have been declared endangered . Sikkim also has

565-536: A different nationality—for example, some members of the Ndebele and Tswana nations speak Zulu, and groups such as the Thembu and Hlubi speak Xhosa. As is the case throughout Africa, the nations of South Africa mostly correspond to specific regions. However, large cities such as Johannesburg are home to a mixture of national groups, leading to a " melting pot " of cultures. The government has continuously attempted to unify

678-418: A high sulphur content, are located near river banks; some are known to emit hydrogen . The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is 50 °C (122 °F). The hills of Sikkim mainly consist of gneiss and schist which weather to produce generally poor and shallow brown clay soils. The soil is coarse, with large concentrations of iron oxide ; it ranges from neutral to acidic and

791-448: A high population growth rate, averaging 12.36% per cent between 2001 and 2011. The sex ratio is 889 females per 1,000 males, with a total of 321,661 males and 286,027 females recorded in 2011. With around 98,000 inhabitants as of 2011, the capital Gangtok is the most significant urban area in the mostly rural state; in 2005, the urban population in Sikkim constituted around 11.06 per cent of

904-591: A location in the Indian state of Sikkim is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in India is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sikkim Sikkim ( / ˈ s ɪ k ɪ m / SIK -im ; Nepali: [ˈsikːim] ) is a state in northeastern India . It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in

1017-531: A magnitude 6.9M w earthquake struck Sikkim, killing at least 116 people in the state and in Nepal , Bhutan , Bangladesh and Tibet . More than 60 people died in Sikkim alone, and the city of Gangtok suffered significant damage. Situated in the Himalayan mountains, the state of Sikkim is characterised by mountainous terrain. Almost the entire state is hilly, with an elevation ranging from 280 metres (920 ft) in

1130-667: A minority . According to the United Nations , Russia's immigrant population is the third-largest in the world, numbering over 11.6 million; most of which are from post-Soviet states , mainly Ukrainians . The republics are Tatarstan ( Volga Tatars ), Bashkortostan ( Bashkirs , Volga Tatars ), Chuvashia ( Chuvash ), Adygea ( Adyghe ), Karachay-Cherkessia ( Cherkess of Karachay-Cherkessia , Karachays , Nogais , Abaza ), Kabardino-Balkaria ( Kabardins & Balkars ), Chechnya ( Chechens ), Mordovia ( Mordvin ), Udmurtia ( Udmurts ), Mari El ( Mari ), Kalmykia ( Kalmyks ),

1243-551: A rich diversity of arthropods , many of which remain unstudied. Some of the most understudied species are Sikkimese arthropods, specifically butterflies . Of the approximately 1,438 butterfly species found in the Indian subcontinent , 695 have been recorded in Sikkim. These include the endangered Kaiser-i-hind , the Yellow Gorgon and the Bhutan Glory . List of National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Sikkim: According to

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1356-568: A special designation not used by any other state. A month later, the 36th Amendment repealed the 35th Amendment, and made Sikkim a full state, adding its name to the First Schedule of the Constitution . In 2000, the seventeenth Karmapa , Urgyen Trinley Dorje , who had been confirmed by the Dalai Lama and accepted as a tulku by the Chinese government, escaped from Tibet , seeking to return to

1469-469: A treaty was agreed between India and Sikkim which gave Sikkim the status of an Indian protectorate . Sikkim came under the suzerainty of India, which controlled its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications. In other respects, Sikkim retained administrative autonomy. A state council was established in 1953 to allow for constitutional government under the Chogyal. Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal

1582-524: Is Drenjong (Wylie-transliteration: bras ljongs ), which means "valley of rice ", while the Bhutias call it Beyul Demazong , which means "the hidden valley of rice". According to folklore, after establishing Rabdentse as his new capital, Bhutia king Tensung Namgyal built a palace and asked his Limbu Queen to name it. The Lepcha people , the original inhabitants of Sikkim, called it Nye-mae-el , meaning "paradise". In historical Indian literature , Sikkim

1695-448: Is Hinduism , with a significant Vajrayana Buddhist minority. Sikkim's economy is largely dependent on agriculture and tourism. As of 2019 , the state had the fifth-smallest GDP among Indian states , although it is also among the fastest-growing. The name Sikkim is believed to be a combination of the Limbu words su "new" and khyim "palace" or "house". The Tibetan name for Sikkim

1808-981: Is Jewish autonomous oblast ( Jews , but there are a few of them, because of migration to Israel after dissolution of the Soviet Union ), 6 administrative-territorial units with a special status , which are Agin-Buryat Okrug ( Buryats ) in Zabaykalsky Krai , Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug ( Buryats ) in Irkutsk Oblast , Koryak Okrug ( Koryaks ) in Kamchatka Krai , Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District ( Dolgans , Nenets , Enets , Nganasans ) and Evenkiysky District ( Evenki ) in Krasnoyarsky Krai , Komi-Permyak Okrug ( Komi ) in Perm Krai . The Tatars, Bashkirs, and Chechens are three predominantly Muslim minorities in

1921-551: Is no ethnic majority in Ghana . The plurality group, the Akan people , are a meta-ethnicity (that is, a collection of similar but distinct ethnicities). While Akan is the most-widely spoken language in Ghana, English is the official language of government. Kenya is home to more than 70 ethnic groups; the most populous of which are the Kikuyu , at about 20 percent of the population. Together,

2034-416: Is a multiethnic and multilingual Indian state. The official languages of the state are English , Nepali , Bhutia , and Lepcha . Additional official languages include Gurung , Limbu , Magar , Mukhia , Newari , Rai , Sherpa and Tamang for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition in the state. English is taught in schools and used in government documents. The predominant religion

