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104-660: Captain John Bautista Rogers Cooper married General Vallejo ’s sister Encarnacion in 1827. At the direction of Governor Figueroa in 1835, General Vallejo began construction of the Presidio of Sonoma to counter the Russian presence at Fort Ross . To extend the settlements in the direction of Fort Ross, Cooper was granted Rancho El Molino in 1833. Cooper constructed a water power-operated commercial sawmill in 1834. Cooper also provided recommendations to Vallejo for grantees for

208-618: A cattle ranch and dairy operation on Rancho El Sur, employing Hispanic and Indian vaqueros. They supported the Sur School and a community center. On March 12, 1871, John B.R. Cooper's 40 year old son John B.H. Cooper married 18 year old Martha Brawley, a cousin (once removed) of Abraham Lincoln , at the San Carlos Cathedral . Cooper lived with his family in Monterey in the Cooper adobe. He

312-588: A claim with the Public Land Commission on March 30, 1852, and received the patent on December 19, 1859. Juan Bautista Alvarado , a nephew of Cooper's wife Encarnacion, filed a claim for Rancho El Sur on May 14, 1834 in which he stated that he had first petitioned for a provisional grant on August 12, 1830, and repeated his petition on February 26, 1831. During 1831, he maintained "more than three hundred head of large cattle and nearly an [ sic ] hundred horses, all my own property, and have built

416-587: A corner store. Cooper's fortunes increased when California gained statehood . In 1850 he built a second story on his half of the adobe and deeded the home to his wife Encarnacion in 1852. After Cooper's death in 1872, Cooper's eldest daughter Anita inherited the house. She bought the portion of the building her father had sold. Their daughter Francisca Amelia married Eusebio Joseph Molera in 1875. When she died in September 1918, she left an estate valued at $ 300,000 to her son Andrew and daughter Frances. They lived at

520-666: A crowd that had started to violently harass them. The colonists compelled the British to withdraw their troops. The event was widely publicized and fueled a revolutionary movement in America. In 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act . Many of the colonists saw the act as an attempt to force them to accept the taxes established by the Townshend Acts . The act prompted the Boston Tea Party , where

624-462: A female householder with no husband present, and 54.0% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08. The median household income in Boston was $ 51,739, while the median income for a family was $ 61,035. Full-time year-round male workers had

728-655: A group of angered Bostonians threw an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company into Boston Harbor . The Boston Tea Party was a key event leading up to the revolution, as the British government responded furiously with the Coercive Acts , demanding compensation for the destroyed tea from the Bostonians. This angered the colonists further and led to the American Revolutionary War . The war began in

832-416: A home at 821 Bush St. After John B.R. Cooper's death in 1872, the ranch was divided into four parts: son John B.H. Cooper received the northernmost section. John B.R. Cooper's widow Maria Encarnación Vallejo received section two of the land. Their two surviving daughters, Anna Maria de Guadalupe Cooper and Francisca Guadalupe Amelia Cooper, received sections three and four. The son John B. H. Cooper built

936-454: A home in Monterey in 1827. He became a prosperous business and land owner. While buying other properties, Cooper was unable to pay some debt, and sold half of his land to John Coffin Jones. He in turn sold part of his portion of the site to his clerk Nathan Spear, who built a warehouse on the property. Spear sold part of his property to Manuel Diaz, a prosperous storekeeper and politician, who operated

1040-648: A home in downtown Monterey, later known as the Cooper-Molera Adobe. Naturalization was not strictly required until 1829 when a law was passed requiring permanent residents to be Mexican citizens. Both Cooper and Hartnell were naturalized in 1830. Along with conversion to Catholicism and marriage into a prominent family, naturalization helped Cooper become accepted in Monterey and obtain land grants. Cooper saw enormous possibilities for growth in California, and persuaded his half-brother Thomas O. Larkin to relocate from

1144-526: A house and pens" on Rancho El Sur . The Rancho totalled two leagues of land, or roughly 8,880 acres (3,590 ha). Cooper was apparently involved in managing the ranch as early as 1834, when he contracted with Job Dye to raise mules on Rancho El Sur. In the same year Governor Jose Figueroa granted Cooper possession of the Rancho. But Cooper did not receive legal possession until 1840. In 1840, Alvarado traded ownership of Rancho El Sur to Cooper in exchange for

