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45-525: It was given in 1842 by Governor Juan Alvarado to Ygnacio Martinez , a Californio military commander and politician. Rancho El Pinole extended over land that today includes most of the Franklin Ridge and towns of Crockett , Hercules , Martinez, Oleum, Pinole, Rodeo, Selby and Tormey. Ygnacio Martínez (1774–1848) was commandant of the Presidio of San Francisco from 1822–1827, and again from 1828–1832. He

90-583: A California Historical Landmark . The former settlement of Alvarado (now part of Union City ) was named after him, as was Alvarado Street in San Francisco 's Noe Valley . Portions of the Rancho San Pablo adobe are incorporated into the current City of San Pablo government campus and Alvarado Park within Wildcat Canyon Regional Park is named in his honor. The Governor Alvarado House

135-580: A Magonista expansion into California from, then Magonista-controlled, Baja California that would establish anarcho-communism across the Californias and inspire rebellions by Indigenous Californians against the US and Mexican governments. Prior to American annexation, one instance of a California independence movement from a sovereign nation occurred when the California Republic was declared independent from

180-577: A house in Monterey for his mistress, Juliana Francisca Ramona y Castillo, whom he called "Raymunda", to live in. It's possible the home was for her sister, Maria Reymunda Castillo. Over the years, the pair had at least two illegitimate daughters whom he recognized (Estefana del Rosario (born 1834), and Maria Francisca de la Asencion (born 1836). They may have had several more that he did not recognize, but they never married. During this period Alvarado began drinking heavily. Alvarado supported secularization of

225-896: A report of a planned revolt against Alvarado by a group of foreigners, led by former ally Isaac Graham , caused the governor to order their arrest and deportation to Mexico City for trial. They were eventually, however, acquitted of all charges in June 1841. Also in 1841, political leaders in the United States were declaring their doctrine of Manifest Destiny , and Californios grew increasingly concerned over their intentions. Vallejo conferred with Castro and Alvarado recommending that Mexico send military reinforcements to enforce their military control of California. In response, Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna sent Brigadier General Manuel Micheltorena and 300 men to California in January 1842. Micheltorena

270-468: A white background, but neither were used after Alvarado made peace with Mexico. Alvarado, at age 27, was then appointed governor, but the city council of Los Angeles protested. Alvarado, Castro, and Graham went south and negotiated a compromise after three months, avoiding a civil war. However, the city council of San Diego then voiced its disagreement with Alvarado's revolt. This time, the Mexican government

315-401: Is California Historical Landmark number #348. California Historical Landmark reads: The adobe house, which is now occupied by a local bank branch, was seriously damaged in January, 2023, during the 2022–2023 California floods . Californian independence California , the most populous state in the United States and third largest in area after Alaska and Texas , has been

360-601: The California Gold Rush , instead concentrating his efforts on agriculture and business. He opened the Union Hotel on the rancho in 1860, but his businesses were mostly unsuccessful. After Martina's death in 1876, Alvarado wrote his Historia de California . He died on his ranch in 1882 and is buried at Saint Mary Cemetery in Oakland . Alvarado's adobe house, at the foot of Alvarado Street in downtown Monterey, survives as

405-642: The Centralist Republic of Mexico in 1846 during the Bear Flag Revolt during the Mexican–American War . After American annexation, there had been little to no independence movements prior to the Election of Donald Trump . Numerous organizations advocate for the independence of California as a sovereign state. Common arguments in support of independence are often based on the fact of California having

450-537: The Mexican–American War had begun. Pico, Castro, and Alvarado set aside their differences to focus on the American threat, but by the end of August, Pico and Castro fled to Mexico, and Alvarado was captured. Following his release, Alvarado spent the remainder of the war on his estate in Monterey. After the war, Alvarado was offered the governorship but declined, instead retiring to his wife Martina's family estate at Rancho San Pablo in 1848. Alvarado did not participate in

495-651: The Missouri Compromise Line through California; the lightly populated southern half had never had slavery and was heavily Hispanic . Delegates applied for statehood with the current boundaries. As part of the Compromise of 1850 , Congressional representatives of the American South reluctantly acceded to having California be a free state , and it officially became the 31st state in the union on September 9, 1850. Southern California attempted three times in