2147-1127: Is a multinational state consisting of 56 ethnic groups with the Han people the largest ethnic group in mainland China. As of 2010, 91.51% of the population were classified as Han (~1.2 billion). Besides the Han Chinese majority, 55 other ethnic (minority) groups are categorized in present China, numbering approximately 105 million people (8%), mostly concentrated in the bordering northwest, north, northeast, south and southwest but with some in central interior areas. The major minority ethnic groups in China are Zhuang (16.9 million), Hui (10.5 million), Manchu (10.3 million), Uyghur (10 million), Miao (9.4 million), Yi (8.7 million), Tujia (8.3 million), Tibetan (6.2 million), Mongolian (5.9 million), Dong (2.8 million), Buyei (2.8 million), Yao (2.7 million), Bai (1.9 million), Korean (1.8 million), Hani (1.6 million), Li (1.4 million), Kazakh (1.4 million) and Dai (1.2 million). At least 126,000 people from Canada ,

2260-561: Is a multinational state, and is home to over 193 ethnic groups. In the 2010 Census, roughly 81% of the population were ethnic Russians , and 19% of the population were minorities; while around 84.93% of the Russia's population was of European descent , of which the vast majority were Slavs as well as minorities of Germanic , Baltic-Finns and other peoples. There are 22 republics in Russia, designated to have their own ethnicities, cultures, and languages. In 13 of them, ethnic Russians consist

2373-452: Is in charge of the administration of the civilian areas of the district. The Indian Army has control over a large part of the state, as Sikkim forms part of a sensitive border area with China . Many areas are restricted to foreigners, and official permits are needed to visit them. Sikkim's nominal state gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at US$ 4.6 billion in 2019, with GDP per capita being $ 7,530 (₹ 5,50,000) thus constituting

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2486-730: Is joined by another river called Roro River . The river then borders villages of Gangtok Subdivision in Gangtok District and Pakyong Subdivision of Pakyong District . National Highway 10 runs parallel to the Ranikhola from Ranipool to Singtam and then the river ultimately flows into River Teesta at Singtam. The first hydropower project commissioned in Sikkim was a micro-hydel on Rani Khola below Gangtok in 1927. This one had an installed capacity of 50 kW. 27°15′36″N 88°33′16″E  /  27.2601°N 88.5545°E  / 27.2601; 88.5545 This article related to

2599-595: Is known as Indrakil , the garden of the war god Indra . The Lepchas are considered to be the earliest inhabitants of Sikkim. However the Limbus and the Magars also lived in the inaccessible parts of West and South districts as early as the Lepchas perhaps lived in the East and North districts. The Buddhist saint Padmasambhava , also known as Guru Rinpoche, passed through the land in

2712-431: Is lacking in organic and mineral nutrients. This type of soil tends to support evergreen and deciduous forests . The rock consists of phyllites and schists, and is highly susceptible to weathering and erosion. This, combined with the state's heavy rainfall, causes extensive soil erosion and the loss of soil nutrients through leaching . As a result, landslides are frequent, often isolating rural towns and villages from

2825-417: Is one of the few states in India to receive regular snowfall. The snow line ranges from 6,100 metres (20,000 ft) in the south of the state to 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) in the north. The tundra-type region in the north is snowbound for four months every year, and the temperature drops below 0 °C (32 °F) almost every night. In north-western Sikkim, the peaks are frozen year-round; because of

2938-516: Is only in Nigeria that they are classified as a single ethnic group for political expediency. Nigeria is also made up of many other ethnic groups like the Yoruba , Igbo and Ibibio . Prior to colonialism, they were not self identified as one ethnic nationality but are so today along with the three Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo which classification does carry between each group of who is part of and not part of

3051-477: Is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for

3164-575: Is said to have stationed 20,000–40,000 troops in a country of only 200,000 during the referendum. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union, and the monarchy was abolished. To enable the incorporation of the new state, the Indian Parliament amended the Indian Constitution . First, the 35th Amendment laid down a set of conditions that made Sikkim an "Associate State",

3277-536: Is similar to Urdu, and many of whom were educated in Urdu under British rule). Bengalis feared they would be marginalized despite their demographic strength as, at the time, the largest ethnic group of Pakistan. These grievances culminated in the secession of East Bengal (which had been part of the administrative unit of East Pakistan ) and the creation of Bangladesh. Today, nationalist movements within Pakistan include those of

3390-420: Is the only civilian helipad in the state. National Highway 10 (NH 10; formerly NH 31A ) links Siliguri to Gangtok. Sikkim Nationalised Transport runs bus and truck services. Privately run bus, tourist taxi , and jeep services operate throughout Sikkim and also connect it to Siliguri. A branch of the highway from Melli connects western Sikkim. Towns in eastern, southern and western Sikkim are connected to

3503-538: Is the only union territory in the country based on this which is home to the Kashmiris , Dogras , Ladakhis , Gujjars , Bakarwals , Paharis , Dards , Hanjis , and several other people groups. Furthermore, several other Indian states are themselves ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse. The tribes of Uttar Pradesh are Agarias , Baigas , Bhars , Cheros , Gonds , Kolis , Korwas , Tharus , Bhoksas , Bhotiyas , Jaunsaris , and Rajis ; Madhya Pradesh

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3616-653: Is the primary official and national language, followed by English . In Sabah and Sarawak, English is the official language, although many locals speak a dialect of Malay. Myanmar (also known as Burma) is an ethnically diverse nation with 135 distinct ethnic groups officially recognized by the Burmese Government . These are grouped into eight "major national ethnic races": Bamar , Chin , Kachin , Karen , Kayah , Mon , Rakhine , Shan The "major national ethnic races" are grouped primarily according to region rather than linguistic or ethnic affiliation, as for example