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1248-408: A median income of $ 52,544 versus $ 46,540 for full-time year-round female workers. The per capita income for the city was $ 33,158. 21.4% of the population and 16.0% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 28.8% of those under the age of 18 and 20.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Boston has a significant racial wealth gap with White Bostonians having

1352-403: A million residents, and the most densely populated state capital. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events. In the city, 21.9% of the population

1456-477: A new home on his portion of Rancho El Sur Ranch but died on June 21, 1899, before he could move in. His wife Martha received 2,591 acres (1,049 ha) of her husband's estate, which totaled about 10,000 acres (4,000 ha), and over time she bought the remainder from her husband's two sisters. Martha ran a successful cattle and dairy operation. Martha remarried in about 1918 to James Joseph Hughes of San Francisco. In 1928 she sold 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) of

1560-468: A pair of bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon , killing three people and injuring roughly 264. The subsequent search for the bombers led to a lock-down of Boston and surrounding municipalities. The region showed solidarity during this time as symbolized by the slogan Boston Strong . In 2016, Boston briefly shouldered a bid as the U.S. applicant for the 2024 Summer Olympics . The bid

1664-445: A plan to make portable fortifications out of wood that could be erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness. Putnam supervised this effort, which successfully installed both the fortifications and dozens of cannons on Dorchester Heights that Henry Knox had laboriously brought through the snow from Fort Ticonderoga . The astonished British awoke the next morning to see a large array of cannons bearing down on them. General Howe

1768-600: A population of 4.9 million as of 2023, making it the largest in the New England division and the eleventh-largest in the country . Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers. The city was named after Boston, Lincolnshire , England. During the American Revolution , Boston was home to several events that proved central to the revolution and subsequent Revolutionary War , including

1872-547: A project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition, and thousands of families were displaced. The BRA continued implementing eminent domain projects, including the clearance of the vibrant Scollay Square area for construction of the modernist style Government Center . In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the Dorchester neighborhood,

1976-464: A schoolhouse and community center on the Cooper Ranch in the 1850s. Big Sur pioneer Sam Trotter wrote about attending the "big dance Saturday night at the Cooper hall near the mouth of Big Sur [River] on the Cooper grant." The Sur schoolhouse was followed by the county-owned Pfeiffer School within what is now Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park which opened on October 20, 1916. Community members appealed to

2080-402: A state of defence, that I could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages I had to encounter. Many crucial events of the American Revolution occurred in or near Boston. The then-town's mob presence, along with the colonists' growing lack of faith in either Britain or its Parliament , fostered a revolutionary spirit there. When the British parliament passed

2184-401: A violent tornado , the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings . Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city. See or edit raw graph data . In 2020, Boston was estimated to have 691,531 residents living in 266,724 households —a 12% population increase over 2010. The city is the third-most densely populated large U.S. city of over half

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2288-477: A voyage to Peru and in 1849 he was master of the Eveline on a trading trip to China. During her husband's long absences on business, she raised their children and managed the family's affairs. Because Monterey was the territorial capital and port of entry, anyone entering Alta California had to come to Monterey to get official permission to remain. In 1827, Cooper hosted and escorted trapper/explorer Jedediah Smith ,

2392-502: Is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on both August 2, 1975 and July 21, 2019. Boston averages 43.6 in (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 49.2 in (125 cm) of snowfall per season. Most snowfall occurs from mid-November through early April, and snow is rare in May and October. There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance,

2496-508: Is July, with a mean temperature of 74.1 °F (23.4 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 29.9 °F (−1.2 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but tend to be fairly short, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively. Sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) readings usually occur every 3 to 5 years. The most recent sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurred on February 4, 2023, when

2600-512: Is a California Historical Landmark located about 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Forestville, California . It was the first water power-operated sawmill used for commercial purposes in California . The mill processed primarily Redwood trees. Its power came from Mark West Creek . The sawmill was destroyed by a flood in early 1841. This article contains content in the public domain from U.S. government sources. Boston Boston

2704-540: Is an intellectual, technological, and political center. However, it has lost some important regional institutions, including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial , which was acquired by Charlotte -based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both merged into the New York City –based Macy's . The 1993 acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times

2808-478: Is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his army could have done in six months. The British Army attempted a cannon barrage for two hours, but their shot could not reach the colonists' cannons at such a height. The British gave up, boarded their ships, and sailed away. This has become known as " Evacuation Day ", which Boston still celebrates each year on March 17. After this, Washington