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540-478: The Scottish National Party , a social democratic , civic nationalist , center-left party advocating progressivist policies and independence for Scotland . The California Freedom Coalition is a political group, founded in 2017, advocating for the political, economic, and social empowerment of Californians. It supports universal healthcare for Californians, greater representation for California in

585-524: The Spanish missions in California . He was appointed by José María de Echeandía to oversee the turn over of Mission San Miguel , even though Echeandía was no longer governor. The new governor Manuel Victoria rescinded the order and sought to have Alvarado and Castro arrested. The pair fled and were hidden by their old friend Vallejo, who had become adjutant at the Presidio of San Francisco . However, Victoria

630-420: The U.S. Congress , and more funding for education in California , as well as the possibility of California independence. In the wake of Republican nominee Donald Trump 's winning the 2016 presidential election , a fringe movement organized by Yes California , referred to as "Calexit"—a term inspired by the successful 2016 Brexit referendum—arose in a bid to gather the 585,407 signatures necessary to place

675-482: The fifth-largest economy in the world , and for being home to the global centers of entertainment ( Hollywood ) and technology ( Silicon Valley ). Founded in 2015, California National Party (CNP) is a political party seeking, as a long-term goal, the secession of California from the United States by legal and peaceful means. The name and mission of the California National Party are partly inspired by

720-514: The 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status from Northern California . Writer Ernest Callenbach wrote a 1975 novel, entitled Ecotopia , in which he proposed a full-blown secession of Northern California, Oregon, and Washington from the United States in order to focus upon environmentally friendly living and culture. He later abandoned the idea stating: "We are now fatally interconnected, in climate change, ocean impoverishment, agricultural soil loss, etc. etc. etc." The premise

765-581: The Californias or Greater California is the irredentist idea of a united California often consisting of modern-day California, Baja California , and Baja California Sur , or largely based on the former lands previously governed by the Province of Las Californias (1767-1804) , including much of the American Southwest . There were fears during the Magonista rebellion of 1911 from both Americans and Mexicans of

810-545: The Martinez petition, Felipe Briones in 1839, also petitioned for a grant of El Pinole. In 1842, Governor Alvarado, made a four square-league grant of Rancho El Pinole to Ygnacio Martinez, and a three square-league grant of Rancho Boca de la Cañada del Pinole to Briones. Martínez did not move his family to the rancho until 1836, living until that time at the Pueblo of San José . To fulfill the requirements upon which grants were made by

855-554: The Pacific coast, while the North did not. Starting in late 1848, Americans and foreigners of many different countries entered into California in unprecedented numbers, for the California Gold Rush , rapidly increasing the population. In response to growing demand for a better, more representative government, a Constitutional Convention was held in 1849. The delegates there unanimously outlawed slavery, and therefore had no interest in extending

900-563: The Pinole and Briones valleys. Patrick Tormey's share to the north and east included the Rodeo Valley and what would eventually become the towns of Rodeo , Oleum , Selby and Tormey . 38°01′12″N 122°15′36″W  /  38.020°N 122.260°W  / 38.020; -122.260 Juan Bautista Alvarado Juan Bautista Valentín Alvarado y Vallejo (February 14, 1809 – July 13, 1882) usually known as Juan Bautista Alvarado ,

945-552: The U.S. as a result of American victory in the Mexican–American War and subsequent 1848 Mexican Cession . After the war, a confrontation erupted between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of these acquired territories. Among the disputes, the South wanted to extend the Missouri Compromise line ( 36°30' parallel north ), and thus slave territory, west to Southern California and to

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990-542: The US. All hands would be required for the task. This turned out to backfire on him, as on November 14, 1844, a group of Californios led by Manuel Castro revolted against Mexican authority. José Castro and Alvarado commanded the troops. Castro's drummer Juan 'Tambor' Higuera was killed during the capture of the barracks in Los Angeles, possibly the only Californio killed. A truce was negotiated and Micheltorena agreed to dismiss his convict troops. Micheltorena later reneged on

1035-471: The Vallejo side, where he and Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo grew up together. They were both taught by William Edward Petty Hartnell , an English merchant living in Monterey. In 1827, eighteen-year-old Alvarado was hired as secretary to the territorial legislature. In 1829 he was briefly arrested along with Vallejo and José Castro by soldiers involved in the military revolt led by Joaquín Solis . In 1831 he built