3729-477: Is typically found between an altitude of 3,500 to 5,000 metres (11,500 to 16,400 ft). In lower elevations are found juniper , pine, firs , cypresses and rhododendrons from the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests . Higher up are Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows and high-altitude wetlands, which are home to a wide variety of rhododendrons and wildflowers. The fauna of Sikkim include

3842-535: Is where tribes such as the Gonds, Bhils , Baiga, Korku , Bhadia , Halba , Kaul , Mariya , Malto and Sahariya ; Chhattisgarh 's tribal population consists mainly of the Gonds, Kanwars , Brinjhwasr , Bhaina , Bhatra , Uraon , Oraons , Kamar , Halba, Baiga, Sanwras , Korwas , Bhariatis , Nageshias , Manghwars , Kharias , and Dhanwars ; Bihar has the Bhojpuris , Maithils , and Magadhis , and Jharkhand has

3955-682: The Central Thais , Isan , and Northern Thais , 22 Austroasiatic peoples, with significant populations of Northern Khmer and Kuy , 11 Sino-Tibetan -speaking hill tribes , 3 Austronesian peoples being Malays , Moken , and Urak Lawoi . Immigrants in the nation includes communities like the Chinese , Indians , and Thai Portuguese . However, the Royal Thai Government officially recognizes only 62 of these ethnolinguistic groups. The Vietnamese government recognizes 54 ethnic groups , of which

4068-520: The Constitution of India , Sikkim has a parliamentary system of representative democracy for its governance; universal suffrage is granted to state residents. The government structure is organised into three branches: In 1975, after the abrogation of Sikkim's monarchy, the Indian National Congress gained a majority in the 1977 elections. In 1979, after a period of instability, a popular ministry headed by Nar Bahadur Bhandari , leader of

4181-571: The European Union as a multinational state or a potential one. Many attempts have been made to define what a multinational state is. One complicating factor is that it is possible for members of a group that could be considered a nation to identify with two different nationalities simultaneously. As Ilan Peleg wrote in Democratizing the Hegemonic State : One can be a Scot and a Brit in

4294-536: The Javanese , Sundanese , Malays , Madurese , Bugis , Torajans , Bataks , Mandarese , Minangkabos , Betawi , Banjarese , Acehnese , Balinese , Dayaks , Sasaks , Cirebonese , Lampungese , Palembang , Gorontaloa , Minahasan , Nias , and Makassarese . Another group of indigenous peoples in the country are the native Melanesians in the Maluku Islands and Western New Guinea , which include tribes such as

4407-725: The Kinnauris , Gujjars , Lahaulis , Gaddis , Swanglas , Pangwalis , Khampas , and others; Arunachal Pradesh being the home of various tribes like the Abor , Hruso , Apatanis , Nyishis , Tagins , Galos , Khamptis , Mishmis , Monpa , any Naga tribes, Sherdukpens , and Singpho ; the Assam includes the Assamese, Bodo , and Karbi peoples . Indonesia is a very diverse country with over 1,300 ethnic groups. The vast majority of them speak Austronesian languages and among these tribal people groups are

4520-880: The Komi Republic ( Komi ), Karelia ( Karelians , ethnic Finns , Vepsians ), Ingushetia ( Ingushs ), North Ossetia-Alania ( Ossetians ), Sakha ( Yakuts , Evenki , Evens , Dolgans , Yukaghir ), Buryatia ( Buryats ), Khakassia ( Khakas ), the Altai Republic ( Altai , ethnic Kazakhs ), Tuva ( Tuvans ), and Dagestan (ethnic Azerbaijanis , Chechens , Avars , Dargins , Kumyks , Lezgins , Laks , Tabasarans , Nogais , Aguls , Rutuls , Tsakhurs , Tats and others). There are also 4 autonomous okrugs which are Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug ( Khanty & Mansi ), Nenets Autonomous Okrug ( Nenets ), Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ( Nenets , Selkup ), and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug ( Chukchi ), 1 autonomous oblast , it

4633-550: The Nathu La pass on 6 July 2006, connecting Lhasa , Tibet , to India, was billed as a boon for Sikkim's economy. Trade through the pass remains hampered by Sikkim's limited infrastructure and government restrictions in both India and China, though the volume of traded goods has been steadily increasing. Sikkim did not have any operational airport for a long time because of its rough terrain. However, in October 2018, Pakyong Airport ,

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4746-715: The Pakistan Movement , which demanded a separate state for the Muslims of the British Raj . The movement was based on the two-nation theory put forward by Muhammad Ali Jinnah : the idea that Hindus and Muslims in British India represented not only different religious communities but also distinct nations, and hence that, in the event of Indian independence , they should be divided into two nation states. Jinnah (known in Pakistan as "Quaid-e-Azam", meaning "the great leader") outlined

4859-704: The Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras , Uzbeks , Aimaqs , Turkmens , Balochs , and Sadats . Among the minor groups are the Pashayis , Nuristanis , Pamiris , Kurds , Kyrgyz , and several others. The four major groups that compose Bhutan's ethnic population are the Ngalops , which make up the majority, the Sharchops , the Lhotshampas , and the aboriginal or indigenous tribal peoples living in villages and communities scattered throughout

4972-584: The Québécois "form a nation within a united Canada". According to Canadian political philosopher Charles Blattberg, Canada should be seen as a multinational country. All Canadians are members of Canada as a civic or political community, a community of citizens, and this is a community that contains many other kinds within it. These include not only communities of ethnic, regional, religious, and civic (the provincial and municipal governments) sorts, but also national communities, which often include or overlap with many of