2912-462: Is bordered to the east by the town of Winthrop and the Boston Harbor Islands , to the northeast by the cities of Revere , Chelsea and Everett , to the north by the cities of Somerville and Cambridge , to the northwest by Watertown , to the west by the city of Newton and town of Brookline , to the southwest by the town of Dedham and small portions of Needham and Canton , and to

3016-592: Is in Roxbury . Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of South Boston is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End Boston has an area of 89.63 sq mi (232.1 km ). Of this area, 48.4 sq mi (125.4 km ), or 54%, of it is land and 41.2 sq mi (106.7 km ), or 46%, of it

3120-803: Is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the Northeastern United States . It has an area of 48.4 sq mi (125 km ) and a population of 675,647 as of the 2020 census , making it the third-largest city in the Northeastern United States after New York City and Philadelphia . The larger Greater Boston metropolitan statistical area has

3224-549: Is water. The city's elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport , is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level . The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 ft (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. The city is adjacent to Boston Harbor , an arm of Massachusetts Bay , and by extension, the Atlantic Ocean. Boston is surrounded by the Greater Boston metropolitan region. It

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3328-491: The Battle of Bunker Hill . The British army outnumbered the militia stationed there, but it was a pyrrhic victory for the British because their army suffered irreplaceable casualties. It was also a testament to the skill and training of the militia, as their stubborn defense made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without suffering further irreplaceable casualties. Several weeks later, George Washington took over

3432-566: The Boston Garden opening in 1928. Logan International Airport opened on September 8, 1923. Boston went into decline by the early to mid-20th century, as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects, under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated

3536-595: The Boston Massacre (1770), the Boston Tea Party (1773), Paul Revere's Midnight Ride (1775), the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775), and the Siege of Boston (1775–1776). Following American independence from Great Britain , the city continued to play an important role as a port, manufacturing hub, and center for education and culture. The city also expanded significantly beyond the original peninsula by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns. Boston's many firsts include

3640-601: The Boston Public Library , Trinity Church, single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US. The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (which ran from 1991 to 2007, and was known unofficially as the " Big Dig "). That project removed

3744-824: The Episcopal Church . Boston was a prominent port of the Atlantic slave trade in the New England Colonies , but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island . Boston eventually became a center of the American abolitionist movement . The city reacted largely negatively to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , contributing to President Franklin Pierce 's attempt to make an example of Boston after Anthony Burns 's attempt to escape to freedom. In 1822,

3848-486: The Independence . He had a long record of employment with Cooper. He served as a chairman on the U.S. Surveyor General's 1860 survey of the rancho and later was employed as caretaker of Cooper's Monterey home, the Cooper-Molera Adobe. The use of lap jointed corners is common to the New England states, but is quite rare in the west. Austin's 1861 contract called for him to build a "block house" 46 feet long and 20 feet wide. It

3952-534: The Monterey State Historic Park . The property contains structures that were built both before and after the main house, reflecting California's Spanish and New England architectural history. In 2018, the Trust reassumed management of the site and completed additional restoration work. They negotiated with the community stakeholders and formalized a plan to open a cafe, gift store, and events center to fund

4056-527: The North End , and the Seaport . Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections. The city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods: More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over

4160-538: The Royal Presidio Chapel in Monterey at San Carlos Church. Cooper contracted on February 23, 1861, with George Austin for a house to be built on the "Sud Ranch". The ranch was referred to by that name on the diseño, a pen-and-ink and pencil map on tracing paper documenting the ranch for the Public Land Commission. Austin was a native of Massachusetts who came to California in 1847 as a midshipman on

4264-628: The South End , the West End , the Financial District , and Chinatown . After the Great Boston fire of 1872 , workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (240 ha) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed

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4368-560: The Stamp Act in 1765, a Boston mob ravaged the homes of Andrew Oliver , the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and Thomas Hutchinson , then the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. The British sent two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell the angry colonists. This did not sit well with the colonists, however. In 1770, during the Boston Massacre , British troops shot into

4472-412: The 1970s, the city's economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high-rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead

4576-619: The 20th century: Horticultural Hall , the Tennis and Racquet Club , Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum , Fenway Studios , Jordan Hall , and the Boston Opera House .  The Longfellow Bridge , built in 1906, was mentioned by Robert McCloskey in Make Way for Ducklings , describing its "salt and pepper shakers" feature. Fenway Park , home of the Boston Red Sox , opened in 1912, with