1080-505: The beginning of 1846. Afraid of foreign aggression, Castro assembled his militia, with Alvarado second in command, but Frémont went north to Oregon instead. An unstable political situation in Mexico strained relations among the Californios and it seemed that civil war would break out between north and south. On July 7, Commodore John D. Sloat occupied Monterey, declaring to the citizenry that

1125-423: The commodore to Micheltorena. Micheltorena eventually made it to Monterey, but was unable to control his troops, a number of which were convicts. This fomented rumors of a revolt, and by 1844, Alvarado became associated with the malcontents and an order was made by Micheltorena for his arrest. His detention was short-lived, as Micheltorena was under orders to organize a large contingent in preparation for war against

1170-747: The deal and fighting broke out this time. The rebels won the Battle of Providencia in February 1845 at the Los Angeles River and Micheltorena and his troops left California. Pío Pico was installed as governor in Los Angeles and José Castro became commandant general. Later, Alvarado was elected to the Mexican Congress. He prepared to move to Mexico City, but Pico declined funding for the transfer, and relations between northern and southern California deteriorated further. John C. Frémont arrived in Monterey at

1215-514: The end of the independence movement. Alvarado was born in Monterey , Alta California , to Jose Francisco Alvarado and María Josefa Vallejo. His grandfather Juan Bautista Alvarado accompanied Gaspar de Portolá as an enlisted man in the Spanish Army in 1769. His father died a few months after his birth and his mother remarried three years later, leaving Juan Bautista in the care of his grandparents on

1260-431: The government, he proceeded to build a home and other homes of adobe in the valley of Pinole about two and half miles from San Pablo Bay . Martinez occupied and cultivated a large portion of the land, including setting up a vineyard and fruit orchards. When Martinez died in 1848, his eleven children inherited his property. His daughter, Maria A. Martinez, was married to William A. Richardson . Martinez's daughter, Susana,

1305-480: The governorship, but like the Mexican governors before him, the Californios forced him to flee. As senior members of the legislature, Alvarado and Castro, with political support from Vallejo and backing from a group of Tennesseans led by Capt. Isaac Graham , staged a revolt in November 1836 and forced Gutierrez out of the country. Alvarado's Californio coup wrote a constitution and adopted a new flag —a single red star on

1350-415: The grant was patented to María Antonia Martínez de Richardson et al. in 1868. In 1849, William M. Smith established the town site of Martinez on 120 acres (0.5 km) of the family land grant. Later the heirs of William Welch of the adjacent Rancho Las Juntas , who owned the property on the east side of Arroyo del Hambre ( Alhambra Creek ), contributed another 500 acres (2.0 km) to be included in

1395-479: The new town. In 1865, John Tormey purchased 2,000 acres (8.1 km) of the Rancho El Pinole from some of the Martinez heirs. Two years later in 1867, John Tormey and his brother Patrick purchased an additional 7,000 acres (28.3 km) from the Martinez heirs. The Tormey brothers divided their purchase into two portions. John Tormey took the western half, which encompassed Pinole and additional parts of

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1440-634: The north from the Dominican missions in the south, with Misión San Miguel Arcángel de la Frontera set as the northern limit of Baja California and the southern limit of Alta California. After the Mexican–American War lasting from 1846 to 1848, most of Alta California was partitioned into five U.S. states , with the western portion of Alta California admitted to the United States as the present-day State of California, and later partitions of Alta California to become Nevada , Utah , and parts of Arizona and Wyoming . Baja California Territory would absorb what

1485-464: The northernmost territory in the Republic of Mexico). In 1952, the northern portion of this territory (above 28°N) became the 29th state of Mexico, called Baja California; the sparsely populated southern portion remained a federally administered territory. In 1974, it became the 31st state of Mexico, admitted as Baja California Sur . The territory that became the present state of California was acquired by

1530-516: The subject of more than 220 proposals to divide it into multiple states since its admission to the Union in 1850, including at least 27 significant proposals prior to the 21st century. In addition, there have been some calls for the secession of multiple states or large regions in the American West (such as the proposal of Cascadia ) which often include parts of Northern California . California

1575-454: Was a Californio politician that served as governor of Alta California from 1837 to 1842. Prior to his term as governor, Alvarado briefly led a movement for independence of Alta California from 1836 to 1837, in which he successfully deposed interim governor Nicolás Gutiérrez , declared independence, and created a new flag and constitution, before negotiating an agreement with the Mexican government resulting in his recognition as governor and