5085-562: The Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim. Chinese officials were in a dilemma on this issue, for any protests to India would mean an explicit endorsement of India's governance of Sikkim, which China still recognised as an independent state occupied by India. The Chinese government eventually recognised Sikkim as an Indian state in 2003, in return for India declaring Tibet as a part of the territory of China; New Delhi had accepted Tibet as part of China in 1954, but China appears to have believed that

5198-656: The Santhals , Oraons , Mundas , Kharias , and Hos while both states are home to several other groups like the Hindustani -speaking peoples; Uttarakhand is where the Garhwalis , Kumaonis , and tribes like the Jaunsaris, Bhotiyas, Tharus, Bhoksas, Rajis, and Banrawats resides; Karnataka houses the Kannadigas , Tuluvas , and several others; Himachal Pradesh is home to tribes like

5311-693: The Sikkim Sangram Parishad Party , was sworn in. Bhandari held on to power in the 1984 and 1989 elections. In the 1994 elections, Pawan Kumar Chamling of the Sikkim Democratic Front became the Chief Minister of the state. Chamling and his party had since held on to power by winning the 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014 elections. However, the 2019 legislative assembly elections were won by the Sikkim Krantikari Morcha party and

5424-477: The Sindhis , Pashtuns , Balochs , Mohajirs , and Kashmiris . The members of these movements assert that Islam cannot be considered the sole basis for nationhood, and that Pakistan is therefore a multinational state. Their demands range from increased autonomy or the transformation of Pakistan into a federation , to the recognition of language rights for non-Urdu-speaking populations, to outright secession. Despite

5537-469: The Tsongmo , Gurudongmar and Khecheopalri Lakes ), five major hot springs , and more than 100 rivers and streams. Eight mountain passes connect the state to Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal. Sikkim's hot springs are renowned for their medicinal and therapeutic value . Among the state's most notable hot springs are those at Phurchachu, Yumthang , Borang, Ralang, Taram-chu and Yumey Samdong. The springs, which have

5650-634: The US and Europe are living in Mainland China. In addition, there are also unrecognized ethnic groups , for example: Chuanqing people (穿青人), and others, who account for over 730,000 people. However, the Republic of China (ROC), which ruled mainland China from 1912 to 1949 and currently governs the island of Taiwan since 1945, had recognized five main ethnic groups under Five Races Under One Union : Han, Hui, Manchu, Mongol and Tibetan. Since retreating to Taiwan,

5763-574: The Union of India after 1947 and the Republic of India after 1950. It enjoyed the highest literacy rate and per capita income among Himalayan states . In 1973, anti-royalist riots took place in front of the Chogyal's palace. In 1975, after the Indian Army took over the city of Gangtok, a referendum was held that led to the dissolution of the monarchy and Sikkim's joining India as its 22nd state. Modern Sikkim

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5876-672: The highest peak in India and third-highest on Earth . Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok . Almost 35% of the state is covered by Khangchendzonga National Park – a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Kingdom of Sikkim was founded by the Namgyal dynasty in the 17th century. It was ruled by Buddhist priest-kings known as the Chogyal . It became a princely state of the British Indian Empire in 1890. Following Indian independence, Sikkim continued its protectorate status with

5989-428: The hill stations of Kalimpong and Darjeeling in northern West Bengal. The state is furthermore connected to Tibet by the mountain pass of Nathu La . List of National Highways of Sikkim: Sikkim lacks significant railway infrastructure. The closest major railway stations are Siliguri Junction and New Jalpaiguri in neighbouring West Bengal. However, the New Sikkim Railway Project has been launched to connect

6102-416: The snow leopard , musk deer , Himalayan tahr , red panda , Himalayan marmot , Himalayan serow , Himalayan goral , muntjac , common langur , Asian black bear , clouded leopard , marbled cat , leopard cat , dhole , Tibetan wolf , hog badger , binturong , and Himalayan jungle cat . Among the animals more commonly found in the alpine zone are yaks , mainly reared for their milk , meat, and as

6215-467: The third-smallest GDP among India's 28 states . The state's economy is largely agrarian based on the terraced farming of rice and the cultivation of crops such as maize , millet , wheat , barley , oranges , tea , and cardamom . Sikkim produces more cardamom than any other Indian state and is home to the largest cultivated area of cardamom. Sikkim achieved its ambition to convert its agriculture to fully organic between 2003 and 2016, and became

6328-480: The 180 sovereign states then in existence were ethnically and nationally homogeneous, if a homogeneous state was defined as one in which minorities made up less than 5 percent of the population. Sujit Choudhry therefore argues that "[t]he age of the agriculturally homogeneous state, if ever there was one, is over". Most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are former colonies and, as such, are not drawn along national lines, making them truly multinational states. There

6441-437: The 8th century. The Guru is reported to have blessed the land, introduced Buddhism , and foretold the era of monarchy that would arrive in Sikkim centuries later. According to legend, Khye Bumsa , a 14th-century prince from the Minyak House in Kham in eastern Tibet , received a divine revelation instructing him to travel south to seek his fortunes. A fifth-generation descendant of Khye Bumsa, Phuntsog Namgyal , became

6554-466: The Ambonese, native Timorese peoples , Biak, Dani , Moi, Arfak, Amungme, Asmat , and Korowai , among others. Non-indigenous peoples includes Indos (half-Dutch, half-native Indonesians), Mardijkers , ethnic Chinese and Peranakans , ethnic Indians , Arabs , Iranians , Japanese , Koreans , and several others. The largest ethnicity in Indonesia is the Javanese which makes up 40% of the population and most of them live indigenously in Java island ,