4680-594: The Carmel Unified School District for a new school in the 1950s, but they refused to pay for the construction. Frances Molera, the granddaughter of John Cooper, donated land for the new school in 1961. She stipulated that the school should be named after her grandfather. The Captain Cooper School was built by community members without assistance from the Carmel Unified School District and completed in 1962. The district then assumed management. A mural at

4784-567: The English town ultimately derives from its patron saint, St. Botolph , in whose church John Cotton served as the rector until his emigration with Johnson. In early sources, Lincolnshire's Boston was known as "St. Botolph's town", later contracted to "Boston". Before this renaming, the settlement on the peninsula had been known as "Shawmut" by William Blaxton and "Tremontaine" by the Puritan settlers he had invited. Prior to European colonization ,

4888-503: The Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the Kennedys , Tip O'Neill , and John F. Fitzgerald . Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of

4992-563: The John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent illuminated beacon , the color of which forecasts the weather. Downtown and its immediate surroundings (including the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston ) consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings – often federal style and Greek revival – interspersed with modern high-rises. Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as

5096-546: The Land Act of 1851, Cooper filed a claim for Rancho El Molino with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and he received the legal patent in 1853. In October 1829, Cooper bought 7,000 acres (2,800 ha) of Rancho Bolsa del Potrero y Moro Cojo from Joaquín de la Torre for $ 2,000. (equivalent to $ 65,000 in 2023 dollars ). The rancho was located between the Tembladero Slough and present-day Castroville . Cooper filed

5200-621: The Mexican territorial governor, and acquired extensive land holdings in the area prior to the Mexican–American War . John Bautista Rogers Cooper was born on the island of Alderney , Guernsey , in the British Channel Islands , son of Thomas Cooper and Anne Rogers. His father, from Christchurch, Hampshire, England was lost at sea with his ship when John was 8 years old. His mother and John relocated to Boston, Massachusetts when he

5304-716: The Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. Under the Köppen climate classification , Boston has either a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa ) under the 0 °C (32.0 °F) isotherm or a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa ) under the −3 °C (26.6 °F) isotherm. Summers are warm to hot and humid, while winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool and mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and

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5408-550: The United States' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634), the first public school ( Boston Latin School , 1635), and the first subway system ( Tremont Street subway , 1897). Boston has emerged as a global leader in higher education and research and the largest biotechnology hub in the world. The city is also a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies,

5512-463: The Western Hemisphere. The first European to live in what would become Boston was a Cambridge -educated Anglican cleric named William Blaxton . He was the person most directly responsible for the foundation of Boston by Puritan colonists in 1630. This occurred after Blaxton invited one of their leaders, Isaac Johnson , to cross Back Bay from the failing colony of Charlestown and share

5616-535: The adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present-day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston ) (1870), Brighton (including present-day Allston ) (1874), West Roxbury (including present-day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale ) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of Brookline , Cambridge, and Chelsea . Many architecturally significant buildings were built during these early years of

5720-605: The area surrounding Boston with the Battles of Lexington and Concord . Boston itself was besieged for almost a year during the siege of Boston , which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the British Army . Sir William Howe , then the commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured Charlestown (now part of Boston) during

5824-607: The area. Based on this research, he was able to establish that the logs were originally harvested in the spring of 1861, probably during the months of April and May, within two months of the signing of the contract between Cooper and George Austin. He concluded the cabin was built in April or May 1861, confirming it as the oldest surviving structure in Big Sur. It is preserved within Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park . J.B. Cooper built

5928-426: The area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing , which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. Boston has also experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s when the city's rent control regime was struck down by statewide ballot proposition . Boston

6032-447: The central 1,320 acres (5.3 km) were sold to Raford Peterson and his partner Charles Farmer, whom Peterson later bought out. When Captain Cooper died in 1872, he left a large landed estate to his wife, Maria G. Encarnacion Vallejo Cooper, his son J.B. Henry Cooper, his two daughters Ana Maria Wohler and Amalia Molera, and his friend G.H. Howard. He directed the sale of his share of Rancho El Molino to pay his debts. Cooper's Sawmill

6136-415: The centuries. This was accomplished using earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the "Trimountain", after which Tremont Street is named), as well as with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay . Christian Science Center , Copley Square , Newbury Street , and New England's two tallest buildings: the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center . Near

6240-402: The citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from the "Town of Boston" to the "City of Boston", and on March 19, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the city. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.8 sq mi (12 km ). In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and