1620-478: Was a member of the town council in 1824 and 1827. Martinez retired in 1831. In 1834 Martinez appealed to Mexican authorities, saying that he had lost his title papers for a land grant made to him by Governor Luís Antonio Argüello in 1823 for his military service. He said the grant was known as Pinole y Cañada del Hambre. Record evidence was not found to support his claim, and he was required to petition anew, which he did in 1837. While proceedings were pending upon

1665-453: Was appointed as interim governor in January 1836. He was replaced by Mariano Chico in April, but Chico was unpopular. His intelligence agents told him that another Californio revolt was brewing, hence he fled to Mexico , claiming he planned to gather troops against the independent Californios. Instead, Mexico reprimanded him for abandoning his post. Gutierrez, the military commandant , re-assumed

1710-478: Was borrowed / adapted by Starhawk for her novel The Fifth Sacred Thing (1993), which pitted the eco-feminist inhabitants of a future, independent San Francisco against a rival, right-wing polity centered on Los Angeles. While mostly consisting of Washington , Oregon , Idaho and British Columbia in Canada, proposals for an independent Cascadia often include portions of northern California. The reunification of

1755-805: Was involved and there were rumors that the Mexican Army was ready to step in. Alvarado was able to negotiate another compromise to keep the peace. Mexico reneged on the agreement, however, and appointed Carlos Antonio Carrillo , who was very popular among the southerners, governor on December 6, 1837. This time, civil war broke out and after several battles, Carrillo was forced out. Mexico finally relented and recognized Alvarado as governor. Alvarado married Doña Martina Castro on August 24, 1839, in Santa Clara , but did not attend his own wedding having his half-brother, Jose Antonio Estrada, stand in for him. Though he claimed to be detained in Monterey on official business, it

1800-459: Was left of Alta California (which included the modern-day cities of Tijuana and Mexicali ) and remained under Mexican rule. The territory was subsequently divided into two Mexican states in 1931. In 1888, under the government of President Porfirio Díaz , Baja California became a federally administered territory called the North Territory of Baja California ("north territory" because it was

1845-601: Was married to Colonel William M. Smith. Following the Mexican-American War and the cession of California to the United States, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the existing Mexican land grants would be honored by the United States. Grantees were required to file claims for their properties under the Land Act of 1851. The Martinez descendants did so with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and

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1890-524: Was partitioned in its past, prior to its admission as a state in the United States . What under Spanish rule was called the Province of Las Californias (1768–1804), that stretched almost 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from north to south, was divided into Alta California (Upper California) and Baja California (Lower California) in 1804. The division occurred on a line separating the Franciscan missions in

1935-663: Was rumored he was actually drunk and unable to function. After the wedding, Alvarado lived with his bride in Monterey, but continued on with mistress, Raymunda, who lived nearby. The process of secularization of the missions was in its final stages, and it was at this time that Alvarado parceled out much of their land to prominent Californios via land grants. Though he took no land for himself, he did however, trade his Rancho El Sur to John B.R. Cooper in exchange for Rancho Bolsa del Potrero which he subsequently sold back to Cooper. He purchased Rancho El Alisal near Salinas in 1841 from his former tutor William Hartnell . In April 1840

1980-587: Was to assume the governorship and the position of commandant general . In October, before Micheltorena reached Monterey, American Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones mistakenly thought that war had broken out between the US and Mexico. He sailed into Monterey Bay and demanded the surrender of the Presidio of Monterey . Micheltorena's force was still in the south and the Monterey presidio was undermanned. Alvarado reluctantly surrendered, and retired to Rancho El Alisal. The next day Commodore Jones learned of his mistake, but Alvarado declined to return and instead referred

2025-550: Was unpopular and Echeandía overthrew his rule and replaced him with Pío de Jesús Pico near the end of 1831. Secularization of the missions resumed in 1833. In 1834 Alvarado was elected to the legislature as a delegate and appointed customs inspector in Monterey. Governor José Figueroa granted Rancho El Sur , two square leagues of land, or about 9,000 acres (3,600 ha), south of Monterey, to Alvarado on October 30, 1834. After Figueroa's death in September 1835, Nicolás Gutiérrez

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