6667-407: The BRO's jurisdiction. Sikkim receives most of its electricity from 19 hydroelectric power stations . Power is also obtained from the National Thermal Power Corporation and Power Grid Corporation of India . By 2006, the state had achieved 100 per cent rural electrification. However, the voltage remains unstable and voltage stabilisers are needed. Per capita consumption of electricity in Sikkim

6780-408: The Prime Minister of Sikkim Kazi Lhendup Dorjee , appealed to the Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi for Sikkim to become a state of India. In April of that year, the Indian Army took over the city of Gangtok and disarmed the Chogyal's palace guards. Thereafter, a referendum was held in which 97.5 per cent of voters supported abolishing the monarchy, effectively approving union with India. India

6893-562: The ROC government recognizes 16 groups of Taiwanese aborigines , which constitutes a number 569,000 or 2.38% of the island 's population. The PRC classifies them as Gāoshān . India has more than 2,000 ethnolinguistic groups which includes over 645 indigenous tribes with 52 major tribes among them, and over 80,000 subcultures, and every major religion is represented being Hinduism , Islam , Adivasi , Sikhism , Buddhism , and Christianity as are four major language families ( Indo-Aryan , Dravidian , Austroasiatic , and Sino-Tibetan ) and

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7006-416: The SSC to the government and sponsoring a counter-movement in the name of Sikkim National Party , which opposed accession to India. The demand for responsible government continued, and the SSC launched a civil disobedience movement. The Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal asked India for help in quelling the movement, which was offered in the form of a small military police force and an Indian Dewan . In 1950,

7119-574: The Shan Major National Ethnic Race includes 33 ethnic groups speaking languages in at least four widely differing language families. Many unrecognized ethnic groups exist, the largest being the Burmese Chinese and Panthay (who together form 3% of the population), Burmese Indians (who form 2% of the population), Rohingya , Anglo-Burmese and Gurkha . Nepal is a multi-ethnic country with over 100 ethnic groups. Most ethnic groups fall into one of two categories and either speak Indo-Aryan languages or Sino-Tibetan languages . The official language of

7232-445: The Sikkimese government, leading to a punitive British expedition against the kingdom, after which the Darjeeling district and Morang were annexed to British India in 1853. The Chogyal of Sikkim became a titular ruler under the directive of the British governor as a result of the invasion. Sikkim became a British protectorate in the later decades of the 19th century, formalised by a convention signed with China in 1890. Sikkim

7345-559: The United Kingdom, a Jew and an American in the United States, an Igbo and a Nigerian in Nigeria ... One might find it hard to be a Slovak and a Hungarian, an Arab and an Israeli, a Breton and a Frenchman. A state may also be a society , and a multiethnic society has people belonging to more than one ethnic group, in contrast to societies that are ethnically homogeneous . By some definitions of "society" and "homogeneous", virtually all contemporary national societies are multiethnic. The scholar David Welsh argued in 1993 that fewer than 20 of

7458-642: The Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), ethnic Vietnamese account for 85.32% of the nation's population and the non-Vietnamese ethnic groups account for the remaining percent. The ethnic Vietnamese inhabit a little less than half of Vietnam, while the ethnic minorities inhabit the majority of Vietnam's land (albeit the least fertile parts of the country). The central highland peoples commonly termed Degar or Montagnards ( mountain people ) consist of two main ethnolinguistic types-- Malayo-Polynesian and Mon–Khmer . About 30 groups of various cultures and dialects are spread over

7571-404: The agreement had lapsed. The 2003 agreement led to a thaw in Sino-Indian relations . On 6 July 2006, the Sikkimese Himalayan pass of Nathu La was opened to cross-border trade, becoming the first open border between India and China. The pass, which was first opened during the 1904 Younghusband Expedition to Tibet, had remained closed since the 1962 Sino-Indian War . On 18 September 2011,

7684-458: The area of Sikkim comes under the administration of its forest department. Sikkim is home to around 5,000 species of flowering plants, 515 rare orchids , 60 primula species, 36 rhododendron species, 11 oak varieties, 23 bamboo varieties, 16 conifer species, 362 types of ferns and ferns allies, 8 tree ferns , and over 900 medicinal plants. A relative of the Poinsettia , locally known as "Christmas Flower", can be found in abundance in

7797-670: The chief minister since then is Prem Singh Tamang . The current Governor of Sikkim is Lakshman Acharya . Sikkim is among India's most environmentally conscious states, having banned plastic water bottles "in all government functions and meetings" and polystyrene products (throughout the state). Sikkim has six districts – Gangtok District , Mangan District , Namchi District , Pakyong District , Geyzing District and Soreng District . The district capitals are Gangtok , Mangan , Namchi , Pakyong , Gyalshing and Soreng respectively. These six districts are further divided into 16 subdivisions; Pakyong, Rongli, Rangpo and Gangtok are

7910-420: The closest operational airport to Sikkim was Bagdogra Airport near Siliguri in northern West Bengal . The airport is located about 124 km (77 mi) from Gangtok , and frequent buses connect the two. A daily helicopter service run by the Sikkim Helicopter Service connects Gangtok to Bagdogra; the flight is thirty minutes long, operates only once a day, and can carry four people. The Gangtok helipad