6344-460: The city government. A climate action plan from 2019 anticipates 2 ft (1 m) to more than 7 ft (2 m) of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the 21st century. Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods. Groundwater levels have been dropping in many areas of

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6448-403: The city is considered a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship , and more recently in artificial intelligence . Boston's economy also includes finance , professional and business services, information technology , and government activities. Boston households provide the highest average rate of philanthropy in the nation, and the city's businesses and institutions rank among

6552-464: The city often receives sea breezes , especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday. Thunderstorms typically occur from May to September; occasionally, they can become severe, with large hail , damaging winds, and heavy downpours. Although downtown Boston has never been struck by

6656-446: The city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants . Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Great Famine ; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston . In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans , Lebanese , Syrians, French Canadians , and Russian and Polish Jews settling there. By

6760-414: The city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells. The city developed a climate action plan covering carbon reduction in buildings, transportation, and energy use. The first such plan

6864-475: The creation of Boston baked beans . Boston's economy stagnated in the decades prior to the Revolution. By the mid-18th century, New York City and Philadelphia had surpassed Boston in wealth. During this period, Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other cities in New England grew rapidly. The weather continuing boisterous the next day and night, giving the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves in such

6968-470: The eastern United States in 1832 to assist him in his business pursuits. Cooper worked tirelessly with Larkin to strengthen trade with China, England, the U.S., and South America and later help California join the union. Cooper made a number of trips from 1839 to 1844 to the Mexican coast and to the Hawaiian Islands in command of the government-owned Californian , which carried mail, prisoners, and government officials from Monterey to Mexico. In 1846 he made

7072-405: The elevated Central Artery and incorporated new green spaces and open areas. Boston is located within the Boston Basin ecoregion , which is characterized by low and rolling hills with a number of ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. Forests are mainly transition hardwoods such as oak - hickory mixed with white pine . As a coastal city built largely on fill , sea-level rise is of major concern to

7176-468: The end of the 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change. Italians became the largest inhabitants of the North End , Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown , and Russian Jews lived in the West End . Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and

7280-446: The first Community Health Center in the United States. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income residential development called Harbor Point Apartments. By

7384-530: The first U.S. citizen to travel to California overland. Cooper helped Smith obtain a passport so his party could continue north into Oregon. Governor José Figueroa was interested in countering the Russian presence at Fort Ross in Northern California. Between 1824 and 1836 the Mexicans found during every exploratory effort north of present-day San Rafael and west of Sonoma increasing evidence of Russian presence. They discovered at least three Russian farms that had been established inland from Ft. Ross. To block

7488-451: The gradual encroachment of the Russians, the Mexican officials granted land to almost anyone who qualified. In 1833, Figueroa granted Cooper Rancho El Molino (about 17,892-acre (72.41 km )) in present-day Sonoma County, California . The grant was confirmed by Governor Nicolás Gutiérrez in 1836. Cooper constructed a water-powered commercial sawmill on the land in 1834. As required by

7592-652: The legal patent in 1853. Cooper’s daughter Ana Maria married German Hermann Wohler in 1856. Herman Wohler came to California in 1848 and became active in real estate. He served one term in the California State Legislature of 1855. Cooper gave the newlyweds 1,320 acres (5.3 km) near Forestville. Herman later opened an office in San Francisco from which he managed his properties, including farm lands in Sonoma County. After Hermann Wohler's death in 1877,

7696-404: The meantime. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. The small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered

7800-566: The militia after the Continental Congress established the Continental Army to unify the revolutionary effort. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. The narrow Boston Neck, which at that time was only about a hundred feet wide, impeded Washington's ability to invade Boston, and a long stalemate ensued. A young officer, Rufus Putnam , came up with

7904-852: The more accessible and readily farmed 22,000-acre (89.03 km ) Rancho Bolsa del Potrero y Moro Cojo north of present-day Castroville in the Salinas Valley . (Alvarado later sold Rancho Bolsa del Potrero y Moro Cojo back to Cooper.) Alvarado also granted Cooper Rancho Punta de Quentin in present-day Marin County. Cooper built a mansion on the point which later became the site of San Quentin State Prison . In 1844, Governor Manuel Micheltorena granted Cooper and Pablo de la Guerra Rancho Nicasio , also in Marin County. Cooper sold his interests in both Marin County ranchos in 1850. The Cooper family ran

8008-603: The nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as the Boston Architectural College , Boston College , Boston University , the Harvard Medical School , Tufts University School of Medicine , Northeastern University , Massachusetts College of Art and Design , Wentworth Institute of Technology , Berklee College of Music , the Boston Conservatory , and many others attract students to

8112-478: The nearby Rancho Cañada de Jonive , Rancho Cañada de Pogolimi , and Rancho Estero Americano . With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War , the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, Cooper filed a claim for Rancho El Molino with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and he received

8216-497: The peninsula. The Puritans made the crossing in September 1630. Puritan influence on Boston began even before the settlement was founded with the 1629 Cambridge Agreement . This document created the Massachusetts Bay Colony and was signed by its first governor John Winthrop . Puritan ethics and their focus on education also influenced the early history of the city. America's first public school, Boston Latin School ,

8320-456: The position of the jet stream . Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. However, in winter, areas near the immediate coast often see more rain than snow, as warm air is sometimes drawn off the Atlantic. The city lies at the border between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (away from the coastline) and 7a (close to the coastline). The hottest month

8424-599: The profits, and it was many years before Cooper received payment. Collection was made more difficult when Arguello left office in 1825. In 1826, the Rover was sent south under a new captain, and never returned to Monterey. He boarded with the family of Ignacio Vicente Ferrer Vallejo, a prominent family of Castillean descent. Cooper drew on his knowledge of trade to open a general merchandise store in Monterey. In 1827 at age 36, Cooper proposed to Vallejo's 18-year-old daughter Maria Jerónima de la Encarnación Vallejo. To marry her, Cooper

8528-522: The property part-time while their main home was in San Francisco. Andrew built a barn on the property to keep racehorses. When Frances died in 1968, she willed the Cooper Molera Adobe to the National Trust for Historic Preservation . They leased the park to California State Parks in 1972, which restored the property to its pre-1900 configuration and opened it to the public in 1984. It became part of

8632-494: The ranch for about $ 500,000 to businessman Harry Cole Hunt and his wife Jane Selby (née Hayne) of Carmel-by-the-Sea. He had been president of the Tidewater Oil Company and a director of Dabney and Hogan Petroleum Companies. On November 28, 1931, he announced that he had arranged to lease the remaining 5,000 acres (2,000 ha) from her. Martha died on May 23, 1940, in Monterey, California. Funeral services were held

8736-620: The region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the Massachusett people who had small, seasonal communities. When a group of settlers led by John Winthrop arrived in 1630, the Shawmut Peninsula was nearly empty of the Native people, as many had died of European diseases brought by early settlers and traders. Archaeological excavations unearthed one of the oldest fishweirs in New England on Boylston Street , which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in

8840-461: The region's industry and commerce. During this period, Boston flourished culturally as well. It was admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage . Members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed the Boston Brahmins —came to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites. They are often associated with the American upper class , Harvard University , and

8944-653: The school was funded by members of the School Site Council in 1999 that depicts the Big Sur Coast in the 1820s. In that year, Captain John Baptista Rogers Cooper saw Big Sur for the first time when he brought his schooner, the Rover , to the mouth of the Big Sur River . The mural portrays the area that became Rancho El Sur and the volcanic rock that is the site of Point Sur Lighthouse . Cooper built

9048-426: The site. They also offer offered interpretive programs and tours. The property in downtown Monterey on 2.7 acres (1.1 ha) includes gardens and the original barn. It is recognized as a leading example of Spanish building style combined with New England architecture reflecting Monterey's history from 1823 to 1900. The renovation was awarded the 2019 Preservation Design Award for Rehabilitation. Cooper's Sawmill

9152-515: The southeast by the town of Milton , and the city of Quincy . The Charles River separates Boston's Allston-Brighton , Fenway-Kenmore and Back Bay neighborhoods from Watertown and Cambridge, and most of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and Quincy and Milton . The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Downtown ,

9256-509: The temperature dipped down to −10 °F (−23 °C); this was the lowest temperature reading in the city since 1957. In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings; the last such reading occurred on July 24, 2022. The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5. Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. The record cold daily maximum

9360-601: The top in the nation for environmental sustainability and new investment. Isaac Johnson , in one of his last official acts as the leader of the Charlestown community before he died on September 30, 1630, named the then-new settlement across the river "Boston". The settlement's name came from Johnson's hometown of Boston, Lincolnshire , from which he, his wife (namesake of the Arbella ) and John Cotton (grandfather of Cotton Mather ) had emigrated to New England . The name of