8023-559: The country is Nepali , earlier known as Gorkhali in the Kingdom of Nepal , which is part of the Indo-Aryan group and is the spoken by majority of the population. The Indo-Aryan languages languages are spoken by Madhesi people ( Maithili , Bhojpuri , Awadhi ) and Tharu ethnic groups which constitutes majority of the speakers in southern Nepal in the Terai region. The people who speak Sino-Tibetan languages includes Tamang , Newari , Magar , Gurung , Kiranti and Sherpa ethnic groups in central and northern Nepal. Much of

8136-502: The country's various nationalities and to foster a South African identity. Many of the nationalities found in South Africa are also found in bordering countries, and in some cases, more members live in South Africa than in the country where the group originated. For example, there are more Sotho , Tswana, and Swazi people living in South Africa than in the bordering nation states of Lesotho , Botswana , and Eswatini , respectively. In

8249-904: The country. Russia is also home to small Buddhist populations, such as the nomadic Buryats in Buryatia, and the Kalmyks; native to Kalmykia, the only Buddhist region in Europe. There are also the Shamanistic peoples of Siberia and the Far North ; the Finno-Ugric peoples of Northwest Russia and the Volga region ; the Korean inhabitants of Sakhalin ; and the diverse peoples of the North Caucasus . Russia's official language

8362-551: The country. There are also Tibetan refugees that have been around since 1959 during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion . While the ethnic Khmer make up 90-94% of Cambodia , others consists of four different major minority groups: the Chams , the indigenous highland Khmer Loeu tribes, the ethnic Chinese , and the ethnic Vietnamese , in addition to other smaller minority groups such as the Khmer Krom . The People's Republic of China (PRC)

8475-572: The east, Koshi Province of Nepal in the west, and West Bengal in the south. Sikkim is also close to the Siliguri Corridor , which borders Bangladesh . Sikkim is the least populous and second-smallest among the Indian states. Situated in the Eastern Himalaya , Sikkim is notable for its biodiversity , including alpine and subtropical climates, as well as being a host to Kangchenjunga ,

8588-539: The establishment of Urdu as the country's sole official language is a form of cultural imperialism that ignores the heritage of Pakistan's diverse peoples. The most successful of these movements was Bengali nationalism , which led to the creation of the Bengali -speaking nation-state of Bangladesh . The movement asserted that Urdu's official status gave an unfair advantage to Muhajirs (most of whom speak Urdu as their mother tongue) and Punjabis (whose mother tongue, Punjabi ,

8701-437: The ethnic Lao who make up the majority in the country, 32 Mon-Khmer peoples, 7 Tibeto-Burmese peoples, and 2 Hmong - Loumien peoples. They are generally spread across the nation each with their own distinct traditions, cultures and languages. When it was formed on 16 September 1963, Malaysia comprised four independent, self-governing nations: Malaya , Singapore , Sabah , and Sarawak . In 1965, Singapore seceded from

8814-602: The ethnic groups migrated from neighbouring countries over the centuries from India and Tibet . Pakistan 's population comprises various ethnolinguistic groups; the major groups are the Punjabis , Pashtuns , Sindhis , Saraikis , Balochs , Brahuis , Paharis , and Muhajirs . Minor groups includes the Kashmiris , Chitralis , Shina , Baltis , Kohistanis , Torwalis , Hazaras , Burusho , Wakhis , Kalash , Siddis , Uzbeks , Nuristanis , Pamiris , Hazarewals and several other minorities. Present-day Pakistan arose out of

8927-451: The fact that Punjabis are widely seen as the dominant ethnic group in Pakistan, both economically and politically, there is also a small Punjabi movement that asserts that the Punjabi language has been unfairly subordinated to Urdu and supports the reestablishment of cultural and economic links with East Punjab in India. The Philippines has more than 182 distinct ethnolinguistic groups that

9040-615: The federation. Today, Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak each have their own ethnic majority. Generally, however, Malaysia is considered to have three major groups: Bumiputeras ( Malays , Orang Asal , and Peranakans ), ethnic Chinese , and ethnic Indians . While the Malays make up the majority of population in the country, the Ibans for Sarawak and the Kadazan-Dusun , Murut , and Sama-Bajau peoples for Sabah are dominant in their respective states. Malay

9153-528: The first state in India to achieve this distinction. Because of its hilly terrain and poor transport infrastructure, Sikkim lacks a large-scale industrial base. Brewing , distilling, tanning and watchmaking are the main industries and are mainly located in the southern regions of the state, primarily in the towns of Melli and Jorethang . In addition, a small mining industry exists in Sikkim extracting minerals such as copper , dolomite , talc , graphite , quartzite , coal , zinc , and lead . Despite

9266-650: The five largest groups—the Kikuyu, Luo , Luhya , Kamba , and Kalenjin —account for 70 percent of Kenyans. The largest nation in Nigeria is the Hausa-Fulani , which accounts for 29 percent of the country's population. However, the group actually encompasses two distinct ethnicities: the Hausa and the Fulani (or Fulbe). While both ethnicities are found in large areas of West Africa , it

9379-471: The founder of Sikkim's monarchy in 1642, when he was consecrated as the first Chogyal , or priest-king, of Sikkim by the three venerated lamas at Yuksom . Phuntsog Namgyal was succeeded in 1670 by his son, Tensung Namgyal , who moved the capital from Yuksom to Rabdentse (near modern Pelling ). In 1700, Sikkim was invaded by the Bhutanese with the help of the half-sister of the Chogyal, who had been denied

9492-431: The government of such a state." This movement culminated in the creation of Pakistan in 1947 through the partition of India . Urdu was then promoted as the national language of all South Asian Muslims . However, Pakistan remains ethnically diverse. Punjabis are the largest ethnolinguistic group, but at 45 percent of the population, they do not make up an absolute majority. Furthermore, only 8 percent of Pakistanis speak

9605-728: The group aside from them Nigeria as about 250–500 other ethnic nationalities considered minorities with some large enough to control the outcomes of elections in states such as the Igala and Urhobo. While some are so small that they only show up in one local Government area. Present-day South Africa is the successor state to the Union of South Africa , which was formed from four British colonies in 1910. South Africa has eleven official languages ( Afrikaans , English, Ndebele , Pedi , Sotho , Swazi , Tsonga , Tswana , Venda , Xhosa , and Zulu ) and formally recognizes several other languages spoken by minority nations. Speakers of each language may be of

9718-410: The high altitude, temperatures in the mountains can drop to as low as −40 °C (−40 °F) in winter. During the monsoon, heavy rains increase the risk of landslides . The record for the longest period of continuous rain in Sikkim is 11 days. Fog affects many parts of the state during winter and the monsoons, making transportation perilous. Sikkim is situated in an ecological hotspot of

9831-484: The highland territory. Other minority groups include the Chams —remnants of the once-mighty Champa Kingdom, conquered by the Vietnamese through a progress called " Nam Tiến ", Hmong , Chinese , and Thái . Montenegro is the only European state with no ethnic majority, but many others have ethnic minorities that form a majority within a province or region (see multilingual countries and regions of Europe ). Russia

9944-405: The lower Himalayas, one of only three among the ecoregions of India . The forested regions of the state exhibit a diverse range of fauna and flora . Owing to its altitudinal gradation, the state has a wide variety of plants, from tropical species to temperate, alpine and tundra ones, and is perhaps one of the few regions to exhibit such a diversity within such a small area. Nearly 81 per cent of

10057-429: The major urban centres. The state has five seasons: winter, summer, spring, autumn, and monsoon season. Sikkim's climate ranges from sub-tropical in the south to tundra in the north. Most of the inhabited regions of Sikkim experience a temperate climate, with temperatures seldom exceeding 28 °C (82 °F) in summer. The average annual temperature for most of Sikkim is around 18 °C (64 °F). Sikkim

10170-511: The mid-1990s. Sikkim has furthermore invested in a fledgling gambling industry promoting both casinos and online gambling . The state's first casino, the Casino Sikkim, opened in March 2009. In the year 2010 the government subsequently issued three gambling licences for casinos and online sports betting in general. The Playwin lottery has been a notable success in the state. The opening of

10283-524: The most populous island in the country. Generally, people who live outside of Jakarta still retain the ethnic language and utilize it in daily conversations. As a result, formation of distinct dialects each unique to the regions, is prominently used among the population. The government of Laos recognizes over 160 ethnic groups with 49 main ethnicities. These main Laotian ethnic groups separated into 4 linguistic groups which are 8 Lao-Tai peoples which includes

10396-584: The mountainous state. The Noble Dendrobium is the official flower of Sikkim, while the rhododendron is the state tree . Orchids, figs , laurel , bananas , sal trees and bamboo grow in the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests of the lower altitudes of Sikkim. In the temperate elevations above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) there are Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests , where oaks, chestnuts , maples , birches , alders , and magnolias grow in large numbers, as well as Himalayan subtropical pine forests , dominated by Chir pine . Alpine-type vegetation

10509-478: The national language, Urdu, as their mother tongue . As a result, many nationalist movements that oppose the two-nation theory have emerged, arguing that Pakistan is not only a linguistically diverse state but also a multinational one, and that, therefore, each ethnolinguistic group of Pakistan is a distinct nation. Common grievances of these movements include the idea that Punjabis dominate Pakistan politically and economically, thus marginalizing other groups, and that

10622-518: The other kinds. He thus recognizes the following nations within Canada: those formed by the various First Nations , that of francophone Quebecers, that of the anglophones who identify with English Canadian culture , and perhaps that of the Acadians . While Pashto and Dari being Afghanistan 's two official languages, the nation is separated into several ethnolinguistic groups which the major ones include

10735-504: The past, this has led to conflict. Lesotho still claims large swathes of South Africa, and attempts have been made to cede some South African territory to Botswana and Eswatini. All three states were intended to be incorporated in the Union of South Africa, but those plans never came to fruition because of power struggles within their apartheid governments. Since 2010, under the presidency of Evo Morales , Bolivia has been officially defined as

10848-591: The return of the territory annexed by the Nepalese in 1817. However, ties between Sikkim and the British weakened when the latter began taxation of the Morang region. In 1849, two British physicians , Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker and Archibald Campbell , the latter being in charge of relations between the British and Sikkimese governments, ventured into the mountains of Sikkim unannounced and unauthorised. The doctors were detained by

10961-487: The south at the border with West Bengal to 8,586 metres (28,169 ft) in the northern peaks near Nepal and Tibet. The summit of Kangchenjunga , the world's third-highest peak, is the state's highest point, situated on the border between Sikkim and Nepal . For the most part, the land is unfit for agriculture because of the rocky, precipitous slopes. However, some hill slopes have been converted into terrace farms . Numerous snow-fed streams have carved out river valleys in

11074-538: The state's first airport, located in Pakyong Town at a distance of 30 km (19 mi) from Gangtok, became operational after a four-year delay. It has been constructed by the Airports Authority of India on 200 acres of land. At an altitude of 4,700 feet (1,400 m) above sea level, it is one of the five highest airports in India. The airport is capable of operating ATR aircraft. Before October 2018,

11187-443: The state's minimal industrial infrastructure, Sikkim's economy has been among the fastest-growing in India since 2000; the state's GDP expanded by 89.93% in 2010 alone. In 2003, Sikkim decided to fully convert to organic farming and achieved this goal in 2015 becoming India's first "organic state". In recent years, the government of Sikkim has extensively promoted tourism . As a result, state revenue has increased 14 times since