9464-601: The trading schooner Rover , in 1823. Upon his arrival in Monterey, Cooper sold the Rover to the government of newly independent Mexico , which as yet had no ships on the Pacific Coast with which to maintain contact with Alta California. To help cash-poor California governor Luis Arguello pay him for the ship, Cooper agreed to stay on as captain and enter the lucrative China trade , twice carrying Californian and Hawaiian goods to Canton and returning with Chinese goods. Cooper and Arguello quarreled, however, over how to split

9568-460: The winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m). The city's coastal location on the North Atlantic makes the city very prone to nor'easters , which can produce large amounts of snow and rain. Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer. Due to its coastal location,

9672-464: Was a 19th-century pioneer of California , who held British , Mexican , and finally American citizenship. Raised in Massachusetts in a maritime family, he came to the Mexican territory of Alta California as master of the ship Rover , and was a pioneer of Monterey, California , when it was the capital of the territory. He converted to Catholicism, became a Mexican citizen, married the daughter of

9776-623: Was a boy. His mother married Thomas Larkin, whose son and John's half-brother Thomas O. Larkin became a prominent businessman and the United States' first and only consul to Mexican Alta California. After moving to Boston with his mother, he traveled extensively, first attending school in Charleston and then serving as second mate on a missionary trip to the Hawaiian Islands . He arrived in Monterey , Alta California as master of his own vessel,

9880-423: Was aged 19 and under, 14.3% was from 20 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males. There were 252,699 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had

9984-565: Was appointed in 1851 to the post of Monterey Harbormaster. Their daughter Ana Maria de Guadalupe married Herman Wohler in 1859. He was a German who had come to California in 1848. Their daughter Amelia married Eusebio Joseph Molera, a graduate of the Royal Academy of Engineering in Spain and the first person to obtain a patent for propelling vehicles by use of a storage battery , in 1875. In 1864 he and his wife moved to San Francisco where they built

10088-430: Was baptized as a Roman Catholic . He adopted the baptismal name of Juan Bautista Rogers Cooper. His padrino (sponsor) was William Hartnell , an Englishman who had been a trader and living in Monterey since 1822. Cooper and Vallejo were married on August 24, 1827 at San Carlos Mission . Her brother Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo later became an influential Californio general, statesman, and public figure. Cooper built

10192-538: Was commissioned in 2007, with updates released in 2011, 2014, and 2019. This plan includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an energy assessment every five years. A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for coastal resilience . In 2013, Mayor Thomas Menino introduced

10296-632: Was constructed in 1834 and destroyed by floods in the winter of 1840-41. It was the first water power-operated sawmill used for commercial purposes in the state of California . Redwood lumber was the primary wood used at the sawmill. Its power came from Mark West Creek . The sawmill was destroyed by a flood in early 1841. 38°28′48″N 122°52′12″W  /  38.480°N 122.870°W  / 38.480; -122.870 John B. R. Cooper Juan Bautista Rogers Cooper (born John Rogers Cooper on September 11, 1791, Alderney , British Channel Islands – June 2, 1872, San Francisco, California )

10400-460: Was founded in Boston in 1635. Boston was the largest town in the Thirteen Colonies until Philadelphia outgrew it in the mid-18th century. Boston's oceanfront location made it a lively port , and the then-town primarily engaged in shipping and fishing during its colonial days. Boston was a primary stop on a Caribbean trade route and imported large amounts of molasses, which led to

10504-601: Was reversed in 2013 when it was resold to Boston businessman John W. Henry . In 2016, it was announced General Electric would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the Seaport District in Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood. The city also saw the completion of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, known as the Big Dig , in 2007 after many delays and cost overruns. On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers detonated

10608-696: Was so impressed that he made Rufus Putnam his chief engineer. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the nation's busiest ports for both domestic and international trade. Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 (adopted during the Napoleonic Wars ) and the War of 1812 . Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in

10712-538: Was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition. The USOC then selected Los Angeles to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the 2028 Summer Olympics . Nevertheless, Boston is one of eleven U.S. cities which will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup , with games taking place at Gillette Stadium . The geographical center of Boston

10816-432: Was to have three rooms, "the middle room to be one window to each room on the front and back of the house - and 2 doors - one at the front and one at the back of the middle room." An expert forester took samples of five of the cabin's logs for tree-ring dating, using an increment borer, and took rubbings of exposed log ends. He documented a chronology of wet and dry weather cycles gathered from samples of living redwoods in

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