11300-618: The subdivisions of the Gangtok and Pakyong Districts. Soreng, Yuksom, Gyalshing and Dentam are the subdivisions of the Geyzing and Soreng district. Chungthang, Dzongu, Kabi and Mangan are the subdivisions of the Mangan district. Ravongla, Jorethang, Namchi and Yangyang are the subdivisions of the Namchi district. Each of Sikkim's districts is overseen by a state government appointee, the district collector , who

11413-691: The subsequent defeat of Gorkha, the Chinese Qing dynasty established control over Sikkim. Following the beginning of British rule in neighbouring India, Sikkim allied with Britain against their common adversary, Nepal . The Nepalese attacked Sikkim, overrunning most of the region including the Terai . This prompted the British East India Company to attack Nepal, resulting in the Gurkha War of 1814. Treaties signed between Sikkim and Nepal resulted in

11526-838: The theory as follows: It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It

11639-521: The throne. The Bhutanese were driven away by the Tibetan people , who restored the throne to the Chogyal ten years later. Between 1717 and 1733, the kingdom faced many raids by the Nepalese in the west and Bhutanese in the east, culminating with the destruction of the capital Rabdentse by the Nepalese. In 1791, China sent troops to support Sikkim and defend Tibet against the Gorkha Kingdom . Following

11752-514: The total. In 2011, the average per capita income in Sikkim stood at ₹ 81,159 (US$ 1,305). Multiethnic Historical multinational states that have since split into multiple states include the Ottoman Empire , British India , Qing Empire , Czechoslovakia , the Soviet Union , Yugoslavia and Austria-Hungary (a dual monarchy of two multinational states). Some analysts have described

11865-473: The town of Rangpo in Sikkim with Sevoke on the West Bengal border. This line is Sevoke-Rangpo Railway Line from Sivok railway station to Rangpo railway station . The five-station line is intended to support both economic development and Indian Army operations and was initially planned to be completed by 2015, though as of 2023 its construction has met with delays. In 2019, the railway line up to Rangpo

11978-799: The vast majority of them speaking Austronesian languages , with the Tagalogs , Bisayans , Ilocanos , Bikols , Kapampangans , Pangasinans , Ivatans , Romblomanons , Masbateños , Kamayos , Moros , Igorots , Lumads , Mangyans , and Zamboangueños being the most prevalent. Among the immigrants and mixed peoples are the Spanish Filipinos , Chinese Filipinos , Japanese Filipinos , Mestizo de Españols , Mestizo de Sangleys , Tornatrás , Indian Filipinos , Sangils , Jewish Filipinos , and American Filipinos . There are some 70 ethnic groups in Thailand which make up 24 ethnolinguistically Tai peoples such as

12091-546: The west and south of the state. These streams combine into the major Teesta River and its tributary, the Rangeet , which flow through the state from north to south. About a third of the state is heavily forested. The Himalayan mountains surround the northern, eastern and western borders of Sikkim. The Lower Himalayas, lying in the southern reaches of the state, are the most densely populated. The state has 28 mountain peaks, more than 80 glaciers , 227 high-altitude lakes (including

12204-528: Was able to preserve autonomy and shape a "model Asian state" where the literacy rate and per capita income were twice as high as neighbouring Nepal , Bhutan and India. Meanwhile, the Sikkim National Congress demanded fresh elections and greater representation for Nepalis in Sikkim. People marched on the palace against the monarchy. In 1973, anti-royalist agitations took place, which needed to be quelled using Indian security forces. In 1975 ,

12317-424: Was announced that Sikkim had become the first state in India to achieve 100 per cent sanitation coverage, becoming completely free of public defecation, thus attaining the status of "Nirmal State". Sikkim is India's least populous state, with 610,577 inhabitants according to the 2011 census . Sikkim is also one of the least densely populated Indian states, with only 86 persons per square kilometre. However, it has

12430-408: Was approximately 182  kWh in 2006. The state government has promoted biogas and solar power for cooking, but these have received a poor response and are used mostly for lighting purposes. In 2005, 73.2 per cent of Sikkim's households were reported to have access to safe drinking water, and the state's large number of mountain streams assures a sufficient water supply. On 8 December 2008, it

12543-753: Was expected to be completed in 2021. In the second phase the line will be extended up to Gangtok . In addition, the Ministry of Railways proposed plans in 2010 for railway lines linking Mirik in West Bengal to Namchi , Daramdin , Ranipool , and Gangtok . Sikkim's roads are maintained by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), an offshoot of the Indian Army. The roads in southern Sikkim are in relatively good condition, landslides being less frequent in this region. The state government maintains 1,857 kilometres (1,154 mi) of roadways that do not fall under

12656-757: Was gradually granted more sovereignty over the next three decades, and became a member of the Chamber of Princes , the assembly representing the rulers of the Indian princely states , in 1922. Prior to Indian independence , Jawaharlal Nehru , as the Vice-President of the Executive Council, pushed through a resolution in the Indian Constituent Assembly to the effect that Sikkim and Bhutan, as Himalayan states, were not 'Indian states' and their future should be negotiated separately. A standstill agreement

12769-458: Was signed in February 1948. Meanwhile, Indian independence and its move to democracy spurred a fledgling political movement in Sikkim, giving rise to the formation of Sikkim State Congress (SSC), a pro-accession political party. The party sent a plate of demands to the palace, including a demand for accession to India. The palace attempted to defuse the movement by appointing three secretaries from

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